Modul MTK1 Kuliah

MATHEMATICS 1 – 2010 1
================================================================
CHAPTER 1
FUNCTIONS LIMIT AND CONTINUITY
A. FUNCTIONS
1. Definition
A function is a one and one correspondence between a rule and a domain. The domain is a
set of real numbers that is usually denoted by lower case letter a,b, c,x,t,r etc.
x1 f1 y1
x2 f2 y2
…….xn yn
f3
DOMAIN y = f(x)
RULE
Functions are usually denoted by italic letter f, g, h, etc. The values assigned by a
function f to a number x is written f(x). The collection of values of f(x) is called the range
of the function.
2. Some Examples
1. F(x) = x2 + 4, for all x. This function is a function whose domain consists of the real
numbers and whose rule assigns to any real number x2 +4.
x3
2. G(x)= for x≠2 .The domain of this function is all real numbers except 2
x2
3. H (x) = 2x + 3 for x>3. The domain of the function is a real numbers larger than 3.
In example (1) and (2), we do not need to specify the domain of functions. However in
example (3) we need to specify the domain of the function.
Sometimes two or more formulas may be needed to define a function. For example :
===================================================================
John T. Hatmoko – Department of Civil Engineering-Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University
================================================================
 x for x0
 2
F(x)= x  1 for 0x2
 x3 for x

3. Some General Classes of Functions
a. Polynomial Functions
In general, polynomial function is any function f of the form
F(x) = cnxn + c(n-1)x(n-1) + ………….c1x + c0
Where cn, c(n-1), ………….c1, c0 are real numbers with cn≠0, and where is a non negative
integer. One degree polynomials, for example, are of the form
F(x) = c1x + c0….. c1 ≠ 0 or called linear function. The particular linear

function is f(x) = x called identity function.
F(x) = c2 x2 + c1x + c0….. c2 ≠ 0 . is called quadratic function
b. Rational Functions
Quotients of polynomial function are called rational function. If R(x) = P(x)/Q(x)
P(x) and Q(x) are polynomial functions then R(x) is rational functions.
x 2  2x  2
1.R(x) 
x3
x
Examples : 2.R(x)  3
 x  1
x 2  2x
3.R(x) 
x 3  x 2  2x  9
c. Power Functions
Power functions are special class of polynomial functions. They have the form :
F(x) = xn. n is an integer either positive or negative.
For examples x2, x5, x-1, x-5……xn.
===================================================================
================================================================
d. Root Functions
The most important of root functions is a square root functions. By definition the square root
function assigns to each nonnegative number x the nonnegative number of y so that y2= x, or
denoted by y = Vx or x 1/2. We emphasize that Vx is defined only for x≥0. Therefore the
domain of y = Vx is…x≥0.
e. Equal Functions
Two functions f and g are equal, or the same, if f and g have the same domain and f(x) = g(x)
for each x in the common domain.
For example: f(x) = 2x
g(x)= 2x…for x>2, then f and g are distinct functions, because their domain are
different.
F(x)= x2…x> -10
G(x) = (x-1)2 + 2x -1….. x>-10
H(t) = t2……t>-10
F, G and H are the same functions, because their domain are identical and their rules all assign
the same number to each number in the domain. In summary, if two functions have the same
domain and assign the same value for each number in the domain, then two functions are
equal.
B. EXERCISES 1.1
Find the domain of the function.
1. f(x) = x3 - 4x +1
2. f(x) = x6- V(2x)3 – 5
3. f(x) = 1 + x3 for -2≤x<8
4. f(x)=2x-x3..for x<4
5. f(x)= x2
===================================================================
================================================================
6. f(x)= 2x  3
7. f ( x)  x 2  5x  6
8. f(x)= 9  x 2
9. f(x)= x 3  8 x 2  12 x
1
10. f(x)= 3 
t2
 t  1
11. f(x)=
t 5
2x  1
12. f(x)=
x 2  3x
13. f(x)= 1 9  x2
1 1
14. f(x) = 
x 1 2x  3
x6
15. f(x)=
 x  1 x  3
16. In each of the following, determine whether f and g are the same.
(a).F(x) = 1-x2; g(x) = 1-x2 …for -1<x<8
(b). F(x)= Vx for x≥ 0; and g(x) = Vx
x5
(c ).F(x) = ....g ( x)  x  3... for..x  3
x2
4. Graphs
a. Definition
A graph is a pictorial representation of a function.
Let f be a function. Then the set of all points {x, f(x)} such that x is the domain of f is called
the graph of f.
===================================================================
================================================================
In many cases, by studying the formula that defines a function, we can draw a satisfactory
sketch of its graph.
Example 1: Sketch the graph of y = f (x) = x + 5
Example 2: Sketch the graph of

x 2 for..0  x  2
F(x) = 
4 for..x  2
Example 3 : Sketch the graph of f(x) = 1/x

Solution :
X 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 -0.25 -0.5 -1 -2 -4
F(x) 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 -4 -2 -1 -0.5 -0.25
===================================================================
================================================================
b. Dependent and Independent Variables

It is generally used the expression (x,y) to denote the point in the plane. We can describe the
graph of a function f as the set of all points (x,y) such that x is in the domain of f and y = f(x).
For this reason, we sometimes specify a function by writing y in term of x. For examples, we
write:
y= x instead of f(x) = x
y = sin 2x instead of f(x) = sin 2x
We say that x is an independent variable, because the value of y is dependent on x; then y is
called dependent variable. Sometimes we say that y is a variable depending on x.
c. Graph of an Equation
There are some equations x and y that are explicitly expressed as y = f(x).
i. Circle and Ellips
x2 y2
x2 + y2 = 4…..  1
16 9
Example 1: Sketch the graph of : x2 + y2 = 4
Solution: the curve is a circle with the center (0,0) and the radius = 2
===================================================================
================================================================
x2+y2=4
0,0 x
2
x2 y2
Example 2: Sketch the graph of :  1
16 9
Solution : it is an ellips with the center (0,0)
Major axis = 8………..minor axis = 6
x2 y2 (0,3
 1 )
16 9
x
(0,0)
(-4,0) (4,0)
(0,-3)
ii. Exponential Function

Exponential function can be expressed : y = max or y = eax
===================================================================
================================================================
iii. Logarithmic Function

Logarithmic function is an inverse of exponential function , that can be denoted :
Y = lnx or y = alogx
iv. Hyperbolic Functions
===================================================================
================================================================
Hyperbolic function can be : y = cosh x ( cosinus hyperbolicus) and

Y = sinh x ( sinus hyperbolicus)
e x  ex e x  e x
y  coshx  .............y  sinhx 
2 2
C. EXERCISES 1. 2
===================================================================
================================================================
Sketch the graph of the function.

1
1.f(x)  x 1
2
2.f(x)  1  3x..for..  1  x  2
3.f(x)  x 2
4.f(x)  x 2  2
5.f(x)  x 2  1
6.f(x)  x 3
7.y  x
8.y  4  x2
9.y  1 x2
x 2  16
10.y 
x4
1 x2
11.y 
x 1
x 2 for...0  x  2
12.y  
4 for..x  2
x for...x  0
13.y  
2x for....x  0
2 x  1 x0
14. y   2
 x x0
5 Combining Function
a. Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients of Functions
Let f and g be functions. We define the sum(f+g), the difference (f-g), and the product f x g be
the functions whose domains consist of all numbers in the domain of both f and g and whose
rules are given by:
(f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)………(fg)(x) = f(x).g(x).
(f-g)(x) = f(x)-g(x)
The quotients (f/g) is the functions whose domain consists of all number x in the domains of
both f and g for which g≠0. (f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
Example 1:
Let f(x) = 1/x…..g(x)= Vx; find the domain of (f+g)(x)
Solution:
(f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = 1/x + Vx
===================================================================
================================================================
domain x ≠ 0 , and x≥0…..intersection x>0
1/x
Vx
Example 2
Let f ( x )  4  x 2 .............g ( x )  x  1. Find the domain of f.g
Solution :
(f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x) =  4  x  x  1
2
domain f.g : (4-x2)(x-1)≥0….(2-x)(2+x)(x-1)≥ 0
____
++++ _ ++++ ____
+_ _
-2 1 2
Therefore the domain of (f.g) : x ≤ 2….1 ≤ x ≤ 2
b. Composition of Functions
Another combining functions that happen frequently in mathematics is expressed by the
formula :
If f = f(x)…and g = g(x)
f o g = f{g(x)}
The domain of the combining function consist of all numbers x in the domain of f for which
the number f(x) is in the domain of g. The expression go f read “ g of f”, “ g composed with f”,
or “g dot f”. The function g o f is the result of performing f and then performing g.
Example 3
===================================================================
================================================================
1
Let f  x   x  1..and ..g  x  
x
Find f o g and g o f.
1 1 x
f  g    1 
 x x
Solution:
1 x 1
g f  
x 1  x  1
D. EXERCISES 1.3
Find the domain of f+g; f.g; and f/g
1. f(x)=2x+1 g(x) = 3-x
2. f(x) = x-2 g(x) = x2-2
2
3. f  x   ..g  x   x  1
x 1
x2 x3
4. f  x   ...g ( x )  2
3 x 4
5. f ( x )  1  x 2 ....g ( x)  2  x  x2
Find the domain of f o g and gof

6. f(x) = 1-x g(x)=2x+5
7. f(x) x2 +2x+3 g(x) = x-1
8. f(x) = x2 g(x) = Vx
9. f(x) = (1/x) g(x) = x2-3x+5
1 1
10. f(x) = ....g ( x ) 
x 1 x 1
3 1
...... g ( x) 
11. f(x)= x  2 1
x4
3
E. LIMITS
1. Intuitive Idea of Limit
===================================================================
================================================================
L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches to a, it means that f(x) gets close to L as x gets close to a.
It can be expressed symbolically by the notation:
Lim x a f  x   L
Example1 : Lim x 2  x  2  4
y
f(x)=x+2
4
x
2
Example 2 : Lim x 1  2 x  3  1
f(x)=2x-3
1
x
-1
2. Definition of Limit
Let f be a function defined at each point of some open interval containing a. Then a number L
is the limit of f(x) as x approaches a, if for every number ε >0, there is a number δ > 0 so that
If 0  x  a  δ, then f(x)pL 
If L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches a, then we write:

===================================================================
================================================================
Lim x a f(x)  L
If there is L, we say that the limit of f at a exists
3. One Sided Limit
a
+∞
-∞
Left sided Right sided
sided
Left sided means , for example, approaches to a from -∞

Right sided means approaches to a from +∞, therefore:
Left sided limit of f(x) as x approaches to a denoted by :
Lim x a f(x).....or....Lim x a  f(x)
Right sided limit of f(x) as a approaches to a can be written:
Lim x a f(x).....or....Lim x a  f(x)
Example 1:
Find left and right sided limits of f(x) = x2 as x approaches to 2
Solution:
Lim x2 x 2  2 2  4...........Lim x2 x 2  2 2  4
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 2
 x2 for..0  x  2
It is given f(x)= 
x  1 for...x  2
Solution:
Lim x 2 f ( x )  22  4......Lim x 2 f ( x )  2  1  3
Theorems
Lim f(x) as x approaches to a exists and equals to L, if and only if left and right sided limit of
f(x) as x approaches to a exist and equal to L
Lim x a f(x)  L.....if

Lim x a f(x)  Lim x  a f(x)  L
If...Limx a f(x)  Lim x a f(x),...then.....Lim x a f(x)..does..not...exist
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 1: Limit of f(x) as x approaches to 2 exists and equals to 4.

Example 2 : Limit of f(x) as x approaches to 2 does not exist, because
Left sided is not equal to right sided limit as x approaches to 2.
4. Basic Limit Theorems

a. Sum and Substraction Theorem for Limit
The limit :
Lim x a  f  x   g  x   Lim x a f  x   Lim x a g  x 
b. Constant Multiple Theorem for Limit

For any real number c, the limit :
Lim x a cf  x   cLim x a f  x 
c.Product Theorem for Limit

The limit :
Lim xa f  x  g  x ..exists, then : Lim xa f  x  g  x   Lim xa f  x .Lim x a f  x 
d.Quotient Theorem for Limit

The limit :
f  x  Lim x a f  x 
Lim x a  ..for...g x   0.
g x  Lim x a g  x 
5. Some Important Observation About Limits

a. Trigonometric Functions
We should bring any trigonometric limit problems to the form :
sinax ax
Lim x 0  Lim 1
ax x 0 sinax
tanax ax
Lim x 0  Lim  1,...a  constant
ax x  0 tanax
Some formula that should be recalled for limit of trigonometric functions are
Cos2x + sin2x = 1
Cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 1 – 2 sin2x = 2cos2x - 1
===================================================================
================================================================
Sec2x = 1 – tan2x ; Cosec2x = 1-cotan2x...etc.
Example :
1  cos4x
Evaluate : Lim x 0
2x 2
Lim x 0
1  cos4x
 Lim

1  1  2sin 2 2x 
x 0
2x 2 2x 2
.................... ..........  Lim x 0

 2sin 2 2x 
2x 2
 sin2x 
2
Solution : .................... ...........  Lim x 0

1
(2x) 2 .
4
2
 sin2x 
.................... .............  Lim x 0   .4
 2x 
.................... ...............  12.4  4
b. Limit to ∞ for Rational Functions

P x 
Lim x  …It is suggested that you divide P(x) and Q(x) by the highest power of
Q x 
corresponding polynomials
Example
x 3  2x
Evaluate : Lim x 
3x 3  x  1
Solution :
===================================================================
================================================================
 x 3   2x 
 3    3 
x 3  2x x  x 
Lim x   Lim x 
3x 3  x  1  3x   x   1 
3
 3    3    3 
 x  x  x 
1   2 
2 
................................  Lim x  x 
 3   12    13 
x  x 
1 0 1
..................................  
300 3
c. Limit to a for Rational Function

P x 
Lim xa . ….P(x) or Q(x) or both can be factorized
Q x 
Example:
x2  4
x 2  3x  2
Solution:
Lim x 2
x2  4
 Lim x 2
 
x  2  x  2
x  3x  2
2
 x  1 x  2
...............................  Lim x 2
 x  2
 x  1
................................. 
 2  2  4
 2  1
d. Limit of Irrational Functions
Example :
1 1 x
1 3 1 x
Solution ;
Suppose : (1+x) = y6..x→0, then y→1, then
===================================================================
================================================================
1 1 x  1  y3
Lim x 0  Lim y 1
1 3 1 x 1 y2
................................  Lim y 1
 y - 1  y 2  y  1
 y  1 y  1
................................  Lim y 1
 y 1 y 2

 y  1
111 3
..................................  
11 2
e. Limit of Power function to Function

h x 
  Lim x a g x 
Limx a h  x 
Lim xa  g x 
Example:
 sin x 
 
 x 2  4x   x 
Evaluate : Lim x 0  
 x 
Solution:
 sin x   sin x 
  Lim x 0  
 x 2  4x   x    x 2  4x    x 
Lim x 0    Lim x 0  
 x    x 
1
  x ( x  4) 
......................................  Lim x 0  
  x 
.......................................  0  4   1
4
f. Exponential Functions
x
 1 1
Lim x  1    Lim y 0 1  y  y  e
 x
e : natural...number  2.71828..........lnx  e logx
This equation can be generated as follow:
Lim x a 1  f  x  ....Lim x a f  x   0...and...Lim x a g  x   

g x 
Then :
.......... Lim x a 1  f  x  
g x 
 e Limx  a f  x  g  x 
Example:
===================================================================
================================================================
x
 x 1
Evaluate : Lim x   
 x 2
Solution:
x x
 x 1   3 
Lim x     Lim x  1   .
 x 2  x 2
:  3 
Lim x    x
............................  e  x 2 
.............................  e 3
F. EXERCISES 1.4
a. Limit of Rational Functions:
x3 1
1.Lim x  1
x2 1
x 2 - 5x  10
2.Lim x  5
x 2  25
x2 1
3.Lim x  -1 2
x  3x  2
x 2  2x
4.Lim x  2 2
x  4x  4
x 2  3x  2
5.Lim x1 4
x  4x 2  3
6.Lim x  a

x3  a 2  1 x  a 
x3  a3
 1 3 
7.Lim x 1   3 
 1  x  1  x   
b. Limit of Irrational Functions
===================================================================
================================================================
x 1
8.Lim x 1
x 1
x 8
9.Lim x 64 3
x 4
3
x 1
10.Lim x 1 4
x 1
2 x 3
11.Lim x 7
x 2  49
x 8
12.Lim x 8 3
x 2
x 1
13.Lim x 1 3
x 1
3 5 x
14.Lim x 4
1 5  x
1 x  1 x
15.Lim x 0
x
16.Lim x   xa  x 
17.Lim x   x 2  5x  6  x 
18.Lim x  x  x2 1  x 

19.Lim x  x  3 1  x 3 
3
x2 1
20.Lim x 
x 1
c. Limit of Trigonometric Functions
sin 3x
21.Lim x 0
x
sin 5x
22.Lim x 0
sin 2x
sin x
23.Lim x 0
sin 3x
1  cos x
24.Lim x 0
x2
d.h x  
g x 
===================================================================
================================================================
x
2  x 
22.Lim  
x 0  3  x 
x 1
 x 1 
23..Lim  3 
x 1  x 1
 2x 
 
 1   x 1 
24.Lim  2
x   x 
sin x
 x 2  2x  3  x
25.Lim  2 
x 0 
x  3x  2 
e. e f(x)
x
 x2  2 
26.Lim x   2 
 x 1 
x
 1
27.Lim x  1  
 x
x
 2
28.Lim x  1  
 x
x
 x 
29.Lim x   
 x 1
x2
 x 1 
30.Lim x   
 x  3
G. CONTINUTY
1. Definition
A function of f is continuous at a poin a in its domain if
Limx→af(x) = f(a)
A function of f is discontinuous at a point a , if f is not continuous at a.
===================================================================
================================================================
y
f(a)=L
f(a)
x
a a a
Lim x→af(x) does not Lim x→af(x) exists, Lim x→af(x) exists, and
Exist (discontinuous) but Lim x→af(x)= f(a)
Lim x→af(x)≠ f(a) contiuous
(discontinuous)
Example 1
Let : f  x  
x 2
 5x  4 
 x2  9 . Determine the number at which f(x) is continuous.
Solution:
f  x 
x 2
 5x  4   x 2  5 x  4 
 x 2  9   x  3 x  3 . F is a rational function having denominator equals
to 0 when x = 3 and x = 3. Therefore, f is continuous for all real numbers except x = 3 and x =
3
Example 2
x2
Let : f  x  
1 x 2
Solution : f(x0 is a rational function. Its denominator 1+x2 is never 0, then f is continuous at
every real numbers.
2. One Sided Continuity

a. Definition :
A function is continuous from the right at a point a in its domain if
===================================================================
================================================================
Lim xa f(x)  f(a)
A function is continuous from the left at a point a in its domain if

Lim x a f(x)  f(a) , and
A function is continuous at a point a in its domain , when it is continuous both from

the left and from the right
Example 3:
x 2 for..x  1
Let f(x)= 
x for..x  1
Solution:
Lim x↑1 f(x)= Lim x↑1 x2 = 1
Lim x↓1 f(x) = Lim x↓1 x = 1
F(x) is continuous both from the left and from the right, therefore f(x) is continuous at 1
.
H. EXERCISES 1. 5
Determine whether f is continuous or discontinuous at a.
1. f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3, a = 2.
1
2. f  x   ;..a  1
2 x  5x 3
===================================================================
================================================================
x 4  x2  2
3. f  x   ...a  0
x 1
4. f  x  x  2....a  2
5. f  x  1  x ....x  1
x 1
6. f  x  ....  ,  
2 x
1 x
7. f  x  ...  ,  
x2
x2 1 for x 1

8. f  x   5 for x 1
x 3  6 for x 1

2 x  3 for x 1

9. f  x   0 for x 1
3 x  5 for x 1

2 x  3 for x 1

10. f  x    5 for x 1
3 x  2 for x 1

CHAPTER 2
DERIVATIVES
===================================================================
================================================================
A. DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE
Let a be a number in the domain of a function f. If:
f  x  f  a
Lim x a exists
xa
we call this limit the derivative of f at a, an written as f’(a), so that:
f  x  f  a
f '  a   Lim x a
xa
If the limit of the 2nd equation exists, we say that f has a derivative at a, that f is
differentiable at a.
Example:
Let f(x) = ¼x2 + 1. Find f’(-1) and f’(3)
Solution :
1 2  5 1 2 1
 x  1   x  
f'   1  Lim x   1 4  4  Lim 4 4
x    1
x 1
x 1
.................................................. 
1
Lim x   1
x2 1 
4 x 1
1
...................................................  Lim x   1
 x  1 x  1
4 x 1
1
...................................................  
2
1 2  13 1 2 9
 x  1   x  
f'  3  Lim x 3 4  4
 Lim x 3 
4 4
x   3 x 3
.................................................. 
1 
Lim x 3
x2  9 
4 x 3
1
...................................................  Lim x 3
 x  3 x  3
4 x 3
6
................................................... 
4
B. THE DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION
===================================================================
================================================================
There is an alternative formula for computing the derivative as a function. It arises from the
alternative form of the limit:
f  x  h  f  x
f '  x   Limh0
h
y = f(x)
f(x+h) – f(x)
x
h
df(x) dy
f’(x) is the derivative of f(x) that can also be written as y’, ;
dx dx
Example
Find f’(x) of f(x) = x3 f(x) = x2….f(x) = Vx
Solution:
f'  x   Lim h 0
 x  h 3  x3
h
........  Lim h 0

x  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3  x 3
3

h
........  Lim h 0

3x h  3xh  h 3
2 2

h
.......  Lim h 0

h 3x  3xh  h
2

h
.........  3x 2
===================================================================
================================================================
f'  x   Lim h 0
 x  h 2  x 2
h
........  Lim h 0
 x  2xh  h 2   x 2
2
........  Lim h 0
 2xh  h 
2
h
h 2x  h 

.......  Lim h 0
h
.........  2x
xh  x
f'  x   Lim h 0
h
xh  x xh  x
........  Lim h 0 
h xh  x
........  Lim h 0
 x  h  x
h( x  h  x )
h
.......  Lim h 0
h( x  h  x )
1
1 
.........   2x 2
2 x
f(x) f’(x) f’(x)

x3 3x2 3x(3-1)
x2 2x 2x(2-1)
Vx 1 2
1 1
1  2 1 

x x
2 2
In general if f(x) = xn……..f’(x) = nx(n-1)
===================================================================
================================================================
Some basic formula of derivative

No. y= f(x) y’,f’(x),
dy df  x 
,
dx dx
1 xn nx(n-1)
2 cos(ax) -asin(ax)
3 sin(ax) a.cos(ax)
4 eax a.eax
5 lnx 1
x
C. GENERATION OF THE DERIVATIVES

1. Inverse of Trigonometric Functions
If y = sinx…………x = sin-1y ….or x = arcsiny ( arcus sinus of y)
1
` y
1 y2
dy dx 1
 cos x  1  y 2 ...then...  , therefore if
dx dy 1 y2
dy 1
y = arcsinx …….. dx 
1 x2
The other form can be derived the same way
===================================================================
================================================================
y’,f’(x),
No. y= f(x)
dy df  x 
,
dx dx
1 arcsinx 1
1 x2
2 arccosx 1
1 x2
3 arctanx 1
1 x2
4 arccotanx 1
1 x2
3. Hyperbolic Functions
y=f(x)= coshx
e x  ex
y  f  x   cosh x 
2
e x  ex
y'  f '  x    sinh x
2
y’,f’(x),
No. y= f(x)
dy df  x 
,
dx dx
1 coshx sinhx
2 sinhx coshx
4. Some Theorems of Derivatives

a. y = f(x ) = C……………f’(x) = 0 c : constant
b. f(x) = k.g(x)…………….f’(x) =k.g’(x) k : constant
c. f(x) = g(x) ± h(x)……….f’(x) = g’(x) ± h(x)
d. f(x) = g(x) x h(x)……..f’(x) = g’(x).h(x) + h’(x).g(x)
g x  h  x  g'  x   g x .h' (x)

e. f  x   ............f'  x  
h x   h  x  2
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 1
It is given g(x) = 5x2 + 1; h(x) = 2x + 3
Find derivatives of:
a. f(x) = g(x) ± h(x)
b. f(x) = g(x) x h(x)
g x 
c. f  x   ..
h x 
Solution:
a. f(x) = (5x2+1) + (2x+3)
f’(x) = (10x +0) +(2 + 0) = 10x + 2
f(x) =(5x2+1) - (2x+3)
f’(x) = (10x +0) -(2 + 0) = 10x – 2
b. f(x) = (5x2+1) x (2x+3)
f’(x) = (5x2+1)(2) + (2x+3)(10x)
= 10x2 + 2 + 20x2 + 10x
= 30x2+10x+ 2
(5x 2  1)
f  x 
(2x  3)
(2x  3)10x - (5x 2  1)2
c. f '  x  
(2x  3) 2
10 x 2  30 x  2
........ 
4 x 2  12 x  9
Example 2
Find derivative of : f(x) = tanx
Solution :
===================================================================
================================================================
sinx
f  x   tanx 
cosx
f'  x  
 cosx  cosx    sinx   sinx 
cos 2 x
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
........ 
cos 2 x
1
........ 
cos 2 x
........  sec 2 x
y’,f’(x),
No. y= f(x)
dy df  x 
,
dx dx
1 tanx sec2x
2 cotanx -cosec2x
3 secx secx.tanx
4 cosecx -cosecx.cotanx
D. CHAIN RULE
Many of the functions we encounter in mathematics and application are composite functions.
For example, the function k defined by cos 5x, which occurs in the description of the
composite function g o f, where:
f(x) = 5x and g(x) = cosx
then (gof)’(x) = g’(f(x))f’(x)
If y = u(v)………….v = g(x)
dy du dv
y  u v ...... 
dx dv dx
dy dy du dw
If...y  u v  w ............w  h(x)_......  .
dx du dw dx
Example 1
Find derivative of y = sin 3x
Solution
: y’ = (cos3x).3 = 3cos3x
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 2
Find derivative of f(x)= 1  x 4
Solution:
1
1  x4  2  4x 3 
1
f'  x  
2
2x 3
......... 
1 x4
Example 3
Find derivative of f(x) = e x 3  2x 1
Solution:
f  x  e x 3  2x 1
:
.f'  x   e  x 3  2x 1
 12  x 2
 2x  1   2x  2

1
2

 x  1 e
3
x  2x 1
........ 
x 2  2x  1
Example 4
Find derivative of f(x) = ln(sin.e 2x+1)
Solution :
f'  x  
1
cose  2x 1
 e 2x 1
 2
(sin.e 2x 1 )
........  2 e  2x 1
cote 2x 1
E. EXERCISES 2.1
Find the derivative of the function
 
11
1.f  x   4  3x 2
3
 x 1 
2.f  x    
 x  2
2  3x 2
3.f  x  
1  5x
4.f  x   3
1  sinx 2
5.f  x   1  cos 2 x
6.f  x   tanx  cotx
===================================================================
================================================================
x2 1
7.f  x  
x
1
8.f  x   x2  2
x
e sinx
9.f  x  

cosh x 2  2 
lncos 2x  1
10.f  x  
x2  2
11.f  x   sinh  ln  x 2  1   ln  cos 3x  5 


12.f  x   arcsin ln x 2  2x  9 
13.f  x   tan  secx 2 
14.f  x   ln arctan  2x  6 
ln  sinx 2  x  6 
15.f  x  
arcsin x 2  5
x2
16.f  x  

ln x  4x  8
2

17.f  x   cos 3 3x 6  
18.f  x   cosx  4sin 3 1  x 3
2
 
  1
19.f  x   x 2  5x  6 sin

 5x  
 2x 
F. DERIVATIVE OF y = f(x)g(x)
y = f(x)g(x)
lny = g(x)lnf(x)
 1  dy dg  x  1 df  x 
   lnf  x   g  x 
 y  dx dx f  x  dx
dy  dg  x  1 df  x  
 y lnf  x   g  x  
dx  dx f  x  dx 
dy g(x)  dg  x  1 df  x  
  f  x   lnf  x   g  x  
dx  dx f  x  dx 
Example 1
Evaluate derivative of :y= f(x) = {cos x2+3x-1} (2x+1)
===================================================================
================================================================
Solution:
 1 
y'  {cos x 2  3x - 1} (2x 1) 2lncos (x 2  3x - 1)   2x  1 sin(x 2  3x - 1) 2x  3 
 cos (x  3x - 1)
2

 sin(x  3x - 1)
2

..  {cos x 2  3x - 1} (2x 1) 2lncos (x 2  3x - 1)   2x  1 ) 2x  3 
 cos (x  3x - 1)
2

..  {cos x  3x - 1}
2 (2x 1)
2lncos (x  3x - 1)   4x  8x  3 tan x  3x - 1
2 2 2
G. EXERCISES 2.2

1.y  x 2  1  sin(x 2  5)
2.y   x3  x2  x 1  x 3

3.y  e 3x 5  x 4
ln  x 5 
Find the derivative of the function. 4.y   sin2x 
2
5.y   arcsin3x 
ln3x 1
6.y  cosh(2x  1)  x 
2
9
ln5x
 x2 1
7.y   2 
 x 5
H. DERVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

So far, we have encountered the differentiable functions that are described by equations in
which y is expressed in terms of x , or y = f(x). For example
2x
y ....y  tan 2x  1
x 3
2
However, sometimes we encounter the differentiable functions that are expressed as f(x,y) =
C ( implicit function). For example:
x3 + y3 -2xy = 5
===================================================================
================================================================
How can we find the derivative of y with respect to x? Since y is differentiable function of x,
then x3 + y3 -2xy are also differentiable. Thus, we can derive both side of equations .
Example 1
Suppose y is differentiable function of x and satisfies the equation :
x3+y3-2xy=5. find the derivative of x with respect to y (dy/dx)
Solution:
Derive both side of equation to x
d 3
dx
 
x 
dx
d 3
y 
dx
d
 
 2xy   d  5 
dx
dy  dy 
3x 2  3y 2 .   2x  2y   0
dx  dx 
3y 2  dy 
 2x 
dx

  3x  2y  0
2
 
dy


2y  3x 2 
dx 3y 2  2x 
Example 2
Find derivative of x3/2= y4 + x2siny + 1; then find (dy/dx) for x = 1 and y=0
Solution:
Derive both side of equation
d  2 
3
dx 
x  dx dx
 
  d y 4  d x 2 siny  d 1
dx
 

3 dy dy
x  4y 3  2x.siny  x 2 .cosy. 0
2 dx dx
4y 3  x 2 .cosy
dy  3

dx  2

x  2xsiny 


3 
 x  2xsiny 
dy  2  ......for. .x  1....y  0.... dy  3

dx 
4y  x .cosy
3 2
 dx 2
I. EXERCISES 2.3
===================================================================
================================================================
Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to x.

1.y 2  x  x  1 x  2 
1 y
x3 8.x 
2.y  2
1 y
2x
9.x  x y  y 2  2
2 2 2
x 2  x  1

3. y  y 
2
 1 x
x  y2
10.x 2 
2 xy
y
4.x 2  2 y2
y 1 11.x 2  y 2 
x2
5.secy  tanx  0
x y
1 12. 1  xy  
6. x  2 y x
y
13. xy  x  2y  5
siny
7. 2
y 1
 3x 14.2xy  x 2  y 3  3/2
Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to x at the given point.
19.x 3  2xy  5......(1,2)
15.x  y  y;(0,1)
2 2
20.x 2  3xy  2 y 2  6.....( 1,1)
16.x 2  y 2  1....; (3,2) x
21.x 2   2......(1,2)
17.xy  2....( 2,1) y
18.x 4  xy 3  0.....( 1,1) x
22.  (1  y)......(1,4)
x  2y
J. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Parametric function is expressed as
Y = y(t)→t = f(x)
X = x(t)→t = h(x)
Derivative y with respect to x : use the chain rule
dy dy  dt 
  
dx dt  dx 
 

dy dy  1 
 dy
dy
 dt

dx dt   dx   --------
 
  dt   dx dx
dy
dt
dy dt

dx dx
dt
===================================================================
================================================================
 d (n 1) y 
 (n 1) 
d n y  dx 
The nth derivative of y to x : n 
dx dx
dt
Example
Y = sin (t2+1)
X = t3 + 2t -1
Find dy/dx and d2y/dx2
Solution :

dy 2t cos t 2  1


dx 3t 2  2

 6t    2t sin t 2  1   3t 2  2 cost 2  1 
d2y

3t  2
2 2
dx 2 3t  2
2
   
d 2 y  6t   2tsin t 2  1  3t 2  2 cos t 2  1

  
dx 2 
3t 2  2
3

K. EXERCISES 2.4
Find the first and the second derivative of y with respect to x of the following parametric
function.

 y  t2 1
 y  asint 6.
x  tan  t  3
1.
x  acost
 2
 y  bsint  y   2t  1 sint 2
2. 7.
x  acost x   3t  1 cos(2t  1)
 y  e sint 
 y  tan t 2  1
3. 8.
x  e
cost

 x  cos2t
 y  t2 1
4.  y  arctan  t 2  1
9.
x  sin t  1
2
x  arcsin t  1
2
5.

 y  sin 2 t 2  2  
2
 y  e (t 1)
x  cos  2t  1
2 10.

x  e
sin3t
===================================================================
================================================================
L. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE

If f is a function, then f’ is the function that assigns the umber f’(x) to every x at which f is
differentiable. Since f’ is a function, we can continue the processa step further and define
f””(a) as follow:
f ' ( x )  f ' (a )
f " a   Lim x a
x  a
Whenever this limit exists, we call f”(a) the second derivative of f at a.

d 2 f(x) d 2 y
As a function it can be written as : f”(x); y”, 2
, 2
….the nth derivative of y= f(x)
dx dx
dn f(x) dn y
….fn(x), yn, ,
dx n dx n
Example:
Find the 2nd derivative of y = sinx y=cos 4x y = x3 – x2 + x
Solution:
Y = sinx y’ = cos x y” = -sinx
Y = cos 4x y’ = -4sin4x y” = -16 cos 4x
Y = x3 – x2 + x………y’=3x2-2x+1 y” = 6x - 2
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES
A.RELATED RATE
When a spherical balloon is inflated, the radius r and the volume V of the balloon are
function of t.
Relation between V and r can be written as :
V=(4/3)πr3
===================================================================
================================================================
V and r are function of t, differentiating both sides with respect to t, we get

dV dr
 4π r 2
dt dt
dV dr
The rate , and., are related by the last equation. Therefore we say that
dt dt
dV dr
, and., are the problem of related rates. If we know, for example, the values of r and
dt dt
dV/dt at a specific time to, then we can find the value of dr/dt at to.
Example 1
Suppose a spherical balloon is inflated at the rate of 10 cc per minute. How fast is the radius
of the balloon increasing when the radius is 5 cm?
dV dr
 4ππ2
dt dt
dV
 10 cm 3 /sec
dt
dr dr 10 1
Then : 10  4 (5) 2 . ...........   cm / sec
dt dt 100π 10π
Example 2
Suppose that the bigger the balloon is, the harder it is to inflate. In particular, suppose that
when the volume V is greater than 10 cm3, the balloon is inflated at the rate 8/V cm3/sec. How
fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the radius is 2 cm?
Solution:
dr
The purpose is how to find dt
t  to
to is the time at which r = 2.
===================================================================
================================================================
dV dr
 4ππ2
dt dt
dV
dr
 dt 2
dt 4ππ
8
2
....  V 2 
4ππ 4 3 2
 πr  πr
3 
6 dr 3
.....  2 5
.......for....r  2.., therefore..  cm/sec
4π r dt 2π 2 2 5
Example 3
2CM 2cm
6-h
r
6cm
6 CM
h
Water is poured into a conical cup at the rate of 0.667 cm3/sec. If the cup is 6 cm tall and the
top of the cup has radius of 2 cm, how fast the water level rise when the water is 4 cm-deep.
Solution:
At any time t let h be the height of water, V volume of the water, and r is the radius of the
top surface.
V = ⅓πr2h
dV dh
It is given  0.667.......wehave...to...find ... ?? ?
dt dt
From the figure we get : h:r = 6 : 2 --------r = ⅓h, then
V = ⅓π(⅓h)2.h = π(h)3/27
===================================================================
================================================================
Derive both side of equation with respect to t

dV 1 dh
 π.3h 2
dt 27 dt
dV 1 dh
 π.h 2 ......for. .h  4cm..
dt 9 dt
2 1 dh dh 3
 π.4 2 .....  cm/sec
3 9 dt dt 8π
EXERCISES 3.1
1. Suppose the radius of a spherical balloon is shrinking at the rate 5 cm/minute. How
fast is the volume decreasing when the radius is 40 cm?.
2. Suppose a snowball remains spherical while it melts, with radius shrinking at 10
cm/hour. How fast is the volume of snowball decreasing when the radius is 20 cm?
3. Suppose the volume of snowball in number 2 shrinks at the rate of dV/dt = -2/V
cm3/hour. How fast is the radius changing when the radius is 5 cm?
4. A spherical balloon is inflated at the rate of 30 cm3/minute. How fast is the radius of
the balloon increasing when the radius is 60 cm?
5. Suppose a spherical balloon grows in such a way that after t second V = 4√t cm3. How
fast is the radius changing after 60 second?
6. A spherical balloon is losing air at the rate of 20 cm3/minute. How fast is the radius of
the balloon shrinking when the radius is 80 cm?
7. Water leaking into a floor creates a circular pool whose area increases at the rate of 9
cm2/minute. How fast is the radius of the pool increasing when the radius is 25 cm?
8. Suppose the water in example 3 is poured at the rate of 1,5 cm3/sec. How fast is the
water level rising when the water is 5 cm in deep?
9. Suppose the water level in example 3 is rising at the rate of 0,5 cm/sec. How fast is the
water being poured in when the water is 2 cm deep?
10. Water is released from conical tank with height 16 meters ad radius is 10 meters, and
fall into a rectangular tank whose base has an area of 45 m2. The rate of release is
controlled so that when the height of the water in conical tank is x meter, the height of
decreasing at the rate of (16-x) m/minute. How fast is the water level in the
rectangular tank rising when the height of the water in conical tank is 3.5 m?
===================================================================
================================================================
B.MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

(increasing and decreasing function)
Y
y = f(x)
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
A B C D E F X
See the curve y = f(x).

The curve y = f(x)
Increasing when y’ or f’(x) >0 ..(AB; CD and EF)
Decreasing when y’ or f’(x) < 0..(BC and DE).
Maximum or minimum when y’ or f’(x) = 0.
Points B and D are maximum points ( the change from increasing to decreasing function).
Points C and E are minimum points ( the change from decreasing to increasing function).
Example 1
Y = f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 9
Find the interval of increasing and decreasing function
Find the maximum and minimum values
Solution:
Y’ = f’(x) = 3x2 + 12x
= 3x(x+4)…the zero values are x = 0 and x = -4
===================================================================
================================================================
+++ POSITIVE++ +++POSITIVE++++
-4 - - - - - negative - - - 0
y = f(x) is increasing when x<-4 and x>0

y = f(x) is decreasing when -4 < x < 0
Maximum value at x = -4….y= (-4)3 + 6(-4)2 + 9 = 41…… Max (-4,41)
Minimum value at x = 0……y = 0 + 0 + 9 = 9……………Min (0,9)
Example 2
Y = f(x) = 3x4-4x3 Find the interval of increasing and decreasing function
Solution:
Y’=f’(x) = 12x3 – 12x2
= 12x2(x-1)…the zero values x = 0,0 and x = 1
0 +++positive+++
---negative------ --negative----- 1
y = f(x) is increasing when x > 1

y = f(x) is decreasing when x < 1
Minimum point at x = 1…….ymin = 3-4 = -1…….Min (1, -1)
C. INFLECTION POINT(S)
( concave upward, concave downward)
===================================================================
================================================================
y = f(x)
A B C x
y= f(x) is
Concave upward if y” or f”(x) > 0……….AB
Concave downward if y” or f”(x) < 0…….CD
Inflection points at y” or f”(x) = 0…..points A, B, and C.
Example 3
Continue the example no 1. Find interval of concave upward/ downward; and find the
coordinate of inflection point.
Solution:
Y = f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 9
Y’ = f’(x) = 3x2 + 12x
Y” = f”(x) = 6x + 12 = 6(x+2)…….zero value of f”(x) at x = -2
+++++positive++++++
-----negative-------------- -2
===================================================================
================================================================
y = f(x) is concave upward when x > -2

y = f(x) is concave downward when x < -2
Inflection point at x = -2 ….y = (-2)3 + 6(-2)2 + 9=25…..IP(-2, 25)
D. GRAPHING OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

For graphing of polynomial functions, we need:
 Interval of increasing/decreasing functions
 Maximum and minimum coordinates
 Interval of concave upward/downward
 Coordinate of inflection points
 X and y intercepts… x intercept…y = 0…y intercept…x=0
Basically, we have already discussed those requirement in the previous chapter..
Example 5
Continue example 1 and example 3 , that we should draw the graph of Y = f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 9
Solution:
1. Interval of increasing/decreasing functions and Maximum and minimum coordinates,
we have done already on example 1.
Maximum value at x = -4….y= (-4)3 + 6(-4)2 + 9 = 41…… Max (-4,41)
Minimum value at x = 0……y = 0 + 0 + 9 = 9……………Min (0,9)
2. Interval of concave upward/downward and coordinate of inflection points, we have
done on example 3.
y = f(x) is concave upward when x > -2
y = f(x) is concave downward when x < -2
Inflection point at x = -2 ….y = (-2)3 + 6(-2)2 + 9=25…..IP(-2, 25)
3. x and y intercepts
y intercept x = 0……y = 9…….(0,9)
===================================================================
================================================================
y
Max(-4,41)
Y = f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 9
IP (-2,25) Min (0,9)
Example 5
Continue example 2.. Draw the graph of : Y = f(x) = 3x4-4x3 Find the interval of increasing
and decreasing function
Solution:
Y’=f’(x) = 12x3 – 12x2
= 12x2(x-1)…the zero values x = 0,0 and x = 1
 y = f(x) is increasing when x > 1
 y = f(x) is decreasing when x < 1
 Minimum point at x = 1…….ymin = 3-4 = -1…….Min (1, -1)
F”(x) = 36x2 – 24x = 12x(3x-2)…..zero value of f”(x) : x = 0 and x = 2/3

Concave upward x < 0 and x > 2/3
Concave downward at 0 < x < 2/3
Inflection points
X = 0……..y = 0………….IP1 (0,0)
X = 2/3……y =-16/27……IP2(2/3; -16/27)
===================================================================
================================================================
Y= 3x4 -4x3
IP (0,0)
E. EXERCISES 3.2
Find :
a) interval of increasing/decreasing functions
b) Maximum and minimum coordinates
c) Interval of concave upward/downward
d) Coordinate of inflection point
e) X an y intercept
f) Draw the graph.
Of the function.
1. F(x) = x3-x2+2 8. f(x) =ex(x2-2x-2)

2. F(x) = x3+3x2+4 9. f(x) =ex(x2-4x +1)
3. F(x) = x3-12x+2 10. f(x) =ex(x2-4)
4. F(x) = x3+6x2+9 11.f(x) = x3 + 3x
5. F(x) = x3-3x2-24x+1 12.f(x) = x4+4x
6. F(x) = x3-3x 13.f(x) = (x-2)2(x-3)2
7.F(x) = 2x3-3x2-12x+5
F. GRAPHING OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, HORIZONTAL AND

VERTICAL ASSYMPTOTES
===================================================================
================================================================
1. Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes

Definition : if either Lim x  f  x   a....or... .Lim x  f  x   a , then we call the
horizontal line y = a horizontal asymptote of the graph of f
y
Y=f(x
)
Horizontal asymptote : y = a
===================================================================
================================================================
Definition : if either Lim x b f(x)  ......or.. ...Lim x b f(x)   , then we call the
vertical line : x = b vertical asymptote of the graph of .
Y=f(x)
Vertical asymptote : x = b
x
2. Graphing of Rational Functions

Basically, graphing of rational functions is similar to that of polynomial functions. The
only difference, the rational functions usually have either vertical or horizontal
asymptotes. Sometimes, they have both vertical and horizontal asymptotes. The following
is summary of graphing a rational function.
No Property Test
1 Interval of increasing functions f’(x) >0
2 Interval of decreasing functions f’(x) < 0
3 f has maximum value f’(x) = 0…f”(x) < 0
===================================================================
================================================================
4 f has minimum value f’(x) = 0….f”(x) > 0

5 Interval of concave upward f”(x) > 0
6 Interval of concave downward f”(x) < 0
7 f has inflection point f”(x) = 0
8 f has vertical asymptote x = b Lim x b f(x)  ......or.. .
..Lim x b f(x)  
10 f has horizontal asymptote y=a Lim x  f  x   a....or... .Lim x  f  x   a
11 Y intercept X=0
12 X intercept Y=0
Example 1
2
Let f (x) 
1  x2
Sketch the graph of f, nothing all relevant properties listing in Table.
Solution:
Finding the 1st and 2nd derivative:
2
f' (x)  2(1  x 2
)
 4(1  x 2
) 2
f" (x ) 
f" (x ) 
4 3x 2   1 
(1  x 2
)3
Interval of increasing/decreasing function

the denominator of f”(x) is always positive, therefore the zero values of f’(x) is
determined the numerator. The zero values x = 0
+++positive++++
0 -----negative -----
f(x) is increasing when x < 0
===================================================================
================================================================
f(x) is decreasing when x > 0
Maximum/minimum values
F(x) does not have any minimum value. Maximum value at x = 0
Y = 2/1 = 2………….. Max (0,2)
Interval of concave upward/downward

the denominator of f”(x) is always positive, therefore the zero values of f’(x) is
determined the numerator. The zero values x = -⅓√3, and x = +⅓√3
++positive++ ++positive+++
----- negative ---------------

-⅓√3 0 +⅓√3
f(x) is concave upward when x < -⅓√3, and x .> +⅓√3

f(x) is concave downward when -⅓√3 < x < +⅓√3
Inflection Points
F(x) has inflection points at x = -⅓√3, and x .= +⅓√3
Y = 2/(1+1/3) = 3/2……… IP1(-⅓√3,3/2)…….. IP2(+⅓√3,3/2)
Vertical/horizontal asymptotes
F(x) does not have a vertical asymptotes.
2
Horizontal asymptote Lim x   0 …….y = 0
1  x2
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 2
x
Let f  x 
 x  1 2
Sketch the graph of f, taking into account all relevant properties listed in the table.
Solution
The first step, we find the 1st and 2nd derivative of f(x).
f' (x) 
 x  1
2
 2 x
 x  1
4
f" (x) 
  x  1
3

 x 
Interval of increasing/decreasing function

The zero values of f’(x)..x = 1 and x = -1
++positive++
---negative--- ---negative----
-1 +1
f(x) is increasing when -1 < x < +1
f(x) is decreasing when x < -1 and x > +1
Maximum/minimum
Maximum at x = 1……y = ¼……….Max(1, ¼)
Minimum at x = -1…….y = infinitive…( x = -1 should be horizontal asymptote)
Interval of concave upward/downward
===================================================================
================================================================
The denominator of f”(x) is always positive, then zero value of f”(x) is only determined
by its numerator. Then the zero value x = 2
F(x) is concave upward for x < 2
F(x) is concave downward x > 2
Inflection point
X = 2…..y = ½ (2, ½)
Horizontal / Vertical asymptote:
Horizontal asymptote y= 0……x axis
Vertical asymptote x = -1
Vert as x = -1 Max (1,1/4)
x IP(2,2/9)
f (x ) 
1  x  2
-1 1 2 x
G. EXERCISES 3.3
===================================================================
================================================================
Sketch the graph of the given function, by considering all relevant properties .
1 x
1.f ( x ) 
1 x
4x
2.f ( x ) 

1  4x 2 
1
3.f ( x ) 
1  x2
2x 2
4.f ( x ) 
 x  1 2
x3
5.f ( x ) 
1  x2
1
6.f ( x )  3

x 1 
x
7.f ( x ) 
x 1
x 2
8.f ( x ) 
x 3
x2
9.f ( x ) 
1  x2
x
10.f ( x ) 
1  x2
1
11.f ( x )  2
x x
H. PROBLEMS OF APPLIED EXTREEMS

To solve many applied problems, we need to find maximum and minimum of suitable
function on specific interval. Therefore, to solve the problems of applied extremes, we
need :to understand the real physical phenomenon regarding the problem , and to interpret
the physical problem to mathematical model.
DERIVE
IDENTIFY THE
THE FORMULATE FUNCTIO
PHYSICAL MATHEMATIA N
PROBLEM L MODEL
F’(X) = 0
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 1
A metal box-without cover-is constructed from a square sheet of metal that is 18 cm on a

side by first cutting square pieces of the same size from the corner and then folding up the
sides. Find the dimension of the ox with he largest volume that can be constructed.
Solution
(18-2x)
x
(18-2x)
(18-2x)
===================================================================
================================================================
V = x(18-2x)2
= x(324 – 72x + 4x2)=(324x – 72x2 + 4x3)
dV/dx = 324 -144x +12x2 =12(27-12x + x2) =12(x-3)(x-9)
dV/dx = 0…….x = 3 …x=9
x = 3 is the possible value. Therefore the dimension of the box
the base : 12cm x 12cm , the height : 3cm.
Example 2
An outdoor track is to be created in the shape shown in the figure, and is to have a
perimeter of 440 meters. Find the dimension of the track to maximize the rectangular
portion of the field enclosed by the track.
2r
Solution:
Area of rectangular portion = 2rx
 220  x 
The perimeter p = 2лr + 2x ………. 2лr = 440 – 2x….r =

A = 2x
 220  x 
=
 440x  2 x       A'  440  4 x  0......440  4 x  0
2
  
X = 110 meters……r = 110/л meters.
===================================================================
================================================================
EXERCISES 3.4
1) Find two positive numbers whose sum is 18 and whose product is as large as
possible.
2) Find two real numbers whose difference is 16 and whose product I is as small as
possible.
3) A crate open at the top has vertical sides, a square bottom, and a volume of 4 m3. If
the crate has the possible surface area, find its dimension.
4) Suppose the crate in exercise 3 has a top. Find the dimension of the crate with
minimum surface area.
5) A Norman window is a window in the shape of a rectangle with semicircle

attached at the top. Find the dimension that allow the maximum amount of light to
enter, under the condition that the circumference of the window is 4 meters.
6) Suppose a window has the shape of rectangle with an equilateral triangle attached
at the top. Find the dimension that allow the maximum amount of light to enter,
provided that the perimeter of the window is 4 meters.
7) A rectangle is inscribed a semicircle of radius 30 cm, with one side lying on the
diameter of the semicircle. Find the maximum possible area of he rectangle.
8) Suppose a landowner wishes to use 3 km of fencing to enclose an isosceles

triangular region of as large an area as possible. What should be the lengths of the
side of the triangle?
9) A manufacturer wishes to produce rectangular containers with a square bottom and

tops, each container having a capacity of 4000 cm3. If material used for the top
and the bottom costs twice as much per square cm as the material for the sides,
what dimension of the containers to minimize the cost?
10) A wire of length 15 meters is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent to form a
square, and the other is bent to form a circle. Determine the minimum possible
value for the sum of the areas of the square and the circle.
===================================================================
================================================================
CHAPTER 4
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
A.SEQUENCES
Definition : A sequence is a function whose domain is the collection of all integers greater
than or equal to a given integer m ( usually 0 or 1).
1
h(n) .......... for..n  1
n
For example : k(n)  n ........for..n  4
2
1
g(n)  2 ....for..n  2..etc
n 1
In general, if
f(n) = an for n≥ 1
then the ordered set of numbers a1, a2……completely determines the sequence. As a result e
normally suppress the symbol f and just write  a n  n 1 , for the sequence defined on the last

equation, we can write :
f(n) = an for n≥ m
then we can expressed :  a n  n m for the sequence. In this sequence, we express original

sequences f, g, h, and k as:


1  0,05       1  
n n
; n 2  n 4
 1 1   
1  1    .......... .  ;
   1    ;    n0 .
 2! 3! n!  n  
 n 1   2  

The initial four four terms of the third sequence are:

0 1
1 1 1
a o     1......a1    
2 2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1
a 2     .....a 3    
2
  4 2
  8
===================================================================
================================================================
Similarly for the 4th sequence
a4 = 42=16 a5=52=25 a6=62=36
1. Convergent Sequences
Definition
Let  a n  n 1 be a sequence

a. A number L is the limit of  a n  n 1 if for every є >0 there is an integer N such that

if n ≥ N, then ‫׀‬an-L‫ < ׀‬є or , we can write:
Limn a n  L
In such a number L exists, we say that  a n  n m converges or converges to L. If lim an does


not exist or go to infinity , we say that an diverges.
Example 1
1 
Show that  a n    

converges
 n  n 1
1
Solution : Lim n    0 , then an converges to 0
n
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 2
Show that :  an  n 2 diverges
Solution : Lim an to infinity is infinity…..an diverges
Example 3
Show that :  an    1  n 1 diverges

n 
Solution
 1 for. .n. even

 1n   ….diverges
  1 for. .n. .odd
===================================================================
================================================================
B. EXERCISES 4.1
Determine whether the sequence converges or diverges. If it converges, find its limit.
1   6. a n     4n n 1

1. a n    n 
 3  n 1  1  
7. a n    2 
k 1    n  1 n 1
2. a k    
 k  1  n 1 
 1  
n
 
8. a n      
 1  
 3  
3. a k   1    n 1
 k  n 5
 n  1  
1  
9. a n    
4. a n    2   n  n 1
 n  n 1 1  
10. a n     n 

5. a n    2n 3
 n 1

n  n 1
2. Convergent Properties of Sequences
Let  a n  n m and  bn  n m be convergent sequences. Then the sum  a n  n m +  bn  n m ,

   
any scalar multiple  ca n  n m , the product  a n .bn  n m

 
 an  
An the quotient :   are all convergent. With the equation:
 bn  n  m
Lim n   a n  b n   Lim n  a n  Lim n  b n

Lim n  ca n  cLim n  a n
a  Lim n  a n
Lim n   n  
 bn  Lim n  b n
3. Bounded Sequences
Theorems
a. If.  a n  n m converges, then  a n  n m bounded

 
b. If  a n  n m unbounded, then  a n  n m  diverges


===================================================================
================================================================
c. The sequence  a n  n m is increasing if a  n1  a n ,..for..ea ch..n  m


d. The sequence  a n  n m is decreasing if a  n1  a n ,..for..ea ch..n  m


C. EXERCISES 4.2
Verify whether the sequence is bounded or unbounded
 1
1.1  ..n  1...to.. 2n 
 n 6. n n  1....to..
 1  5 
2.1  ..n  1...to..
 2n   2n  3
7. n  1...to..
 1  5
n

3.e n ..n  1...to..
   2n  1
8. 2 n  1...to..
1
4. 
1   n  1
..n  1...to..
 n n  1  2n  1 
1 1 
9. n  1...to..
5.  ..n  1...to..  n  1
n n  2
1 
 1  10. n  1...to..
6.4  ..n  1...to.. n
 n  1
===================================================================
================================================================
D SERIES ( INFINITE SERIES)
1. General understanding of Series
1/4
1/2
1/8 1/16
Say, area of rectangle in the figure is equal to 1


1
1 = ½ + ¼ + 1/8 +1/16………………= 
n 1 2n
 n
1-1+1-1+1…………………………….=    1
n 1

1
1 + ½+1/3 +1/4+1/5 ……………..=   n 
n 1
We collect those terminologies in a single definition as follow:
Let  a n  n m be a sequence. For each positive integer j, the jth partial sum sj is

Sj = am + am+1 + a m+2………..+ a m+j-1


If Lim j  s j exists, we say that the series   a n  converges and call Lim j  s j , the sum
n m

of the series. Otherwise, we say that the series a 

n m
n diverges. The numbers am ; am+1 ;
 
a m+2;…………….. are the term of the series   a  . Finally, if   a  converges, we also

n m
n
n m
n
use the expression   a n  to denote the sum of the series.

n m
===================================================================
================================================================
Example 1

1
Show that  n!  e
n 1
 1 1 1
Solution : Lim n 1  1    .........    e ….1
 2! 3! n! 
an = 1/n! for n≥0, then
sj = a0 + a1 +a2 + …….a j-1=1+1+1/2! + ……..1/(j-1)!


1
Equation (1) Implies that Lim n  sj   e . Thus  e
n 1 n!
2. Geometric Series

A geometric series is a series of the form  c.r
n m
n
, where r and c are constants and c≠ 0.
The r is called ratio of the geometric series.
The geometric series is convergent if -1 < r < +1.

 
 a.r
k 0
k
  a.r 
k 1
k 1
 a  ar  ar 2  ........ar  n 1
a  ..is..the..first..term..of..the..series
The form : a  n 1 an
r  ratio    ........
an a  n 1
partial..summation :  S n   a  ar  ar 2  ..ar n 1
For r = 1

 a  a  a  a .......
1
......  n.a
Then the series is divergent.
For r = -1
===================================================================
================================================================
  k 1
 a.  1
k 1
 a  a  a  a  ........ the series is divergent
For -1 < r < +1
Sn = a + ar + ar2 +………………ar(n-1)
r. Sn = ar + ar2 +………………+ ar(n-1)+ ar(n)
(Sn – r.Sn) = a - arn……………. Sn 


a 1 r n 
1 r
Limn   Sn 
a
1  r 

1  Limn  r n   1 a r  1  0  1 a r 
Geometric series is convergent when -1 < r < +1, and the sum is:

a
 a.r 
k 1
k 1

1 r 
Example
Determine whether the following geometric series converges or diverges. If t converges, find
the sum of the series.
 k 1 
 k 1   5 

 2  
 
a. 8  .......... .....b.  9 
1  5  1
  k 1 
 3  1
c. 3  ..............d .
1  2  1 2k
Solution:
a. a = 8; r = 2/5……..converges
  k 1
2 8 40
 8 
5

2

3
1
1
5
b. a = 1; r = -5/9…..converges
 k 1
 5 1 9
    
9 5 14

1
1
9
c. a = 3 ; r = 3/2………diverges
===================================================================
================================================================
d. a = ½ ; r = ½…….converges
1

1 2
2 k

1
1
1
1
2
E. EXERCISES 4. 3
Determine whether the following geometric series is convergent or divergent, and find the sun
of the series if it is convergent.
 n 1
1 1 1  1
1.1    ...............    
2 4 8  2
5 6 n
3 3 3
2.      ..............   
4 4 4
 k 1
 2

3.
1
  k 1
1
4. 7 
1 3

10
5.
1 k
 k
1
6. 4 
1 5
 k 3
1
7. 2 
1 2
 k 1
1
8. 5 
1  3
3. Harmonic Series

1 1 1
Infinite series : k 1
 1   ..... is called a harmonic series.
2 3
Harmonic series is divergent.
4. Non-negative Series: The comparison and Ratio tests

A non-negative series is a series whose terms are non-negative.
a. Comparison Test
===================================================================
================================================================

A non-negative series a1
k converges, if its terms are less than or equal of non-negative

series : b 1
k that has been known as convergent-series.
Or
 
If  bn converges, and 0≤ an ≤ bn for all n ≥ 1, then  a n converges.
1 1
 
If b
1
n diverges, and 0≤ an ≤ bn for all n ≥ 1, then  a n diverges
1
Example 1

1 1 1
Show that : k 1
k
 1
2 2
 3  ......... converges.
3
Solution

1
It has been known that 2 1
k is convergent to 1

1 1 1 1 1
Because
n n
 n , for n≥ 2, then
2
k
1
k
 1
2 2
 3  ......... is convergent.
3
b. Limit comparison Test


1 1 1 1
p- series : k
1
p
 1
2 p
 p  ............ p ;
3 n
p : real number
p > 1…….converges
p ≤ 1…….diverges

1 3
 3
.......p   converges 
1 2
k 2
For example : 
1 1
 1
.......p   diverges
1 2
k 2
Theorem:
===================================================================
================================================================
  an
If  a k .....and ... bk ... are non-negative series, and if
1 1
Lim n
bn
 L (L: real –
positive-number), both series either converges or diverges depends on p-series

For example: to test
 
1 1 1 1 1 
1 3k 2  5k  2 , is..used..p  series..1 k 2 ..because..for..n   3n 2  5n  2  3  n 2 

2k 2  5 
1 2n 2  5 21
 3k
1
3
 5k  2
2
, is..used.. p  series..1 k
..because..for..n     
3n  5n  2 3  n 
3 2
 

3k  1 
1 3n  1 3 1 
 , is..used..p  series.. 1
..because..for..n   
2  12 
1 4k 2  2k  1 1 4n 2  2n  1
k2 n 
Example 1

1
Test convergence of :  3 by using limit comparison test.
1
2k  5
2
Solution:

1
Use p-series : 
1
3 that has been known converges ( p > 1)
k 2
1
3
3
n 2
1
Lim n 2n  3
2
 Limn  ; therefore
1 3
2
3 2n  5
2
n 2

1
 1
3
is convergent
2k  5
2
Example 2

3 k 2
Test convergence of series :  1 k 3  3k 2
Solution
===================================================================
================================================================

1 
3 n 2 3
Use p-series : k
1
as a comparison, because for n….∞ 
1 n  3n
3 2

n
3 n2
3n n  2
Lim n n  3n
3 2
 Lim n  3 , therefore
1 n 3  3n 2
n

3 k 2
 is convergent.
1 k 3  3k 2
F. EXERCISES 4.4
Test the convergence of the following series by means of comparison test.
   
1 1 1 1
1. 3
.....2. ....3. .....4. .
1  k  1 2 1 k3 1 1 k 1 k 2 1

1 
1 
1 
k 2  1`
5. .....6. ....7. ...8. 3
1 k 2 1 1 k k 1  k  1 k  2 1 k k 5
 
k k
9. .....10.
1 k 3
2
1
1
 k  1 3
c. Ratio Test
 a n 1
If a
1
k is a non-negative series, and Limn
an
  ....0     , then If 0 ≤

β < 1 then a
1
k converges
If 1 ≤ β < ∞ then a 1
k diverges
If β = 1……the test fail to show whether the series converges/diverges.
Example 1
Use the ratio test to verify the convergence of the following series:

k 
3k  1 
2k 
1
a/. k
......b/. 2
....c/. ......d/.
1 4 1 k 1 k 1 k!
Solution
===================================================================
================================================================

k  n  1 .....a n a n 1
4
1
k
....a n 1 
4  n 1 n 
4 n
.... n 1
an

4n
a/.
a n 1 n 1 1
Lim n   Lim n   ......0  β  1.....converges
an 4n 4

3k  1 3n  4 3n  1 a n 1 3n  4 n2
1 k2
....a n 1 
 n  1 2
......a n 
n2
....
an
 
3n  1  n  1 2
b/.
3n  4 n2
Lim n  a n 1  Lim n    1....β  1....the..test..fail.
an 3n  1  n  1 2

2k 2  n 1 2 n a n 1 2  n 1 n 2n
1 k n 1  n  1
....a  ......a n 
n
.... 
a n  n  1 2
 n 
n 1
c/. … d/.
a 2n
Lim n  n 1  Lim n   2....β  2....diverges
an n 1

1 1 1 1 1
1 k!....a n 1   n  1! ......a n  n!.... a n 1 a n   n  1!  n!  n  1
a 1
Lim n  n 1  Lim n   0...β  0....Converges
an n 1
Example 2

k!
Test the series : k
1
k
Solution:

k!  n  1! ......a  n! .... a n 1   n  1!  n n  n  n  1  1
1 k k n 1  n  1  n 1
....a 
a  n  1  n 1
n!  n  1  n 1
  n  1 
n n n
n n
 
 n 
a 1 1 1
Lim n  n 1  Lim n   ...β  ....Converges
an n
e e
 1
1  
 n
G. EXERCISES 4.4
===================================================================
================================================================
Test the convergence of the following series by using ratio-test.


1 / .
 2k  1 2k   .........2 / .  k 
2k
1 2k

1  2k  2 !
.........3 / .1 k  k  1
  
k k2 k
4 / . ........................5 / . .....6 / . k
1 7 k
1  k  1 k  1 1 10
  k 
k!  k  k!
7 / . .....................8 / .   .........9 / . k
1  2k ! 1  2k  5  1 2

k! 
k 5 
k!
10 / . k
.....................11 / . 3
..............12 / . k
1 10 1 k 1 e
5. Alternating Series
If the terms of a series are alternately positive and negative, we call the series an alternating
series. The general form:
  k 1
   1
1
 a k  a 1  a 2  a 3 .........;....or
 k
   1
1
 a k  a 1  a 2  a 3 ........... 
Alternating Series Test


If ak is the alternating series

1
a k  a 1  a 2  a 3 .........; ak  0
satisfies the following
conditions:
a/. ak tends to close to 0, or Lim n→∞an = 0
b/. ak is not increasing, that is a1≥a2≥a3…………….. an≥an+1
, the alternating series is convergent.
Example

  1 k 1 1 1 1 
k 1  1 
  ...........     1  
Test convergence of :  1 k
 1
2 3 4 1 k
Solution:
===================================================================
================================================================
1
an  .........L im n  a n   0....satis fies..cond ition..(a)
n
1
then, the series converges
a n1  ........a n  a n1.....satis fies..cond ition,.. b 
 n  1
H. EXERCISES 4.5
Test the convergence of the following alternating series.
k 1  1  k 1  
  
 1  k2
1/.   1 . 2 .....2/.   1 . ......3/.   1 .
k 1

 5k  2 
2
1 k  1 2 k  1
k 1 2k  1 k2
  
1
4/.   1 ...5/..   1 .......6/.   1
k 1 k 1
.
1 2k  1 1 5k  1 1 k  3k  5
2
  
1 1 2
7/.   1 .........8/.   1 .......9/.   1
k 1 k 1 k 1
.
1 k 3
1 3k  4 1 6k  3k  1
2
6. Power Series
Definition : a series of the form :

a
0
k .x k  a 0  a1 x  a 2 x 2  .........or
 k
 ak  x  c   a 0  a1  x  c   a 2  x  c   ...............
2
c : cons tan t
To test the convergence of the power series is used ratio test.
Example 1
Determine the value of x in which the following series converge.


xk x2 x3
a/.  1 x    .........
0 k! 2! 3!

k.x k x 2x 2 3x 3
b/. k
.   2  3  ..........
0 4 4 4 4

c/. k!.x k  1  x  2! x 2  3! x 3  ........
0
Solution
a/.To test convergence of
===================================================================
================================================================
k n 1 n
 x x x x
 ...b n 1  ...b n  .... b n 1 

x k
k!  n  1!  n ! bn  n  1
 k!
see the series :
0
x
0 b n 1
Lim n   Lim n   0.....converges
bn  n  1
 n 1

k.x k n. x  n  1 x
n

0 4 k
;....b n 
4 n
.....b n 1 
4  n 1
 n 1
b n 1  n  1 x 4n  n  1 x
  
b/. See the series: b n 4  n 1 n. x
n
4n
b n 1  n  1 x 1
Lim n   Lim n   x  1.... x  4
bn 4n 4
 4  x  4......converges
 n
 n 1
 k! x k ;....b n  n! x .....b n 1   n  1! x
0
 n 1
b
c/. n 1 
 n  1! x n   n  1 x
bn nx
b n 1
Lim n   Lim n   n  1 x  ....diverges
bn
Theorems:
a/. If a power series :


a
0
k .x k ..converges..for..x  0, then..the..series..converges..for..x : x  x 0
b/. If a power series :


a
0
k .x k ..diverges..for..x, then..the..series..diverges.
Interval and Radius Convergence
A set of all x in which a power series converges is called interval-convergence, and R that
satisfies │x│< R is called radius-convergence.
===================================================================
================================================================
Interval-convergence
Radius- x
convergencee
Example 1

x 2k
Find the radius and interval convergence of : 
1 k
x 2 n 1 x 2n b x 2  n 1 n nx 2
b n 1  ;...b n  .... n 1   2n 
 n  1 n bn  n  1 x  n  1
Solution:
b n 1 nx 2
Lim n   Lim n   x2
bn  n  1
Series converges if β < 1…or….x2 < 1….(x2-1)<0….(x-1)(x+1) < 0
++positive+++ ++positive++
-1 -----negative----- +1
Interval
Convergence
Radius
convergence
Series convergence for -1 < x < +1
Example 2
===================================================================
================================================================
k  x  2
 k
Determine : interval and radius convergence of    1

0 k 1
b n 1 
 x  2 n 1 ...b 
 x  2 n ....
b n 1

 x  2 n  1
n
n2 n 1 bn n2
b n 1
 Lim n 
 x  2 n  1  x  2
Solution: Lim n 
bn n2
then..to..be..converges.. x  2  1....  1  x  2  1
interval  convergence...1  x  3...radius  convergence..r  1
3
1
2
I. EXERCISES 4.6
Determine interval and radius convergence of the following series

1 / .
xk 
k 2 xk 
........2 / . k .......3 / .
k 2 (2 x) k 
  1 x 2 k 1 k
0 k 5 0 3 0 3k
........4 / .0 2k  1
k  k  1 x k   1 ( x  1) k ...7 / .   x  k k ...
  k  k
xk
5 / . ..6 / .  ... 8 / .
0 4k 0 k! 0 ln(k  1) 0 k!

9 / .
 3 k ( x  2) k 
...10 / .
1 
 x  ..........12 / .  2 k .x k
k
0 k! 0 k .x k
.....11 / .0 k2
0
13 / .

  1x
k 2k 
.......14 / .
  1 x k 1 ...15 / .    1 x k ...16 / .  x k
k k
0 k 1 0 2k  1
0 kk
0 k
2
REFERENCES
1. Pipes A. Louis & Harvill R. Lawrence (1986) :”Applied Mathematics for

Engineers and Physicists” Third edition, McGraw Hill International book company,
Sydney
2. Ellis Robert and Gulick Denny (1982): “ CALCULUS With Analytic Geometry”
Second Edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publisher, New York.
===================================================================
================================================================
3. Holder I. Leonard, DeFranza James and Pasachoff M. Jay. (2000):”Multivariable

Calculus” Second Edition , Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California.
4. Kreyszeig Erwin (1979):” Advanced Engineering Mathematics” Fourth Edition,
John Willey and Sons, New York
5. Strang, W.G. (1986):” Introduction to Applied Mathematics “ Wellesley
-Cambridge Press, Wellesley, Massachusets
INTERNATIONAL UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT : MATHEMATICS 1
CREDIT UNIT : 3
No.of Week COURSE CONTENT REMAR
K
1 Functions Limits and Continuity :Definition, some general

classes of functions ( polynomial function, rational function,
power function, root functions, equal functions) : Exercises
2 Graphing : definition, dependent and independent variables,
graphs of an equation, exercises.
3 Combining Functions : sums, differences, products, quotients of
functions, compositions of functions, exercises
4 Limits : an intuitive idea of limit, definition of limit ‘ one sided
limit; basic limit theorems; some important observation about
limit
5 Limit of : trigonometric functions, rational functions, irrational
===================================================================
================================================================
functions, power function to function, exponential functions,

exercises
6 Continuity : definition, one sided continuity, exercises
7 Derivatives : definition of derivative, the derivative as a
function.
8 Generation of the derivatives : inverse of trigonometric
function, hyperbolic function, some theorems of derivatives,
chain rules, exercises.
9 Derivative of y = f(x)g(x), derivative of implicit functions,
derivative of parametric functions, higher order derivative
10 Applications of the derivatives: related rate, exercises,
maximum and minimum values, inflection point.
11 Application of the derivative : graphing of polynomial
functions, and rational functions
12 Application of the derivatives : problems of applie extremes,
exercises
13 Sequences : convergent sequences, bounded sequences,
exercises.
14 Series : general understanding of a series, geometric series,
harmonic series, non negative series, alternating series, power
series
GRADING POLICY
1 Attendance 10%
2 Assignment/quiss/homework 20%
3 Mid Exam 35%
4 Final Exam 35%
TOTAL 100%
REFERENCES:
Ayres, Frank ( 1994): “ Theory Problems of Differential Integral Calculus”

Schaum Publishing Co., New York
Robert, E. & Gullick, D.(1992)” Calculus with Analytic Geometry” Hartcourt

Jovanovic Publisher, New York.
===================================================================
================================================================
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 : FUNCTION LIMIT AND CONTINUITY
A.FUNCTION................................................................................................................1
1. Definition........................................................................................................1
2. Some Examples……………………………………………………………..1
3.Some General Classes of Functions.................................................................2
B. EXERCISES 1.1…………………………………………………………………….3
4. Graphs……………………………………………………………………….4
C. EXERCISES 1.2…...………………………………………………………………10
5. Combining Functions………………………………………………………10
D.EXERCISES 1.3......................................................................................................12
E LIMITS…………………………………………………………………………….13
1. Intuitive Idea of Limit……………………………………………………..13
2. Definition of Limit…………………………………………………………14
3. One Sided Limit…………………………………………………………..14
4. Basic Limit Theorems……………………………………………………..16
5. Some Important Observation About Limit………………………………..16
F. EXERCISE 1.4…………………………………………………………………….20
G. CONTONUITY
1. Definition…………………………………………………………………22
2. One Sided Continuity……………………………………………………..23
===================================================================
================================================================
H. EXERCISES 1.5………………………………………………………………….24
CHAPTER 2 : DERIVATIVES
A. DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE……………………………………………………26
B. THE DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION……………………………………………..27
C. THE GENERATION OF THE
DERIVATIVES...........................................................................................................29
1. Inverse of Trigonometric Function……………………………………….…..29
2. Hyperbolic Functions…………………………………………………………30
3. Some Theorems of Derivatives……………………………………………….30
D. CHAIN RULE………………………………………………………………………32
E. EXERCISES 2.1……………………………………………………………………34
F. DERIVATIFVE OF y = f(x)g(x) …………………………………………………….35
G. EXERCISES 2.2……………………………………………………………………..36
H. DERIVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION…………………………………………36
I. EXERCISES 2.3……………………………………………………………………37
J. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS………………………………….38
K. EXERCISES 2.4……………………………………………………………………39
L. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE………………………………………………….40
CHAPTER 3 : APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES
A.RELATED RATE…………………………………………………………………41
B. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES………………………………………...44
C. INFLECTION POINTS……………………………………………………….47
D. GRAPHING OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS……………………………...47
E. EXERCISES 3.2………………………………………………………………..49
F. GRAPHING OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ASSYMPTOTES………………………….50
1. Horizontal and Vertical Assymptotes……………………………………50
2. Graphing of Rational Functions………………………………………….51
G. EXERCISES 3.3…………………………………………………………………55
H. PROBLEMS OF APPLIED EXTREEMS……………………………………….56
EXERCISES 3.4……………………………………………………………………..58
CHAPTER 4 : SEQUENCES AND SERIES

A. SEQUENCES……………………………………………………………………60
1. Convergent Sequences…………………………………………………….61
B. EXERCISES 4.1…………………………………………………………………63
2. Convergent Properties of Sequences………………………………………63
3. Bounded Sequences…………………………………………………… 63
C. EXERCISES 4.2………………………………………………………………….64
D. SERIES (INFINITE SERIES)……………………………………………………65
1. General Understanding of Series………………………………………….65
2. Geometric Series…………………………………………………………66
E. EXERCISES 4.3………………………………………………………………….68
3. Harmonic Series…………………………………………………………..69
===================================================================
================================================================
4. Non-negative Series……………………………………………………….69
F. EXERCISES 4.4…………………………………………………………………..71
G. EXERCISES 4.5…………………………………………………………………..73
5. Alternating Series…………………………………………………………..73
H. EXERCISES 4.6………………………………………………………………....74
6. Power Series……………………………………………………………….74
I. EXERCISES 4.7……………………………………………………………………77
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..78
TEACHING MATERIAL
MATHEMATICS 1
PREPARED BY
JOHN TRI HATMOKO
===================================================================
================================================================
VERSION 1.0
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ATMA JAYA YOGYAKARTA UNIVERSITY
2009
===================================================================

Modul MTK1 Kuliah

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modul MTK1 Kuliah

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATHEMATICS 1 – 2010 1

3. Some General Classes of Functions

F(x) = cnxn + c(n-1)x(n-1) + ………….c1x + c0

F(x) = c1x + c0….. c1 ≠ 0 or called linear function. The particular linear

F(x) = c2 x2 + c1x + c0….. c2 ≠ 0 . is called quadratic function

Quotients of polynomial function are called rational function. If R(x) = P(x)/Q(x)

F(x) = xn. n is an integer either positive or negative.

For examples x2, x5, x-1, x-5……xn.

For example: f(x) = 2x

F(x)= x2…x> -10

G(x) = (x-1)2 + 2x -1….. x>-10

2. f(x) = x6- V(2x)3 – 5

3. f(x) = 1 + x3 for -2≤x<8

(a).F(x) = 1-x2; g(x) = 1-x2 …for -1<x<8

(b). F(x)= Vx for x≥ 0; and g(x) = Vx

Example 2: Sketch the graph of

Example 3 : Sketch the graph of f(x) = 1/x

b. Dependent and Independent Variables

ii. Exponential Function

iii. Logarithmic Function

iv. Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic function can be : y = cosh x ( cosinus hyperbolicus) and

Sketch the graph of the function.

domain x ≠ 0 , and x≥0…..intersection x>0

domain f.g : (4-x2)(x-1)≥0….(2-x)(2+x)(x-1)≥ 0

Therefore the domain of (f.g) : x ≤ 2….1 ≤ x ≤ 2

Find the domain of f o g and gof

1. Intuitive Idea of Limit

If L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches a, then we write:

If there is L, we say that the limit of f at a exists

3. One Sided Limit

Left sided means , for example, approaches to a from -∞

Left sided limit of f(x) as x approaches to a denoted by :

Lim x a f(x).....or....Lim x a  f(x)

Right sided limit of f(x) as a approaches to a can be written:

Lim x a f(x).....or....Lim x a  f(x)

Lim x a f(x)  L.....if

If...Limx a f(x)  Lim x a f(x),...then.....Lim x a f(x)..does..not...exist

Example 1: Limit of f(x) as x approaches to 2 exists and equals to 4.

4. Basic Limit Theorems

b. Constant Multiple Theorem for Limit

c.Product Theorem for Limit

d.Quotient Theorem for Limit

5. Some Important Observation About Limits

Sec2x = 1 – tan2x ; Cosec2x = 1-cotan2x...etc.

.................... ..........  Lim x 0

Solution : .................... ...........  Lim x 0

b. Limit to ∞ for Rational Functions

c. Limit to a for Rational Function

e. Limit of Power function to Function

This equation can be generated as follow:

Lim x a 1  f  x  ....Lim x a f  x   0...and...Lim x a g  x   

b. Limit of Irrational Functions

2. One Sided Continuity

Lim xa f(x)  f(a)

A function is continuous from the left at a point a in its domain if

A function is continuous at a point a in its domain , when it is continuous both from

B. THE DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION

f(x) f’(x) f’(x)

In general if f(x) = xn……..f’(x) = nx(n-1)

Some basic formula of derivative

C. GENERATION OF THE DERIVATIVES

The other form can be derived the same way

4. Some Theorems of Derivatives