CHAPTER 3

Derivatives and Their Applications

e. y
Review of Prerequisite Skills, 12
pp. 116–117 8
1. a. y 4
x
3
2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4
1 –8
x
–12
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
–2 f. y
12
b. y 8
6 4
x
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
2 –4
x
–8
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –12
–2
–4
–6 2. a. 3(x 2 2) 1 2(x 2 1) 2 6 5 0
3x 2 6 1 2x 2 2 2 6 5 0
5x 5 14
c. y
14
6 x5
5
4
1 2 x25
2 b. (x 2 2) 1 (x 1 3) 5
x 3 5 2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 10(x 2 2) 1 12(x 1 3) 5 15(x 2 5)
–2
10x 2 20 1 12x 1 36 5 15x 2 75
–4
22x 1 16 5 15x 2 75
–6 7x 5 291
x 5 213
d. y c. t 2 2 4t 1 3 5 0
6 (t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
4 t 5 3 or t 5 1
2 d. 2t 2 2 5t 2 3 5 0
x
(2t 1 1)(t 2 3) 5 0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 1
t 5 2 or t 5 3
–4 2
–6 6 t
e. 1 54
t 2
12 1 t 2 5 8t
t 2 2 8t 1 12 5 0
(t 2 6)(t 2 2) 5 0
6 t 5 2 or t 5 6
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-1
f. x 3 1 2x 2 2 3x 5 0 5. a. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
x(x 2 1 2x 2 3) 5 0 5 2p(4)(3) 1 2p(4)2
x(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 5 24p 1 32p
x 5 0 or x 5 23 or x 5 1 5 56p cm 2
g. x 3 2 8x 2 1 16x 5 0 V 5 pr 2h
x(x 2 2 8x 1 16) 5 0 5 p(4)2 (3)
x(x 2 4)2 5 0 5 48p cm 3
x 5 0 or x 5 4 b. V 5 pr 2h
h. 4t 3 1 12t 2 2 t 2 3 5 0 96p 5 p(4)2h
4t 2 (t 1 3) 2 1(t 1 3) 5 0 h 5 6 cm
(t 1 3)(4t 2 2 1) 5 0 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
(t 1 3)(2t 2 1)(2t 1 1) 5 0 5 2p(4)(6) 1 2p(4)2
1 1 5 48p 1 32p
t 5 23 or t 5 or t 5 2
2 2 5 80p cm 2
i. 4t 4 2 13t 2 1 9 5 0 c. V 5 pr 2h
(4t 2 2 9)(t 2 2 1) 5 0 216p 5 pr 2 (6)
9 r 5 6 cm
t 5 6 or t 5 61 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
4
3. a. 3x 2 2 . 7 5 2p(6)(6) 1 2p(6)2
3x . 9 5 72p 1 72p
x.3 5 144p cm 2
b. x(x 2 3) . 0 d. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
120p 5 2p(5)h 1 2p(5)2
1 2 1
120p 5 10ph 1 50p
0 3
70p 5 10ph
x , 0 or x . 3 h 5 7 cm
c. 2x 2 1 4x . 0 V 5 pr 2h
2 1 2 5 p(5)2 (7)
0 4 5 175p cm 3
6. For a cube, SA 5 6s 2 and V 5 s 3, where s is the
x(x 2 4) , 0
length of any edge of the cube.
0,x,4
a. SA 5 6(3)2
4. a. P 5 4s
5 54 cm 2
20 5 4s
V 5 33
55s
5 27 cm 3
A 5 s2
b. SA 5 6 ("5 )
2
5 52
5 25 cm 2 5 30 cm 2
V 5 ("5 )3
b. A 5 lw
5 8(6) 5 48 cm 2
c. A 5 pr 2 5 5"5 cm 3
5 p(7)2 c. SA 5 6 (2"3 )2
5 49p cm 2 5 72 cm 2
d. C 5 2pr
V 5 (2"3 )3
12p 5 2pr
65r 5 24"3 cm 3
A 5 pr 2 d. SA 5 6(2k)2
5 p(6)2
5 24k 2 cm 2
5 36p cm 2
V 5 (2k)3
5 8k3 cm3

3-2 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

7. a. (3, ` )
b. (2 `, 224
c. (2 `, 0)
d. 325, `)
e. (22, 84
f. (24, 4)
8. a. 5xPR0 x . 56 The function has a maximum value of 5.
b. 5xPR0 x # 216 f.
c. 5xPR6
d. 5xPR0 210 # x # 126
e. 5xPR0 21 , x , 36
f. 5xPR0 2 # x , 206
9. a.
The function has a minimum value of 27.

The function has a minimum value of 25 and no

maximum value.
The function has a maximum value of 23.
b.

3.1 Higher-Order Derivatives, Velocity,

and Acceleration, pp. 127–129
1. v(1) 5 2 2 1 5 1
The function has a maximum value of 25 and no v(5) 5 10 2 25 5 215
minimum value. At t 5 1, the velocity is positive; this means that
c. the object is moving in whatever is the positive
direction for the scenario. At t 5 5, the velocity is
negative; this means that the object is moving in
whatever is the negative direction for the scenario.
2. a. y 5 x 10 1 3x 6
yr 5 10x 9 1 18x 5
The function has a minimum value of 7 and no ys 5 90x 8 1 90x 4
maximum value. b. f(x) 5 #x 5 x2
1

d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-3

 1
ys 5 3x 22 2 6x 24 c. s(t) 5 t 2 8 1
6
3 6 t
5 2 4
"x x 5 t 2 8 1 6t 21
2x v(t) 5 1 2 6t 22
f. f(x) 5 a(t) 5 12t 23
x11
(x 1 1)(2) 2 (2x)(1) d. s(t) 5 (t 2 3)2
f r(x) 5 v(t) 5 2(t 2 3)
(x 1 1)2
a(t) 5 2
2x 1 2 2 2x
5
(x 1 1)2 e. s(t) 5 "t 1 1
1 1
2 v(t) 5 (t 1 1)22
5 2
(x 1 1)2
1 3
(x 1 1)2 (0) 2 (2)(2(x 1 1)) a(t) 5 2 (t 1 1)22
f s (x) 5 4
(x 1 1)4 9t
24x 2 4 f. s(t) 5
5 t13
(x 1 1)4 9(t 1 3) 2 9t
g. y 5 x 2 1 x 22 v(t) 5
(t 1 3)2
yr 5 2x 2 2x 23 27
5
ys 5 2 1 6x 24 (t 1 3)2
6 a(t) 5 254(t 1 3)23
521 4
x 4. a. i. t 5 3
1
h. g(x) 5 (3x 2 6)2 ii. 1 , t , 3
3 1 iii. 3 , t , 5
gr(x) 5 (3x 2 6)22 b. i. t 5 3, t 5 7
2
9 3 ii. 1 , t , 3, 7 , t , 9
gs (x) 5 2 (3x 2 6)22 iii. 3 , t , 7
4
9 1
52 3 5. a. s 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
4(3x 2 6)2 3
i. y 5 (2x 1 4)3 v 5 t 2 2 4t 1 3
a 5 2t 2 4
yr 5 6(2x 1 4)2
b. For v 5 0,
ys 5 24(2x 1 4)
(t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
5 48x 1 96 t 5 3 or t 5 1.
5
j. h(x) 5 x3 1 2 1
5 2 0 1 3
hr(x) 5 x3
3
10 1 The direction of the motion of the object changes at
hs (x) 5 x 23 t 5 1 and t 5 3.
9
10 c. Initial position is s(0) 5 0.
5 31 Solving,
9x
1
3. a. s(t) 5 5t 2 2 3t 1 15 0 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
v(t) 5 10t 2 3 3
a(t) 5 10 5 t 3 2 6t 2 1 9t
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 36t 2 10 5 t(t 2 2 6t 1 9)
v(t) 5 6t 2 1 36 5 t(t 2 3)2
a(t) 5 12t t 5 0 or t 5 3
s 5 0 or s 5 0.
The object returns to its initial position after 3 s.

3-4 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 5
1 10. s(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t)
6. a. s 5 2 t 2 1 t 1 4
3 5 3 5

2 a. v(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t) 2 t 2
v52 t11 2
3 35 23 5 5 5

2 5 t 2 t2 2 t2
v(1) 5 2 1 1 2 2
3 35 23 7 5
1 5 t 2 t2
5 2 2
3 105 21 35 23
2 a(t) 5 t 2 t
v(4) 5 2 (4) 1 1 2 4
3 b. The object stops when its velocity is 0.
5 35 3 7 5
52 v(t) 5 t 2 2 t 2
3 2 2
For t 5 1, moving in a positive direction. 7 3
For t 5 4, moving in a negative direction. 5 t 2 (5 2 t)
2
b. s(t) 5 t(t 2 3)2 v(t) 5 0 for t 5 0 (when it starts moving) and
v(t) 5 (t 2 3)2 1 2t(t 2 3) t 5 5.
5 (t 2 3)(t 2 3 1 2t) So the object stops after 5 s.
5 (t 2 3)(3t 2 3) c. The direction of the motion changes when its
5 3(t 2 1)(t 2 3) velocity changes from a positive to a negative value
v(1) 5 0 or visa versa.
v(4) 5 9
For t 5 1, the object is stationary. t 0"t*5 t55 t+5
t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. v(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
c. s(t) 5 t 3 2 7t 2 1 10t
v(t) 5 3t 2 2 14t 1 10 7 23
v(t) 5 t (5 2 t) v(t) 5 0 for t 5 5
v(1) 5 21 2
v(4) 5 2 Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s.
For t 5 1, the object is moving in a negative direction. 35 1
For t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. d. a(t) 5 0 for t 2 (6 2 t) 5 0.
4
7. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 6t 1 8 t 5 0 or t 5 6 s.
v(t) 5 2t 2 6
b. 2t 2 6 5 0 t 0*t*6 t56 t+6
t53s a(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
8. s(t) 5 40t 2 5t 2
v(t) 5 40 2 10t Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
a. When v 5 0, the object stops rising. 0 , t , 6 s.
t54s Note: t 5 0 yields a 5 0.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that e. At t 5 0, s(0) 5 0. Therefore, the object’s
opens down because a 5 25 , 0, a maximum original position is at 0, the origin.
height is attained. It occurs when v 5 0. Height is When s(t) 5 0,
a maximum for 5
t 2 (7 2 t) 5 0
s(4) 5 160 2 5(16) t 5 0 or t 5 7.
5 80 m. Therefore, the object is back to its original position
9. s(t) 5 8 2 7t 1 t 2 after 7 s.
v(t) 5 27 1 2t 11. a. h(t) 5 25t 2 1 25t
a(t) 5 2 v(t) 5 210t 1 25
a. v(5) 5 27 1 10 v(0) 5 25 m>s
5 3 m>s
b. a(5) 5 2 m>s 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-5

b. The maximum height occurs when v(t) 5 0. The object begins at 9 m to the left of the origin, 0,
210t 1 25 5 0 and slows down to a stop after 2 s when it is 25 m
t 5 2.5 s to the left of the origin. Then, the object moves to
h(2.5) 5 25(2.5)2 1 25(2.5) the right accelerating at faster rates as time increases.
5 31.25 m It passes the origin just before 4 s (approximately
c. The ball strikes the ground when h(t) 5 0. 3.7915) and continues to accelerate as time goes by
25t 2 1 25t 5 0 on its journey into space.
25t(t 2 5) 5 0
t 5 0 or t 5 5 t=2 t=0
The ball strikes the ground at t 5 5 s. S
–30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10
v(5) 5 250 1 25
5 225 m>s 14. s(t) 5 t 5 2 10t 2
12. s(t) 5 6t 2 1 2t v(t) 5 5t 4 2 20t
v(t) 5 12t 1 2 a(t) 5 20t 3 2 20
a(t) 5 12 For a(t) 5 0,
a. v(8) 5 96 1 2 5 98 m>s 20t 3 2 20 5 0
Thus, as the dragster crosses the finish line at 20(t 3 2 1) 5 0
t 5 8 s, the velocity is 98 m> s. Its acceleration is t 5 1.
constant throughout the run and equals 12 m> s2. Therefore, the acceleration will be zero at 1 s.
b. s 5 60 s(1) 5 1 2 10
6t 2 1 2t 2 60 5 0 5 29
2(3t 2 1 t 2 30) 5 0 ,0
2(3t 1 10)(t 2 3) 5 0 v(1) 5 5 2 20
210 5 215
t5 or t53
3 ,0
inadmissible v(3) 5 36 1 2 Since the signs of both s and v are the same at
0#t#8 5 38 t 5 1, the object is moving away from the origin at
Therefore, the dragster was moving at 38 m> s when that time.
it was 60 m down the strip. 15. a. s(t) 5 kt 2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)t 1 2k
13. a. s 5 10 1 6t 2 t 2 v(t) 5 2kt 1 (6k 2 2 10k)
v 5 6 2 2t a(t) 5 2k 1 0
5 2(3 2 t) 5 2k
a 5 22 Since k 2 0 and kPR, then a(t) 5 2k 2 0 and an
The object moves to the right from its initial element of the Real numbers. Therefore, the
position of 10 m from the origin, 0, to the 19 m acceleration is constant.
mark, slowing down at a rate of 2 m> s2. It stops at b. For v(t) 5 0
the 19 m mark then moves to the left accelerating at 2kt 1 6k 2 2 10k 5 0
2 m> s2 as it goes on its journey into the universe. It 2kt 5 10k 2 6k 2
passes the origin after ( 3 1 "19 ) s. t 5 5 2 3k
k20
t=6
t=0 s(5 2 3k)
t=3
5 k(5 2 3k)2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)(5 2 3k) 1 2k
S
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 k(25 2 30k 1 9k 2 ) 1 30k 2 2 18k 3
b. s 5 t 3 2 12t 2 9 2 50k 1 30k 2 1 2k
v 5 3t 2 2 12 5 25k 2 30k 2 1 9k 3 1 30k 2 2 18k 3 2 50k
5 3(t 2 2 4) 1 30k 2 1 2k
5 3(t 2 2)(t 1 2) 5 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k
a 5 6t Therefore, the velocity is 0 at t 5 5 2 3k, and its
position at that time is 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k.

3-6 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

16. a. The acceleration is continuous at t 5 0 if 0
5
lim a(t) 5 a(0). 1
tS0
50
For t $ 0,
t3 17. v 5 #b 2 1 2gs
s(t) 5 2 v 5 (b 2 1 2gs)2
1

t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2

(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

Therefore, lim a(t) 5 a(0). m0 a

tS0 5 3 , as required.
v2
Thus, the acceleration is continuous at t 5 0. (
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1

11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
discontinuous at x 5 2.
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-7

d. The algorithm can be used; the function is f(0) 5 0
continuous on the given domain. f(2) 5 8 2 12
2. a. max 8; min 212 5 24
b. max 30; min 25 f(3) 5 27 2 27
c. max 100; min 2100 50
d. max 30; min 220 min is 24 at x 5 21, 2
3. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 4x 1 3, 0 # x # 3 max is 0 at x 5 0, 3
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 y
Let 2x 2 4 5 0 for max or min 4
x52
f(0) 5 3 2
f(2) 5 4 2 8 1 3 5 21
f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 3 5 0 x
max is 3 at x 5 0 –2 0 2 4 6
min is 21 at x 5 2
–2
y
3 (0, 3)
2 –4
1
(3, 0) x d. f(x) 5 x3 2 3x2, xP322, 14
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 f r(x) 5 3x2 2 6x
–1 Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(2, –1)
–2 3x2 2 6x 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0
b. f(x) 5 (x 2 2)2, 0 # x # 2 x 5 0 or x 5 2
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 x 5 2 is outside the given interval.
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min f(22) 5 220
2x 2 4 5 0 f(0) 5 0
x52 f(1) 5 22
f(0) 5 4 max is 0 at x 5 0
f(2) 5 0 min is 220 at x 5 22
max is 4 at x 5 0 y
min is 2 at x 5 2 8
y
x
6
(0, 4) –4 –2 0 2 4
4
2 –8
(2, 0) x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –16
–4
–6 –24

c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 3x 2, 21 # x # 3 e. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 1, xP322, 04

f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 6x f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
3x 2 2 6x 5 0 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0 x2 2 x 2 2 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 2 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
f(21) 5 21 2 3 x 5 2 or x 5 21
5 24

3-8 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 f(22) 5 216 2 12 1 24 1 1 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 23 x2 2 4
50
f(21) 5 8 x2
f(0) 5 1 x2 2 4 5 0
f(2) 5 not in region (x 2 2)(x 1 2) 5 0
max of 8 at x 5 21 x 5 2, x 5 22
min of 23 at x 5 22 Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
8 y values and the endpoints. Note, however, that 22
is not in the domain of the function.
4 4
f(1) 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 5 5
1
x 4
0 f(2) 5 2 1 5 2 1 2 5 4
–4 –2 2 2
–4 4 50 2 52
f(10) 5 10 1 5 1 5 5 10.4
10 5 5 5
1 5 So, the minimum value in the interval is 4 when
f. f(x) 5 x3 2 x2 1 6x, xP30, 44
3 2 x 5 2 and the maximum value is 10.4 when x 5 10.
f r(x) 5 x2 2 5x 1 6 b. f(x) 5 4 !x 2 x, 2 # x # 9
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min 1
f r(x) 5 2x 22 2 1
x2 2 5x 1 6 5 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(x 2 2)(x 2 3) 5 0
2
!x
x 5 2 or x 5 3 2150
f(0) 5 0
14 !x 5 2
f(2) 5 x54
3
9 f(2) 5 4 !2 2 2 8 3.6
f(3) 5
2 f(4) 5 4 !4 2 4 5 4
f(9) 5 4 !9 2 9 5 3
16
f(4) 5
3 min value of 3 when x 5 9
16
max is 3 at x 5 4 max value of 4 when x 5 4
min is 0 at x 5 0 1
c. f(x) 5 2 ,0#x#2
y x 2 2x 1 2
6 f r(x) 5 2 (x 2 2 2x 1 2)22 (2x 2 2)
2x 2 2
4 52 2
(x 2 2x 1 2)2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min.
2 2x 2 2
2 2 50
x (x 2 2x 1 2)
0 2x 2 2 5 0
–2 2 4 6
x51
–2 1 1
f(0) 5 , f(1) 5 1, f(2) 5
2 2
4 max value of 1 when x 5 1
4. a. f(x) 5 x 1
x min value of 12 when x 5 0, 2
4 d. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 1 20
f r(x) 5 1 2 2 fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x
x
x2 2 4 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x 5 0
x2
12x(x 2 2 x 2 6) 5 0

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-9

12x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0 4t 2
x 5 0, x 5 3, x 5 22 5. a. v(t) 5 ,t$0
4 1 t3
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical Interval 1 # t # 4
values and the endpoints. 4
f(23) 5 3(23)4 2 4(23)3 2 36(23)2 1 20 5 47 v(1) 5
5
f(22) 5 3(22)4 2 4(22)3 2 36(22)2 1 20 5 244 16
f(0) 5 3(0)4 2 4(0)3 2 36(0)2 1 20 5 20 v(4) 5
17
f(3) 5 3(3)4 2 4(3)3 2 36(3)2 1 20 5 2169 (4 1 t 3 )(8t) 2 4t 2 (3t 2 )
f(4) 5 3(4)4 2 4(4)3 2 36(4)2 1 20 5 244 vr(t) 5 50
(4 1 t 3 )2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 2169 32t 1 8t 4 2 12t 4 5 0
when x 5 3 and the maximum value is 47 when 24t(t 3 2 8) 5 0
x 5 23. t 5 0, t 5 2
4x 16 4
e. f(x) 5 2 , 22 # x # 4 v(2) 5 5
x 11 12 3
4(x 2 1 1) 2 2x(4x) max velocity is 43 m>s
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 1)2
2 min velocity is 54 m>s
24x 1 4
5 4t 2
x2 1 1 b. v(t) 5
1 1 t2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min:
(1 1 t 2 )(8t) 2 (4t 2 )(2t)
24x 2 1 4 5 0 vr(t) 5
x2 5 1 (1 1 t 2 )2
x 5 61 8t 1 8t 2 8t 3
3
5
28 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(22) 5 8t
5 5
24 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(21) 5 8t
2 50
5 22 (1 1 t 2 )2
4 8t 5 0
f(1) 5 t50
2
52 f(0) 5 0 is the minimum value that occurs at x 5 0.
16 There is no maximum value on the interval. As x
f(4) 5 approaches infinity, f(x) approaches the horizontal
17
max value of 2 when x 5 1 asymptote y 5 4.
min value of 22 when x 5 21 6. N(t) 5 30t 2 2 240t 1 500
f. Note that part e. is the same function but restricted Nr(t) 5 60t 2 240
to a different domain. So, from e. it is seen that the 60t 2 240 5 0
t54
critical points are x 5 1 and x 5 21.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical values N(0) 5 500
and the endpoints. Note, however, that 21 and 1 are N(4) 5 30(16) 2 240(4) 1 500 5 20
N(7) 5 30(49) 2 240(7) 1 500 5 290
The lowest number is 20 bacteria> cm3.
not in the domain of the function. Therefore, the only
points that need to be checked are the endpoints.
4(2) 8 1600v
f(2) 5 5 5 1.6 7. a. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 100
2
(2) 1 1 5 v 1 6400
4(4) 16 1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v)
f(4) 5 5 8 0.94 Er(v) 5
2
(4) 1 1 17 (v 2 1 6400)2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0.94 when Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min
x 5 4 and the maximum value is 1.6 when x 5 2. 1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600
v 5 680

3-10 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 E(0) 5 0 C(1) 8 0.006 25
E(80) 5 10 C(3) 5 0.0083, C(6) 8 0.0074
E(100) 5 9.756 The min concentration is at t 5 1 and the max
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is concentration is at t 5 3.
80 km> h. 1
9. P(t) 5 2t 1 ,0#t#1
1600v 162t 1 1
b. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 50
v 1 6400 Pr(t) 5 2 2 (162t 1 1)22 (162) 5 0
1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v) 162
Er(v) 5 52
(v 2 1 6400)2 (162t 1 1)2
Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min 81 5 1622 1 t 2 1 324t 1 1
1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0 2 2
162 t 1 324t 2 80 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600 812t 2 1 81t 2 20 5 0
v 5 680 (81t 1 5)(81t 2 4) 5 0
E(0) 5 0 4
E(50) 5 9 t.0 t5
81
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is 5 0.05
50 km> h. P(0) 5 1
c. The fuel efficiency will be increasing when P(0.05) 5 0.21
Er(v) . 0. This will show when the slopes of the P(1) 5 2.01
values of E(v) are positive, and hence increasing. Pollution is at its lowest level in 0.05 years or
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value approximately 18 days.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80.
a
1 4900
10. r(x) 5 1 xb
v slope of E(v) 400 x

a
0 # v , 80 1 1 24900
rr(x) 5 1 1b 5 0
80 , v # 100 2 400 x2
Let rr(x) 5 0
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, x 2 5 4900,
the fuel efficiency E is increasing in the speed inter- x 5 70, x . 0
val 0 # v , 80. r(30) 5 0.4833
d. The fuel efficiency will be decreasing when r(70) 5 0.35
Er(v) , 0. This will show when the slopes of the r(120) 5 0.402
values of E(v) are negative, and hence decreasing. A speed of 70 km> h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L> km.
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value Cost of trip is 0.35 3 200 3 0.45 5 $31.50.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80. 11. f(x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.12x 2 1 3.6x 1 10,
v slope of E(v)
0 # x # 75
f r(x) 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
0 # v , 80 1 Set 0 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
2 0.24 6 "(20.24)2 2 4(0.003)(3.6)
80 , v # 100 x5
2(0.003)
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, 0.24 6 0.12
x5
the fuel efficiency E is decreasing in the speed 0.006
interval 80 , v # 100. x 5 60 or x 5 20
0.1t f(0) 5 10
8. C(t) 5 ,1#t#6
(t 1 3)2 f(20) 5 42
0.1(t 1 3)2 2 0.2t(t 1 3) f(60) 5 10
Cr(t) 5 50 f(75) 5 26.875
(t 1 3)4
(t 1 3)(0.1t 1 0.3 2 0.2t) 5 0 Absolute max. value 5 42 at (20, 42) and absolute
t53 min. value 5 10 at (0, 10) and (60, 10).

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-11

12. a. y 6000
5 1 9 1 0.05x
16 x
12 6000
Ur(x) 5 2 2 1 0.05
8 x
4 Set Ur(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
x
6000
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0.05 5 0
–4 x
–8 6000
0.05 5 2
–12 x
–16 0.05x 2 5 6000
x 2 5 120 000
b. D: 22 # x # 4 x 8 346.41
c. increasing: 22 # x , 0 However, 346.41 is not in the given domain of
2,x#4 1 # x # 300.
decreasing: 0 , x , 2 Therefore, the only points that need to be checked are
13. Absolute max.: Compare all local maxima and the endpoints.
values of f(a) and f(b) when domain of f(x) is f(1) 5 6009.05
a # x # b. The one with highest value is the f(300) 5 44
absolute maximum. Therefore, a production level of 300 units will mini-
Absolute min.: We need to consider all local minima mize the unit cost to $44.
and the value of f(a) and f(b) when the domain of
f(x) is a # x # b. Compare them and the one with Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 139–140
the lowest value is the absolute minimum.
You need to check the endpoints because they are not 1. a. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
necessarily critical points. hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
14. C(x) 5 3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2, 1 # x # 300 hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
C(x) b. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3
Unit cost u(x) 5
x f r(x) 5 6(2x 2 5)2
3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5 f s (x) 5 24(2x 2 5)
x
5 48x 2 120
3000
5 1 9 1 0.05x c. y 5 15(x 1 3)21
x
23000 yr 5 215(x 1 3)22
Ur(x) 5 1 0.05 ys 5 30(x 1 3)23
x2
For max or min, let Ur(x) 5 0: 30
5
0.05x 2 5 3000 (x 1 3)3
x 2 5 60 000 d. g(x) 5 (x 2 1 1)2
1

x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1

U(244) 5 33.4950 gs (x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 1 1)22 1 (x 2 1 1)22

U(245) 5 33.4948 x2 1
52 2 3 1
U(300) 5 34. 2 1
(x 1 1) 2 (x 1 1)2
Production level of 245 units will minimize the unit 2. a. s(3) 5 (3)3 2 21(3)2 1 90(3)
cost to $33.49. 5 27 2 189 1 270
15. C(x) 5 6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2 5 108
C(x)
U(x) 5 b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 3t 2 2 42t 1 90
x
v(5) 5 3(5)2 2 42(5) 1 90
6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5
x

3-12 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 5 75 2 210 1 90 b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0.
5 245 v(t) 5 0 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2
c. a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 6t 2 42 0 5 (6t 2 2)(t 2 2)
a(4) 5 6(4) 2 42 1
5 24 2 42 t5 ,t52
3
5 218 Therefore, the object is stationary at time
3. a. v(t) 5 hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 6 t 5 13 s and t 5 2 s.
The initial velocity occurs when time t 5 0. Before t 5 13, v(t) is positive and therefore the
v(0) 5 29.8(0) 1 6 object is moving to the right.
56 Between t 5 13 and t 5 2, v(t) is negative and
So, the initial velocity is 6 m> s. therefore the object is moving to the left.
b. The ball reaches its maximum height when
After t 5 2, v(t) is positive and therefore the object
v(t) 5 0. So set v(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
is moving to the right.
v(t) 5 0 5 29.8t 1 6
c. Set a(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
9.8t 5 6
a(t) 5 0 5 214 1 12t
t 8 0.61
14 5 12t
Therefore, the ball reaches its maximum height at
7
time t 8 0.61 s. 5t
6
c. The ball hits the ground when the height, h, is 0.
t 8 1.2
h(t) 5 0 5 24.9t 2 1 6t 1 2 So, at time t 8 1.2 s the acceleration is equal to 0.
26 6 "36 1 39.2 At that time, the object is neither accelerating nor
t5
29.8 decelerating.
Taking the negative square root because the value t 5. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
needs to be positive, f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
26 2 8.67 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
t5
29.8
3x 2 1 6x 5 0
t 8 1.50
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
So, the ball hits the ground at time t 5 1.50 s.
d. The question asks for the velocity, v(t), when x 5 0, x 5 22
t 5 1.50.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
v(1.50) 5 29.8(1.50) 1 6 values and the endpoints.
8 28.67 f(22) 5 (22)3 1 3(22)2 1 1 5 5
Therefore, when the ball hits the ground, the velocity f(0) 5 (0)3 1 3(0)2 1 1 5 1
is 28.67 m> s. f(2) 5 (2)3 1 3(2)2 1 1 5 21
e. The acceleration, a(t), is the derivative of the So, the minimum value in the interval is 1 when
velocity. x 5 0 and the maximum value is 21 when x 5 2.
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 29.8 b. f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2
This is a constant function. So, the acceleration of f r(x) 5 2(x 1 2)
the ball at any point in time is 29.8 m> s2. 5 2x 1 4
4. a. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
v(2) 5 4 2 14(2) 1 6(2)2 2x 1 4 5 0
5 4 2 28 1 24 2x 5 24
50 x 5 22
So, the velocity at time t 5 2 is 0 m> s. Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 214 1 12t values and the endpoints.
a(2) 5 214 1 12(2) f(23) 5 (23 1 2)2 5 (21)2 5 1
5 10 f(22) 5 (22 1 2)2 5 0
So, the acceleration at time t 5 2 is 10 m> s. f(3) 5 (3 1 2)2 5 (5)2 5 25
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-13
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when Therefore, at a temperature of t 5 3.96 °C the
x 5 22 and the maximum value is 25 when x 5 3. volume of water is the greatest in the interval.
1 1 7. a. f(x) 5 x 4 2 3x
c. f(x) 5 2 3
x x f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 3
1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 1 4 f r(3) 5 4(3)3 2 3
x x
5 105
2x 4 1 3x 2
5 b. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 4x 2 2 5x 1 8
x6
Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 8x 2 5
2x 4 1 3x 2 f r(22) 5 6(22)2 1 8(22) 2 5
50 53
x6
2x 4 1 3x 2 5 0 c. f(x) 5 23x 2 2 5x 1 7
x 2 (2x 2 1 3) 5 0 f r(x) 5 26x 2 5
x50 f s (x) 5 26
x2 5 3 f s (1) 5 26
x 5 6 "3 d. f(x) 5 4x 3 2 3x 2 1 2x 2 6
Note, however, that 2"3 and 0 are not in the given f r(x) 5 12x 2 2 6x 1 2
domain of the function. f s (x) 5 24x 2 6
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical f s (23) 5 24(23) 2 6
values and the endpoints. 5 278
1 1 e. f(x) 5 14x 2 1 3x 2 6
f(1) 5 2 512150 f r(x) 5 28x 1 3
1 (1)3
1 1 f r(0) 5 28(0) 1 3
f("3) 5 2
"3
8 0.38 53
("3)3
1 1 24 f. f(x) 5 x 4 1 x 5 2 x 3
f(5) 5 2 5 f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 5x 4 2 3x 2
5 (5)3 125
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 20x 3 2 6x
x 5 1 and the maximum value is 0.38 when f s (4) 5 12(4)2 1 20(4)3 2 6(4)
x 5 "3. 5 1448
6. The question asks for the maximum temperature g. f(x) 5 22x 5 1 2x 2 6 2 3x 3
of V. f r(x) 5 210x 4 1 2 2 9x 2
V(t) 5 20.000 067t 3 1 0.008 504 3t 2 f s (x) 5 240x 3 2 18x
2 0.064 26t 1 999.87
f s a b 5 240a b 2 18a b
1 1 3 1
Vr(t) 5 20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 3 3 3
Set Vr(t) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. 40
20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 5 0 52 26
27
t 2 2 84.619 900 5t 1 319.701 492 5 5 0 202
52
Using the quadratic formula, 27
t 8 3.96 and t 8 80.66. h. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 7x 2 1 4x 2 11
However, 80.66 is not in the domain of the function. f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 14x 1 4
Now, evaluate the function, V(t), at the critical
f ra b 5 29a b 2 14a b 1 4
3 3 2 3
values and the endpoints. 4 4 4
V(0) 5 999.87 81 21
V(3.96) 8 999.74 52 2 14
16 2
V(30) 5 1003.79 185
So, the minimum value in the interval is 999.74 52
16
when temperature t 5 3.96.
3-14 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
 5 11. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
8. s(t) 5 ta2 t 1 1b
6 0 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
5
5 2 t2 1 t 221 6 "(21)2 2 4(24.9)(0.45)
6 t5
2(24.9)
5
sr(t) 5 2 t 1 1
3 221 6 "449.82
t5
5 29.8
ss (t) 5 2 t 8 4.31 or t 8 20.021 (rejected since t $ 0)
3
8 21.7 m> s2 Note that h(0) 5 0.45 . 0 because the football is
7 punted from that height. The function is only valid
9. s(t) 5 189t 2 t 3
after this point.
7 4
a. sr(t) 5 189 2 t 3 Domain: 0 # t # 4.31
3
7 4
b. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
sr(0) 5 189 2 (0)3 To determine the domain, find when hr(t) 5 0.
3
5 189 m> s hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21
b. sr(t) 5 0 Set hr(t) 5 0
7 4 0 5 29.8t 1 21
189 2 t 3 5 0
3 t 8 2.14
7 43 For 0 , t , 2.14, the height is increasing.
t 5 189
3 For 2.14 , t , 4.31, the height is decreasing.
4
t 3 5 81 The football will reach its maximum height at 2.14 s.
3
t 5 ( 814) c. h(2.14) 5 24.9(2.14)2 1 21(2.14) 1 0.45
t 5 33 h(2.14) 8 222.44 1 44.94 1 0.45
t 5 27 s h(2.14) 8 22.95
c. s(27) 5 189(27) 2 (27)3
7 The football will reach a maximum height of 22.95 m.
5 5103 2 2187
5 2916 m 3.3 Optimization Problems, pp. 145–147
28 1 1. L
d. ss (t) 5 2 t 3
9
28 1
ss (8) 5 2 (8)3 W
9
56
52
9
8 26.2 m> s2
Let the length be L cm and the width be W cm.
It is decelerating at 6.2 m> s2.
2(L 1 W) 5 100
3 L 1 W 5 50
10. s(t) 5 12t 2 4t 2
1
L 5 50 2 W
sr(t) 5 12t 2 6t 2 A5L?W
To find when the stone stops, set sr(t) 5 0: 5 (50 2 W)(W)
A(W) 5 2W 2 1 50W for 0 # W # 50
1
12 2 6t 2 5 0
1
6t 2 5 12 Ar(W) 5 22W 1 50
1 Let Ar(W) 5 0:
t2 5 2
22W 1 50 5 0
t 5 (2)2 W 5 25
54 A(0) 5 0
3
s(4) 5 12(4) 2 4(4)2 A(25) 5 25 3 25
5 48 2 32 5 625
5 16 m A(50) 5 0.
The stone travels 16 m before its stops after 4 s.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-15
The largest area is 625 cm2 and occurs when When x 5 0, V 5 0
W 5 25 cm and L 5 25 cm. x 5 8.8, V 5 28 850 cm 2
2. If the perimeter is fixed, then the figure will be x 5 20, V 5 0.
a square. Therefore, the box has a height of 8.8 cm, a length
3. L of 100 2 2 3 8.8 5 82.4 cm, and a width of
40 2 3 3 8.8 5 22.4 cm.
5. 220 – x
W W
x
Let the length of L m and the width W m.
2W 1 L 5 600 A(x) 5 x(220 2 x)
L 5 600 2 2W A(x) 5 220x 2 x 2
A5L?W Ar(x) 5 220 2 2x
5 W(600 2 2W) Set Ar(x) 5 0.
A(W) 5 22w 2 1 600W, 0 # W # 300 0 5 220 2 2x
Ar(W) 5 24w 1 600 x 5 110
dA 220 2 110 5 110
For max or min, let 5 0:
dW Ar(220) 5 2220 , 0
W 5 50
A(0) 5 0 Ar(0) 5 220 . 0
A(150) 5 22(150)2 1 600 3 150 maximum: The dimensions that will maximize the
5 45 000 rectangles’ area are 110 cm by 110 cm.
A(300) 5 0 6. a
The largest area of 45 000 m2 occurs when
W 5 150 m and L 5 300 m. b 64
4. Let dimensions of cut be x cm by x cm. Therefore,
the height is x cm. ab 5 64
100 P 5 2a 1 2b
100 – 2x x
x
b
64
40 – 2x 40 P 5 2a 1 2a
a
128
P 5 2a 1
Length of the box is 100 2 2x. a
Width of the box is 40 2 2x. P 5 2a 1 128a 21
V 5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 2x)(x) for domain 128
Pr 5 2 2 2
0 # x # 20 a
Using Algorithm for Extreme Value, Set Pr 5 0
dV 128
5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 4x) 1 (40x 2 2x 2 )(22) 0522 2
dx a
5 4000 2 480x 1 8x 2 2 80x 1 4x 2 128
25 2
5 12x 2 2 560x 1 4000 a
dV a 2 5 64
Set 50 a 5 8 (28 is inadmissible)
dx
3x 2 2 140x 1 1000 5 0 64
b5
140 6 "7600 8
x5 b58
6
Pr(1) 5 2126 , 0
140 6 128.8
x5 Pr(9) 8 1.65 . 0
6
maximum: The rectangle should have dimensions 8 m
x 5 8.8 or x 5 37.9
by 8 m.
Reject x 5 37.9 since 0 # x # 20
3-16 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
7. Set Ar 5 0
y 0 5 2x 2 432x 22
2x 5 432x 22
x x
x 3 5 216
Given:
x56
4x 1 3y 5 1000
144
1000 2 4x y5 2
y5 6
3 y54
A 5 2xy
Ar(4) 5 219 , 0
b
1000 2 4x
A 5 2xa Ar(8) 5 9.25 . 0
3 minimum: The enclosure should have dimensions
2000 8 4 m 3 6 m 3 6 m.
A5 x 2 x2
3 3 9.
2000 16
Ar 5 2 x
3 3
Set Ar 5 0
2000 16
05 2 x
3 3
16 2000 h
x5
3 3 x
x 5 125
1000 2 4(125) x
y5
3 Let the base be x by x and the height be h
y 8 166.67 x 2h 5 1000
2000 1000
Ar(250) 5 2 ,0 h5 2 1
3 x
2000 Surface area 5 2x 2 1 4xh
Ar(0) 5 .0
3 A 5 2x 2 1 4xh 2
maximum: The ranger should build the corrals with
5 2x 2 1 4xa 2 b
1000
the dimensions 125 m by 166.67 m to maximize the
x
enclosed area.
4000
8. Netting refers to the area of the rectangular 5 2x 2 1 for domain 0 # x # 10"2
x
prism. Minimize area while holding the volume
Using the max min Algorithm,
constant.
dA 4000
V 5 lwh 5 4x 2 2 5 0
dx x
V 5 x 2y 3
x 2 0, 4x 5 4000
144 5 x 2y x 3 5 1000
144 x 5 10
y5 2
x A 5 200 1 400 5 600 cm 2
ATotal 5 ASide 1 ATop 1 ASide 1 AEnd Step 2: At x S 0, A S `
A 5 xy 1 xy 1 xy 1 x 2 Step 3: At x 5 10"10,
A 5 3xy 1 x 2 4000 !10
10 !10 !10
A 5 2000 1 3
A 5 3xa 2 b 1 x 2
144
x
5 2000 1 40"10
432
A5 1 x2 Minimum area is 600 cm2 when the base of the box
x is 10 cm by 10 cm and height is 10 cm.
A 5 x 2 1 432x 21
Ar 5 2x 2 432x 22

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-17

10. When r 5 0, A S `
L = 2x r 5 5.42 A 8 660.8
r S `, A S `
10 y The minimum surface area is approximately
661 cm3 when r 5 5.42.
x 1000
10 10 b. r 5 5.42, h 5 8 10.84
p(5.42)2
Let the length be 2x and the height be y. We know h 10.84 1
x 2 1 y2 5 100. 5 5
d 2 3 5.42 1
y 5 6"100 2 x 2 Yes, the can has dimensions that are larger than the
Omit negative area 5 2xy smallest that the market will accept.
5 2x"100 2 x 2 12. a.
for domain 0 # x # 10 L
Using the max min Algorithm, 5 cm
W
dA 1 21
5 2"100 2 x2 1 2y ? (100 2 x2 ) 2 (22x). (12 – L)
dx 2
dA 12 cm
Let 5 0. Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 12 cm leg
dx
2x2
and width W cm on the 5 cm leg.
2"100 2 x2 2 50 A 5 LW
"100 2 x2
2(100 2 x 2 ) 2 2x 2 5 0 12 2 L W
By similar triangles, 5
100 5 2x 2 12 5
x 2 5 50 60 2 5L 5 12W
60 2 12W
x 5 5"2, x . 0. Thus, y 5 5"2, L 5 10"2 L5
Part 2: If x 5 0, A 5 0 5
(60 2 12W)W
Part 3: If x 5 10, A 5 0 A5 for domain 0 # W # 5
5
The largest area occurs when x 5 5"2 and Using the max min Algorithm,
5 360 2 24W4 5 0, W 5
the area is 10"2"100 2 50 dA 1 60
5 2.5 cm.
5 10"2"50 dW 5 24
(60 2 30) 3 2.5
5 100 square units. When W 5 2.5 cm, A 5 5 15 cm 2.
5
11. a. Let the radius be r cm and the height be h cm.
Then pr 2h 5 1000 Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0
1000 Step 3: If W 5 5, A 5 0
h5 The largest possible area is 15 cm2 and occurs when
pr 2
Surface Area: A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh W 5 2.5 cm and L 5 6 cm.
b.
b
1000
5 2pr 2 1 2pra
pr 2 L
8 cm
2000
5 2pr 2 1 ,0#r#` W
4
dA 2000 (15 – L)
5 4pr 2 2 15 cm
dr r
Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 15 cm leg
dA
For max or min, let 5 0. and width W cm on the 8 cm leg.
dr
2000 A 5 LW 1
4pr 2 50
r2 15 2 L W
By similar triangles, 5
500 15 8
r3 5
p 120 2 8L 5 15W
3500 120 2 15W
Å p
r5 8 5.42 L5 2
8
3-18 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
 (120 2 15W)W Divide by !3:
A5 for domain 0 # W # 8
8 x
Using the max min Algorithm, 30 2 2x 1 5 0
2
5 3120 2 30W 4 5 0, W 5
dA 1 120
5 4 cm. x 5 20.
dW 8 30
To find the largest area, substitute x 5 0, 20, and 30.
(120 2 60) 3 4 A(0) 5 0
When W 5 4 cm, A 5 5 30 cm 2.
"3
8
Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0 A(20) 5 30 !3(20) 2 !3(20)2 1 (20)2
Step 3: If W 5 8, A 5 0 4
The largest possible area is 30 cm2 and occurs when 5 520
W 5 4 cm and L 5 7.5 cm. "3
c. The largest area occurs when the length and width A(30) 5 30 !3(30) 2 !3(30)2 1 (30)2
4
are each equal to one-half of the sides adjacent to 8 390
the right angle. The maximum area is 520 cm2 when the base is
13. a. Let the base be y cm, each side x cm and the 20 cm and each side is 20 cm.
height h cm. b. Multiply the cross-sectional area by the length of
2x 1 y 5 60 the gutter, 500 cm. The maximum volume that can
y 5 60 2 2x be held by this gutter is approximately 500(520) or
1 260 000 cm3.
A 5 yh 1 2 3 (wh)
2 14. a. A
5 yh 1 wh
w B w C x

x h 30° x B C
120°
y A h

From ^ ABC x
h 4x 1 2h 5 6
5 cos 30°
x 2x 1 h 5 3 or h 5 3 2 2x
h 5 x cos 30° 1 "3
"3 Area 5 xh 1
2
3x3
2
x
5 x
2 "3 x 2
w 5 x(3 2 2x) 1
5 sin 30° 4
"3 2
x
w 5 x sin 30° A(x) 5 3x 2 2x 2 1 x
1 4
5 x
2 "3
Ar(x) 5 3 2 4x 1 x, 0 # x # 1.5
"3 "3
2
x
Therefore, A 5 (60 2 2x)a xb 1 3 x For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0, x 8 1.04.
2 2 2
A(0) 5 0, A(1.04) 8 1.43, A(1.5) 8 1.42
"3 2 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2 and
A(x) 5 30!3x 2 !3x 2 1 x , 0 # x # 30
4 occurs when x 5 0.96 cm and h 5 1.09 cm.
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, b. Yes. All the wood would be used for the outer
"3 frame.
Ar(x) 5 30!3 2 2 !3x 1 x
2
Now, set Ar(x) 5 0
"3
30!3 2 2 !3 1 x 5 0.
2
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-19
15. x There is a critical number at t 5 .04 hours
N
v t , .04 .04 t . .04
W E
y 2 0 1
S z d9(t)

Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

Let z represent the distance between the two trains. There is a local minimum at t 5 .04, so the two
After t hours, y 5 60t, x 5 45(1 2 t) vehicles are closest together .04 hours after 1:00, or
1:02. The distance between them at that time is 3 km.
z 2 5 3600t 2 1 452 (1 2 t)2, 0 # t # 1 17. 2
a +b2
dz L
2z 5 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 2 ab
dt w
a2 – b2 – L
dz 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t)
5 a2 – b2
dt 2z
a2 2 b2 2 L W
dz 5
For max or min, let 5 0. a2 2 b2 2ab
dt
7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 5 0 2ab
W5 2 (a 2 2 b 2 2 L)
t 5 0.36 a 2 b2
3a 2L 2 b 2L 2 L 24
When t 5 0, z 2 5 452, z 5 45 2ab
A 5 LW 5 2
t 5 0.36, z 2 5 3600(0.36)2 1 452 (1 2 0.36)2 a 2 b2
z 2 5 129 dA
Let 5 a 2 2 b 2 2 2L 5 0,
z 5 36 dL
t 5 1, z 2 5 !3600 5 60 a2 2 b2
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km and L5
2
occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the station.
ca d
2ab 2 2 a2 2 b2
16. Vehicle 2 and W 5 2 2 b 2 2
a 2 b2 2
d
P Vehicle 1 5 ab.
At any time after 1:00 p.m., the distance between The hypothesis is proven.
the first vehicle and the second vehicle is the 18. Let the height be h and the radius r.
hypotenuse of a right triangle, where one side of the k
Then, pr 2h 5 k, h 5 2.
triangle is the distance from the first vehicle to P pr
Let M represent the amount of material,
and the other side is the distance from the second
M 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
vehicle to P. The distance between them is therefore
5 2pr 2 1 2prha 2 b
k
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 where t is the time in pr
hours after 1:00. To find the time when they are 2k
closest together, d must be minimized. 5 2pr 2 1 , 0 # r # `
r
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 Using the max min Algorithm,
d 5 "3600t 2 1 25 2 800t 1 6400t 2 dM
5 4pr 2 2
2k
d 5 "10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t dr r
1

, r 2 0 or r 5 a b .
20 000t 2 800 dM k k 3
dr 5 Let 5 0, r 3 5
dr 2p 2p
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t
Let dr 5 0: When r S 0, M S `
20 000t 2 800 r S `, M S `
50 1

r5a b
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t k 3
Therefore 20 000t 2 800 5 0 2p
20 000t 5 800
t 5 .04 hours

3-20 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 1
a. The maximum area is 796 cm2 and occurs when
d 5 2a b
k 3
2p all of the wire is used to form a circle.
2 1 b. The minimum area is 350 cm2 when a piece of
k k (2p)3 k3
h5
2
2 5 ? 5 ? 23 wire of approximately 44 cm is bent into a circle.
b
k 3 p
pa 20. y
2p 2
10 (a, (a – 3) )
Min amount of material is 8
2 1
6
b 1 2ka b .
k 3 2p 3
M 5 2pa 4
2p k
1
(–3, 3) 2 x
a b ? 23
1

a b ? 23
k 3
2
k 3 2

h p p 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Ratio 5 1 5 5 –2
2a b
d 1

2a b
k 3 k 3 1
2
3 –4
2p p –6
A x P 100 2 x B
19. Any point on the curve can be represented by
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let (a, (a 2 3)2 ).
AP form the circle and PB the square. The distance from (23, 3) to a point on the curve is
Then, 2pr 5 x d 5 "(a 1 3)2 1 ((a 2 3)2 2 3)2.
x To minimize the distance, we consider the function
r5
2p d(a) 5 (a 1 3)2 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)2.
100 2 x
And the length of each side of the square is . in minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d . 1
4
always.
Area of circle 5 pa b
x 2
2p For critical points, set dr(a) 5 0.
2 dr(a) 5 2(a 1 3) 1 2(a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6)
x
5 if dr(a) 5 0,
4p a 1 3 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6) 5 0
Area of square 5 a b
100 2 x 2
2a 3 2 18a 2 1 49a 2 33 5 0
4 (a 2 1)(2a 2 2 16a 1 33) 5 0
16 6 "28
The total area is
1a b , where 0 # x # 100.
x2 100 2 x 2 a 5 1, or a 5
A(x) 5 4
4p 4
There is only one critical value, a 5 1.
b a2 b
2x 100 2 x 1
Ar(x) 5 1 2a To determine whether a 5 1 gives a minimal value,
4p 4 4 we use the second derivative test:
x 100 2 x dr(a) 5 6a 2 2 36a 1 49
5 2
2p 8 ds (1) 5 6 2 36 1 49
For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0. $ 0.
x 100 2 x Then, d(1) 5 42 1 12
2 50
2p 8 5 17.
100p The minimal distance is d 5 "17, and the point on
x5 1 p 8 44
r the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
A(0) 5 625

1a b 8 350
442 100 2 44 2
A(44) 5
4p 4
1002
A(100) 5 8 796
4p

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-21

21. y For max or min, let Ar(y) 5 0 or 10 2 4y 5 0,
8 y 5 2.5,
6 A(a2, 2a)
A(0) 5 0
4 A(2.5) 5 (10 2 5)(2.5) 5 12.5
2 A(5) 5 0.
D C x
The largest area is 12.5 units squared and occurs
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 when P is at the point (5, 2.5).
–2
B(b2, 2b)
–4 23. y
–6 (0, k)
–8 A B
(k, 0)
Let the point A have coordinates (a 2, 2a). (Note that x
D C
the x-coordinate of any point on the curve is positive,
but that the y-coordinate can be positive or negative. A is (2x, y) and B(x, y)
By letting the x-coordinate be a 2, we eliminate this Area 5 2xy where y 5 k 2 2 x 2
concern.) Similarly, let B have coordinates (b 2, 2b). A(x) 5 2x(k 2 2 x 2 )
The slope of AB is
5 2k 2x 2 2x 3, 2k # x # k
2a 2 2b 2
5 . Ar(x) 5 2k 2 2 6x 2
a2 2 b2 a1b For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0,
Using the mid-point property, C has coordinates 6x 2 5 2k 2
a
a2 1 b2 k
, a 1 bb.
!3
2 x56

, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.

22. y b. C(x) 5 75( !x 2 10)

5 75 !x 2 750
5 75
Cr(x) 5
2!x
B P(x, y)
75
x Cr(1225) 5 5 $1.07
2!1225
0 2 A 10 c. For a marginal cost of $0.50/L,
Let the point P(x, y) be on the line x 1 2y 2 10 5 0. 75
2 !x
5 0.5
Area of ^APB 5 xy
x 1 2y 5 10 or x 5 10 2 2y 75 5 !x
A(y) 5 (10 2 2y)y x 5 5625
5 10y 2 2y 2, 0 # y # 5 The amount of product is 5625 L.
Ar(y) 5 10.4y
3-22 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
2. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2 5. x
a. N(3) 5 60 2 9
5 51 y
N(2) 5 40 2 4
5 36
Label diagram as shown and let the side of length x
cost $6> m and the side of length y be $9> m.
51 2 36 5 15 terms
b. Nr(t) 5 20 2 2t
Therefore, (2x)(6) 1 (2y)(9) 5 9000
Nr(2) 5 20 2 4
5 16 terms> h
2x 1 3y 5 1500.
Area A 5 xy
c. t . 0, so the maximum rate (maximum value of
Nr(t)) is 20. 20 terms> h
1500 2 2x
But y 5 .
6t 3
3. L(t) 5 2
b
1500 2 2x
t 1 2t 1 1 A(x) 5 xa
6(t 2 1 2t 1 1) 2 6t(2t 1 2) 3
a. Lr(t) 5 2
(t 2 1 2t 1 1)2 5 500x 2 x 2 for domain 0 # x # 500
2
26t 1 6 3
5 2 4
(t 1 2t 1 1)2 Ar(x) 5 500 2 x
Let Lr(t) 5 0, then 26t 2 1 6 5 0, 3
t2 5 1 Let Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 375.
t 2 5 61. Using max min Algorithm, 0 # x # 500,
6 6 2
b. L(1) 5 5 5 1.5 A(0) 5 0, A(375) 5 500(375) 2 (375)2
11211 4 3
c. 5 93 750
A(500) 5 0.
The largest area is 93 750 m2 when the width is
250 m by 375 m.
6. Let x be the number of $25 increases in rent.
P(x) 5 (900 1 25x)(50 2 x) 2 (50 2 x)(75)
d. The level will be a maximum. P(x) 5 (50 2 x)(825 1 25x)
e. The level is decreasing. P(x) 5 41 250 1 1250x 2 825x 2 25x 2
h 15 000 000 P(x) 5 41 250 1 425x 2 25x 2
4. C 5 4000 1 1 , 1000 # h # 20 000
Pr(x) 5 425 2 50x
15 h
dC 1 15 000 000 Set Pr(x) 5 0
5 2
dh 15 h2 0 5 425 2 50x
dC 1 15 000 000 50x 5 425
Set 5 0, therefore, 2 5 0,
dh 15 h2 x 5 8.5
h 2 5 225 000 000 x 5 8 or x 5 9
h 5 15 000, h . 0. Pr(0) 5 425 . 0
Using the max min Algorithm, 1000 # h # 20 000. Pr(10) 5 275 , 0
1000 15 000 000 maximum: The real estate office should charge
When h 5 1000, C 5 4000 1 1 ,
15 1000 $900 1 $25(8) 5 $1100 or $900 1 $25(9) 5 $1125
8 19 067. rent to maximize profits. Both prices yield the same
15 000 15 000 000 profit margin.
When h 5 15 000, C 5 4000 1 1 7. Let the number of fare changes be x. Now, ticket
15 15 000
5 6000. price is $20 1 $0.5x. The number of passengers is
When h 5 20 000, C 8 6083. 10 000 2 200x.
The minimum operating cost of $6000> h occurs The revenue R(x) 5 (10 000 2 200x)(20 1 0.5x),
when the plane is flying at 15 000 m. R(x) 5 2200(20 1 0.5x) 1 0.5(1000 2 200x)
5 24000 2 100x 1 5000 2 100x.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-23

Let Rr(x) 5 0: Apply max min Algorithm,
200x 5 1000 as h S 0 C(0) S `
x 5 5. 6 800 000
C(20.4) 5 1 400(20.4)2
The new fare is $20 1 $0.5(5) 5 $22.50 and the 20.4
maximum revenue is $202 500. 5 499 800
8. Cost C 2 a 1 216b 3 t
v3 C(100) 5 4 063 000.
2 Therefore, the dimensions that will keep the cost to
500 a minimum are 20.4 m by 40.8 m by 24.0 m.
Where vt 5 500 or t 5 .
10. Let the height of the cylinder be h cm, the
v
radius r cm. Let the cost for the walls be $k and for
C(v) 5 a 1 216b a b
v3 500
2 v the top $2k.
108 000 1000
5 250v 2 1 , where v $ 0. V 5 1000 5 pr 2h or h 5
v pr 2
2
108 000 The cost C 5 (2pr )(2k) 1 (2prh)k
Cr(v) 5 500v 2
or C 5 4pkr 2 1 2pkr a 2 b
v2 1000
108 000 pr
Let Cr(v) 5 0, then 500v 5 2000k
v2 C(r) 5 4pkr 2 1 ,r$0
108 000 r
v3 5 2000k
500 Cr(r) 5 8pkr 2
v 3 5 216 r2
v 5 6. 2000k
Let Cr(r) 5 0, then 8pkr 5
The most economical speed is 6 nautical miles> h. r2
9. 2000
or r 3 5
8p
r 8 4.3
h
x 1000
h5 5 17.2.
2h p(4.3)2
Label diagram as shown. Since r $ 0, minimum cost occurs when r 5 4.3 cm
We know that (x)(2h)(h) 5 20 000 and h 5 17.2 cm.
or h 2x 5 10 000 11. a. Let the number of $0.50 increase be n.
10 000 New price 5 10 1 0.5n.
x5 Number sold 5 200 2 7n.
h2
Cost C 5 40(2hx) 1 2xh(200) Revenue R(n) 5 (10 1 0.5n)(200 2 7n)
1 100(2)(2h 2 1 xh) 5 2000 1 30n 2 3.5n 2
5 80xh 1 400xh 1 400h 2 1 200xh Profit P(n) 5 R(n) 2 C(n)
5 680xh 1 400h 2 5 2000 1 30n 1 3.5n 2 2 6(200 2 7n)
10 000 5 800 1 72n 2 3.5n 2
Since x 5 , Pr(n) 5 72 2 7n
h2
Let Pr(n) 5 0,
b 1 400h 2, 0 # h # 100
10 000
C(h) 5 680ha 72 2 7n 5 0, n 8 10.
h2
Price per cake 5 10 1 5 5 $15
6 800 000
C(h) 5 1 400h 2 Number sold 5 200 2 70 5 130
h b. Since 200 2 165 5 35, it takes 5 price increases
6 800 000 to reduce sales to 165 cakes.
Cr(h) 5 1 800h.
h2 New price is 10 1 0.5 3 5 5 $12.50.
Let Cr(h) 5 0, The profit is 165 3 5 5 $825.
800h 3 5 6 800 000
h 3 5 8500
h 8 20.4.

3-24 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

c. If you increase the price, the number sold will Rr(0) 5 400 . 0
decrease. Profit in situation like this will increase Rr(100) 5 2600 , 0
for several price increases and then it will decrease maximum: The price of the CD player should
because too many customers stop buying. be $50.
12. Let x be the base length and y be the height. 14. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
Top/bottom: $20> m2 the revenue.
Sides: $30> m2 R 5 (75 2 5x)(14 000 1 800x), x # 7.5
Rr 5 800(75 2 5x) 1 (25)(14 000 1 800x)
4000 cm3 a b 5 0.004 m3
1m 3
100 cm Set Rr 5 0
0.004 5 x 2y 0 5 60 000 2 4000x 2 70 000 2 4000x
0.004 10 000 5 28000x
y5 x 5 21.25
x2
ATop 1 ABottom 5 x 1 x 2
2 Price 5 $75 2 $5(21.25)
5 2x 2 Price 5 $81.25
4ASide 5 4xy Rr(22) 5 6000 . 0
Rr(2) 5 226 000 , 0
C 5 20(2x 2 ) 1 30(4xy)
maximum: The price of a ticket should be $81.25.
C 5 40x 2 1 120xa 2 b
0.004
15. P(x) 5 (2000 2 5x)(1000x)
x
2 21
2 (15 000 000 1 1 800 000x 1 75x 2 )
C 5 40x 1 0.48x
P(x) 5 2 000 000x 2 5000x 2 2 15 000 000
Cr 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
2 1 800 000x 2 75x 2
Set Cr 5 0
P(x) 5 25075x 2 1 200 000x 2 15 000 000
0 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
Pr(x) 5 210 150x 1 200 000
80x 3 5 0.48
Set Pr(x) 5 0
x 3 5 0.006
0 5 210 150x 1 200 000
x 8 0.182
10 150x 5 200 000
0.004
y5 x 8 19.704
0.1822
y 8 0.121 Pr(0) 5 200 000 . 0
Cr(1) 5 79.52 . 0 Pr(20) 5 23000 , 0
Cr(21) 5 280.48 , 0 maximum: The computer manufacturer should sell
19 704 units to maximize profit.
maximum
16. P(x) 5 R(x) 2 C(x)
The jewellery box should be
Marginal Revenue 5 Rr(x).
12.1 cm 3 18.2 cm 3 18.2 cm to minimize the cost
Marginal Cost 5 Cr(x).
of materials.
Now Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Cr(x).
13. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
The critical point occurs when Pr(x) 5 0.
the revenue.
If Rr(x) 5 Cr(x), then Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Rr(x)
R 5 (90 2 x)(50 1 5x)
5 0.
Rr 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change in profit
Set Rr 5 0 is 0 when the marginal revenue equals the marginal
0 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) cost.
0 5 450 2 5x 2 50 2 5x 17. h
0 5 400 2 10x
10x 5 400
x 5 40 r
Price 5 $90 2 $40
Price 5 $50

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-25

Label diagram as shown, Let cost of cylinder be 21755(19s 2 .1s 2 )
$k> m3. Cr 5
(19s 2 .1s 2 )2
V 5 200 (431 775 2 1755s)(19 2 .2s)
4 2
5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
3
(233 345s 1 175.5s 2 )
Note: Surface Area 5 Total cost C Cr 5
Cost C 5 (2prh)k 1 (4pr 2 )2k (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
4 (8 203 725 2 119 700s 1 351s 2 )
But, 200 5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 or 600 5 3pr 2h 1 4pr 2 2
8 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
600 2 4pr 3 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
Therefore, h 5 . Cr 5
3pr 2 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
b1 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 Let Cr 5 0:
C(r) 5 2kpra
3pr 2 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
50
b 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
5 2ka
3r s 5 128.4
There is a critical number at s 5 128.4 km> h
1

Since h # 16, r # a b or 0 # r # 3.6

600 3
4p
s s , 128.4 128.4 s . 128.4
400k 8kpr 2
C(r) 5 2 1 3kpr 2 C9(s) 2 0 1
r 3
400k 16kpr 2 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
5 1
r 3
400k 32kpr There is a local minimum for s 5 128.4, so the cost
Cr(r) 5 2 2 1
r 3 is minimized for a speed of 128.4 km> h.
Let C r(r) 5 0
19. v(r) 5 Ar 2 (r0 2 r), 0 # r # r0
400k 32kpr
2 5 v(r) 5 Ar0r 2 2 Ar 3
r 3 vr(r) 5 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2
50 4pr Let vr(r) 5 0:
5
r2 3 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2 5 0
4pr 3 5 150 2r0r 2 3r 2 5 0
150 r(2r0 2 3r) 5 0
r3 5
4p 2r
r 5 2.29 r 5 0 or r 5 0 .
3
h 8 8.97 m v(0) 5 0
Note: C(0) S `
va 0 b 5 Aa r02b ar0 2 0 b
2r 4 2r
C(2.3) 8 262.5k
3 9 3
C(3.6) 8 330.6k
4
The minimum cost occurs when r 5 230 cm and 5 rA
h is about 900 cm. 27 0
450 450 A(r0 ) 5 0
18. C 5 1.15 3 1 (35 1 15.5) The maximum velocity of air occurs when radius
8 2 .1(s 2 110) s
2r0
517.5 22 725 is .
C5 1 3
2.1s 1 19 s
517.5s 2 2272.5s 1 431 775 Review Exercise, pp. 156–159
C5
19s 2 .1s 2
431 775 2 1755s 1
C5 1. f(x) 5 x 4 2
19s 2 .1s 2 x4
To find the value of s that minimizes C, we need to 5 x 4 2 x 24
calculate the derivative of C. f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 4x 25
f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 20x 26

3-26 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

2. y 5 x 9 2 7x 3 1 2 x f (x) 5 2x3 2 9x2
dy
5 9x 8 2 21x 2 22 2 52 min
dx
d 2y 0 0 max
5 72x 7 2 42x
dx 2 3 2 27
1
3. s(t) 5 t 2 1 2(2t 2 3)2 4 2 16
1 1
v 5 sr(t) 5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 (2)
2 The minimum value is 252.
1
5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 The maximum value is 0.
1 3 b. f(x) 5 12x 2 x 3
a 5 ss (t) 5 2 2 (2t 2 3)22 (2) f r(x) 5 12 2 3x 2
2
5 2 2 (2t 2 3)2 2
3
For max min, f r(x) 5 0:
5 3(4 2 x 2 ) 5 0
4. s(t) 5 t 2 7 1 x 5 22 or x 5 2
t
5 t 2 7 1 5t 21 x f (x) 5 12x 2 x3
v(t) 5 1 2 5t 22
23 29
a(t) 5 10t 23
5. s(t) 5 45t 2 5t 2 22 216

v(t) 5 45 2 10t 2 16 max

For v(t) 5 0, t 5 4.5. 5 265 min

t 0 " t * 4.5 4.5 t + 4.5 18

c. f(x) 5 2x 1
v(t) 1 0 2 x
f r(x) 5 2 2 18x 22
Therefore, the upward velocity is positive for
For max min, f r(x) 5 0:
0 # t , 4.5 s, zero for t 5 4.5 s, negative for
18
t . 4.5 s. 52
x2
x2 5 9
45 x 5 63.
30 f (x) 5 2x 1
18
v(t) metres/second

x
x
15 1 20

0 3 12
2 4 6 8 10 18
–15 5 10 1
5
5 13.6

–30 The minimum value is 12.

–45
The maximum value is 20.
7. a. s(t) 5 62 2 16t 1 t 2
t (seconds) v(t) 5 216 1 2t
s(0) 5 62
6. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 Therefore, the front of the car was 62 m from the
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 18x stop sign.
For max min, fr(x) 5 0: b. When v 5 0, t 5 8,
6x(x 2 3) 5 0 s(8) 5 62 2 16(8) 1 (8)2
x 5 0 or x 5 3. 5 62 2 128 1 64
5 22
Yes, the car goes 2 m beyond the stop sign before
stopping.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-27

c. Stop signs are located two are more metres from b. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 8000
an intersection. Since the car only went 2 m beyond i. C(400) 5 640 1 16 000 1 8000
the stop sign, it is unlikely the car would hit another 5 24 640
vehicle travelling perpendicular. 24 640
8 ii. 5 $61.60
8. s(t) 5 1 1 2t 2 2 400
t 11 iii. Cr(x) 5 0.008x 1 40
16t Cr(400) 5 0.008(400) 1 40
v(t) 5 2 1 8(t 2 1 1)22 (2t) 5 2 1 2
(t 1 1)2 5 43.20
a(t) 5 16(t 2 1 1)22 1 16t(22)(t 2 1 1)23 2t Cr(401) 5 0.008(401) 1 40
5 16(t 2 1 1)22 2 64t 2 (t 2 1 1)23 5 $43.21
5 16(t 2 1 1)23 3t 2 1 1 2 4t 24
The marginal cost when x 5 400 is $43.20, and the
cost of producing the 401st item is $43.21.
c. C(x) 5 !x 1 5000
For max min velocities, a(t) 5 0:
3t 2 5 1
i. C(400) 5 20 1 5000
1
t56 5 $5020
"6
.
5020
ii. C(400) 5
t v (t) 5 2 1
16t 400
(t 2 1 1)2 5 $12.55
0 2 min 1 1
iii. C r(x) 5 x 22
16 16 !3 2
1 !3 3
!3
21 521 5 2 1 3!3 max 1
( 13 1 1)2 16
9 5
2!x
32
2 21 5 3.28 1
25 Cr(400) 5
40
The minimum value is 2. 5 $0.025
The maximum value is 2 1 3!3. 8 $0.03
9. u(x) 5 625x 21 1 15 1 0.01x 1
2 !401
Cr(401) 5
ur(x) 5 2625x 2 1 0.01
For a minimum, ur(x) 5 0 5 $0.025
x 2 5 62 500 8 $0.03
x 5 250 The cost to produce the 401st item is $0.03.
1

625
d. C(x) 5 100x2 1 5x 1 700
x u (x) 5 1 0.01x
x 100
i. C(400) 5 1 2000 1 700
1 625.01 20
250 2.5 1 2.5 5 5 min
5 $2705
2750
500
625
1 5 5 6.25 ii. C(400) 5
500 400
5 $6.875
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to 5 $6.88
ensure unit waste is minimized. 3
iii. Cr(x) 5 250x2 2 1 5
10. a. C(x) 5 3x 1 1000 250
i. C(400) 5 1200 1 1000 Cr(400) 5 15
(20)3
5 2200 5 5.00625
2200 5 $5.01
ii. 5 $5.50
400 Cr(401) 5 $5.01
iii. Cr(x) 5 3 The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01.
The marginal cost when x 5 400 and the cost of 11. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 16 000
producing the 401st item are $3.00. Average cost of producing x items is

3-28 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 C(x) dv 32
C(x) 5 b. a 5 5 162t 1 3
x dt t
16 000 2 2 32
C(x) 5 0.004x 1 40 1 At t 5 , a 5 162 3 1 2
x 3 3 3
To find the minimum average cost, we solve 5 216
C r(x) 5 0 Since a . 0, the particle is accelerating.
16 000 14. Let the base be x cm by x cm and the height h cm.
0.004 2 50 Therefore, x 2h 5 10 000.
x2
4x 2 2 16 000 000 5 0 A 5 x 2 1 4xh
x 2 5 4 000 000 10 000
But h 5 ,
x 5 2000, x . 0 x2

b
From the graph, it can be seen that x 5 2000 is a 10 000
A(x) 5 x 2 1 4xa
minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000 x2
items minimizes the average cost. 400 000
12. a. s(t) 5 3t 2 2 10 5 x2 1 , for x $ 5
x
v(t) 5 6t
400 000
v(3) 5 18 Ar(x) 5 2x 2 ,
x2
v(3) . 0, so the object is moving to the right.
400 000
s(3) 5 27 2 10 5 17. The object is to the right of Let Ar(x) 5 0, then 2x 5
the starting point and moving to the right, so it is x2
3
moving away from its starting point. x 5 200 000
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 4t 2 2 10 x 5 27.14.
s(0) 5 210 Using the max min Algorithm,
Therefore, its starting position is at 210. A(5) 5 25 1 80 000 5 80 025
s(3) 5 227 1 36 2 10 A(27.14) 8 15 475
5 21 The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
v(t) 5 23t 2 1 8t 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
v(3) 5 227 1 24 15. Let the length be x and the width y.
5 23
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object y y y y y y
is moving away from the origin and towards its
starting position.
16 x
13. s 5 27t 3 1 1 10, t . 0
t 12 000
P 5 2x 1 6y and xy 5 12 000 or y 5
16 x
a. v 5 81t 2 2 2
t 12 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 6 3
16 x
81t 2 2 2 5 0
t 72 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 , 10 # x # 1200(5 3 240)
81t 4 5 16 x
16 72 000
t4 5 Ar(x) 5 2 2
81 x2
2 Let Ar(x) 5 0,
t56
3 2x 2 5 72 000
t.0 x 2 5 36 000
2 x 8 190.
Therefore, t 5 .
3 Using max min Algorithm,
A(10) 5 20 1 7200 5 7220 m 2
A(190) 8 759 m 2
A(1200) 5 1 440 060

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-29

The dimensions for the minimum amount of fencing is Using max min Algorithm,
a length of 190 m by a width of approximately 63 m. A(2) 8 550
16. x A(4.3) 8 349
x A(5) 8 357
40–2x
For a minimum amount of material, the can should
20–2x be constructed with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height
of 8.6 cm.
18. R

Let the width be w and the length 2w. 1 km 1 + x2

Then, 2w 2 5 800
8–x
w 2 5 400
A C x B
w 5 20, w . 0.
Let the corner cuts be x cm by x cm. The dimensions 8
of the box are shown. The volume is Let x be the distance CB, and 8 2 x the distance AC.
V(x) 5 x(40 2 2x)(20 2 2x) Let the cost on land be $k and under water $1.6k.
5 4x 3 2 120x 2 2 800x, 0 # x # 10 The cost C(x) 5 k(8 2 x) 1 1.6k"1 1 x 2,
Vr(x) 5 12x 2 2 240x 2 800 0 # x # 8.
Let Vr(x) 5 0: 1 1
12x 2 2 240x 2 800 5 0 Cr(x) 5 2k 1 1.6k 3 (1 1 x 2 )22 (2x)
2
3x 2 2 60x 2 200 5 0
1.6kx
60 6 "3600 2 2400 5 2k 1
x5 "1 1 x 2
6 Let C r(x) 5 0,
x 8 15.8 or x 5 4.2, but x # 10. 1.6kx
2k 1 50
"1 1 k 2
Using max min Algorithm,
V(0) 5 0
1.6x
V(4.2) 5 1540 cm 2 51
V(10) 5 0. "1 1 k 2
Therefore, the base is 1.6x 5 !1 1 x 2
40 2 2 3 4.2 5 31.6 2.56x 2 5 1 1 x 2
by 20 2 2 3 4.2 5 11.6 1.56x 2 5 1
The dimensions are 31.6 cm by 11.6 cm by x 2 8 0.64
4.2 cm. x 5 0.8, x . 0
17. Let the radius be r cm and the height h cm. Using max min Algorithm,
V 5 pr 2h 5 500 A(0) 5 9.6k
A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh A(0.8) 5 k(8 2 0.8) 1 1.6k"1 1 (0.8)2 5 9.25k
500 A(8) 5 12.9k
Since h 5 2 , 6 # h # 15 The best way to cross the river is to run the pipe
pr
8 2 0.8 or 7.2 km along the river shore and then
A(r) 5 2pr 2 1 2pra 2 b
500
pr cross diagonally to the refinery.
1000 19. S y B
5 2pr 2 1 for 2 # r # 5
r
1000 x
Ar(r) 5 4pr 2 2 . z
r
Let Ar(r) 5 0, then 4pr 3 5 1000,
A
1000
r3 5 Let y represent the distance the westbound train
4p
r 8 4.3. is from the station and x the distance of the

3-30 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

northbound train from the station S. Let t Then, RC 5 20 2 x and 4.
represent time after 10:00. PC 5 "25 1 x 2
Then x 5 100t, y 5 (120 2 120t) The cost:
Let the distance AB be z. C(x) 5 100 000"25 1 x 2 1 75 000(20 2 x),
z 5 "(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2, 0 # t # 1 0 # x # 20
5 3(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)24 22
dz 1 1 1 1
Cr(x) 5 100 000 3 (25 1 x 2 )22 (2x) 2 75 000.
dt 2 2
3 32 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 (120(1 2 t))4 Let C r(x) 5 0,
dz 100 000x
Let 5 0, that is
!25 1 x 2
dt 2 75 000 5 0

4x 5 3 !25 1 x2
2 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 120(1 2 t)
50
2" (100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2 16x 2 5 9(25 1 x 2 )
or 20 000t 5 28 800(1 2 t) 7x 2 5 225
48 800t 5 288 000 x 2 8 32
288 x 8 5.7.
t5 8 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
488 Using max min Algorithm,
When t 5 0, z 5 120. A(0) 5 100 000!25 1 75 000(20) 5 2 000 000
t 5 0.59
A(5.7) 5 100 000!25 1 5.72 1 75 000(20 2 5.7)
z 5 "(100 3 0.59)2 1 (120 2 120 3 0.59)2 5 1 830 721.60
5 76.8 km A(20) 5 2 061 552.81.
t 5 1, z 5 100 The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and the pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km
occurs at 10:35. from point A, directly across from P.
20. Let the number of price increases be n. 22.
New selling price 5 100 1 2n. 3 cm
Number sold 5 120 2 n.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (100 1 2n)(120 2 n) 2 70(120 2 n),
2 cm

0 # n # 120
5 3600 1 210n 2 2n 2 h
Pr(n) 5 210 2 4n
Let Pr(n) 5 0
210 2 4n 5 0
n 5 52.5.
Therefore, n 5 52 or 53.
Using max min Algorithm, w
P(0) 5 3600 A 5 hw
P(52) 5 9112 81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4)
P(53) 5 9112 81
P(120) 5 0 5w24
h26
The maximum profit occurs when the portable MP3 are 81
sold at $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 portable MP3. 145w
h26
21. p
81 1 4(h 2 6)
5 km 5w
20 – x x h26
R
C A 4h 1 57
5w
20 km h26
Let x represent the distance AC. Substitute for w in the area equation and differentiate:

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-31

 4h 1 57 2240 000
A 5 (h) Cr 5 1 284
h26 y2
4h 2 1 57h 284y 2 2 240 000
A5 Cr 5
h26 y2
(8h 1 57)(h 2 6) 2 (4h 2 1 57h) Let Cr 5 0:
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 284y 2 2 240 000
50
8h 1 9h 2 342 2 4h 2 2 57h
2
y2
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 Therefore 284y 2 2 240 000 5 0
2
4h 2 48h 2 342 284y 2 5 240 000
Ar 5 y 5 29.1 m
(h 2 6)2
Let Ar 5 0: y y , 29.1 y . 29.1
29.1
4h 2 2 48h 2 342
50 2
(h 2 6)2 C9(y) 0 1
Therefore, 4h 2 2 48h 2 342 5 0 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
Using the quadratic formula, h 5 17.02 cm
There is a local minimum at y 5 29.1 m, so that is the
h t , 17.02 17.02 t . 17.02
minimizing value. To find x, use the equation
A9(h) 2 0 1 1000
5x
y
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
1000
5x
There is a local minimum at h 5 17.02 cm, so that is 29.1
the minimizing height. x 5 34.4 m
81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4) The fence and the side opposite it should be 34.4 m,
81 5 11.02(w 2 4) and the other two sides should be 29.1 m.
7.35 5 w 2 4 24. Boat 2
w 5 11.35 cm
The dimensions of the page should be d
11.35 cm 3 17.02 cm.
23.
Boat 1 Dock
y The distance between the boats is the hypotenuse of a
right triangle. One side of the triangle is the distance
from the first boat to the dock and the other side is
x the distance from the second boat to the dock. The
= Brick = Fence distance is given by the equation
C 5 (192 1 48)x 1 192(2y) d(t) 5 "(15t)2 1 (12 2 12t)2 where t is hours
C 5 240x 1 284y after 2:00
1000 5 xy d(t) 5 "369t 2 2 288t 1 144
1000 To find the time that minimizes the distance, calculate
5x
y the derivative and find the critical numbers:
1000 738t 2 288
Substitute
y
for y in the cost equation and differen- dr(t) 5
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
tiate to find the minimizing value for x: Let dr(t) 5 0:
1000 738t 2 288
C 5 240 1 284y 50
y
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
240 000 Therefore, 738t 2 288 5 0
C5 1 284y
y 738t 5 288
t 5 .39 hours
3-32 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
 t t , .39 .39 t . .39 L(0) 5 "16 1 02 1 "100 2 16(0) 1 02 5 14
d9(t) 2 0 1 L(3.2) 5 "16 1 3.22 1 "100 2 16(3.2) 1 3.22
8 12.8
L(8) 5 "16 1 82 1 "100 2 16(8) 1 82 8 14.9
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

There is a local minimum at t 5 .39 hours, so the So the rest stop should be built 3.2 km from point C.
ships were closest together at 2:23. 26. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 1 6, 21 # x # 7
25. Dundas f r(x) 5 2x 2 2
Set f r(x) 5 0
Ancaster
0 5 2x 2 2
rest 6
4 stop x51
x 8–x f(21) 5 (21)2 2 2(21) 1 6
C 8 D f(21) 5 1 1 2 1 6
Let the distance from C to the rest stop be x and so f(21) 5 9
the distance from the rest stop to D is 8 2 x, as f(7) 5 (7)2 2 2(7) 1 6
shown. The distance from Ancaster to the rest stop f(7) 5 49 2 14 1 6
is therefore f(7) 5 41
"42 1 x 2 5 "16 1 x 2, and the distance from the
f(1) 5 12 2 2(1) 1 6
f(1) 5 1 2 2 1 6
rest stop to Dundas is
f(1) 5 5
"62 1 (8 2 x)2 5 "36 1 64 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Maximum: f(7) 5 41
5 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Minimum: f(1) 5 5
So the total length of the trails is b. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2, 23 # x # 3
L 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x
The minimum cost can be found by expressing L as Set f r(x) 5 0
a function of x and examining its derivative to find 0 5 3x 2 1 2x
critical points. 0 5 x(3x 1 2)
L(x) 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2, which is 2
x 5 2 or x 5 0
defined for 0 # x # 8 3
2x 2x 2 16 f(23) 5 (23)3 1 (23)2
Lr(x) 5 1
2"16 1 x 2
2"100 2 16x 1 x 2 f(23) 5 227 1 9
f(23) 5 218
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2
5
"(16 1 x 2 )(100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) f a2 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b
2 2 3 2 2
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting 3 3 3

f a2 b 5 2 1
Lr(x) 5 0: 2 8 4
3 27 9
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2 5 0
f a2 b 5
2 4
x 2 (100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) 5 (x 2 2 16x 1 64)(16 1 x 2 )
3 27
100x 2 2 16x 3 1 x 4 5 x 4 2 16x 3 1 64x 2
1 16x 2 2 256x 1 1024 f(0) 5 (0)3 1 (0)2
2
20x 1 256x 2 1024 5 0 f(0) 5 0
4(5x 2 16)(x 1 16) 5 0 f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2
So x 5 3.2 and x 5 216 are the critical points of f(3) 5 27 1 9
the function. Only the positive root is within the f(3) 5 36
interval of interest, however. The minimum total Absolute Maximum: f(3) 5 36
length therefore occurs at this point or at one of the Absolute Minimum: f(23) 5 218
endpoints of the interval: c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 12x 1 2, 25 # x # 5
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-33

Set f r (x) 5 0 20
Å 0.9
0 5 3x 2 2 12 t5
x2 5 4 t 8 4.714
x 5 22 or x 5 2 (24.714 is inadmissible)
f(25) 5 (25)3 2 12(25) 1 2 s(4.714) 5 20(4.714) 2 0.3(4.714)3
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 8 62.9 m
f(25) 5 263 b. From the solution to a., the stopping time is
f(2) 5 (2)3 2 12(2) 1 2 about 4.7 s.
f(2) 5 8 2 24 1 2 c. ss (t) 5 21.8t
f(2) 5 214 ss (2) 5 21.8(2)
f(22) 5 (22)3 2 12(22) 1 2 5 23.6 m> s2
f(22) 5 28 1 24 1 2 The deceleration is 3.6 m> s2.
f(22) 5 18 d
28. a. f r (x) 5 (5x 3 2 x)
f(5) 5 (5)3 2 12(5) 1 2 dx
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 15x 2 2 1
d
f(5) 5 67 f s (x) 5 (15x 2 2 1)
dx
Absolute Maximum: f(5) 5 67
5 30x
Absolute Minimum: f(25) 5 263
So f s (2) 5 30(2) 5 60
d. f(x) 5 3x 5 2 5x 3, 22 # x # 4 d
f r (x) 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 b. f r (x) 5 (22x 23 1 x 2 )
dx
Set f r (x) 5 0 5 6x 24 1 2x
0 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 d
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 2 1) f s (x) 5 (6x 24 1 2x)
dx
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 1)(x 1 1) 5 224x 25 1 2
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1 So f s (21) 5 224(21)25 1 2 5 26
f(22) 5 3(22)5 2 5(22)3 d
f(22) 5 296 1 40 c. f r (x) 5 (4x 2 1)4
dx
f(22) 5 256 5 4(4x 2 1)3 (4)
f(0) 5 3(0)5 1 5(0)3
5 16(4x 2 1)3
f(0) 5 0
d
Note: (0, 0) is not a maximum or a minimum f s (x) 5 (16(4x 2 1)3 )
f(4) 5 3(4)5 2 5(4)3 dx
5 16(3)(4x 2 1)2 (4)
f(4) 5 3072 2 320
5 192(4x 2 1)2
f(4) 5 2752
So f s (0) 5 192(4(0) 2 1)2 5 192
f(21) 5 3(21)5 2 5(21)3
d. f r (x) 5 a b
f(21) 5 23 1 5 d 2x
f(21) 5 2 dx x 2 5
(x 2 5)(2) 2 (2x)(1)
f(1) 5 3(1)5 2 5(1)3 5
(x 2 5)2
f(1) 5 3 2 5
210
f(1) 5 22 5
(x 2 5)2
Absolute Maximum: f(4) 5 2752
a b
Absolute Minimum: f(22) 5 256 d 210
f s (x) 5
27. a. s(t) 5 20t 2 0.3t 3 dx (x 2 5)2
sr (t) 5 20 2 0.9t 2 (x 2 5)2 (0) 2 (210)(2(x 2 5))
5
The car stops when sr (t) 5 0. (x 2 5)4
20 2 0.9t 2 5 0
0.9t 2 5 20

3-34 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 20 212
5 5
(x 2 5)3 (t 1 3)3
20 5 2(3)
So f s (1) 5 52 s(3) 5
(1 2 5)3 16 313
1
e. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 (x 1 5)2. Then 6
5
d 1 6
f r(x) 5
dx
(
(x 1 5) 2 ) 51
1 1
6
5 (x 1 5)22 sr(3) 5
2 (3 1 3)2
a (x 1 5)22 b
d 1 1
6
f s (x) 5 5
dx 2 36
5 a b a2 b (x 1 5)22
1 1 3 1
5
2 2 6
1 3 212
5 2 (x 1 5)22 ss (3) 5
4 (3 1 3)3
1 1 212
3
So f s (4) 5 2 (4 1 5)22 5 2 5
4 108 216
2
f. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 3. Then 1
52
d 23 18
f r(x) 5
dx
x( ) At t 5 3, position is 1, velocity is 16, acceleration is
2 181 , and speed is 16.
5 a bx 23
2 1

3 5
b. s(t) 5 t 1
t12
aa bx b
d 2 213
f s (x) 5 (t 1 2)(0) 2 5(1)
dx 3 sr(t) 5 1 1
(t 1 2)2
5 a b a2 bx 23
2 1 4

3 3 5
512
(t 1 2)2
5 2 a bx 23
2 4

9 (t 1 2)2 (0) 2 532(t 1 2)(1)4

ss (t) 5 0 2
(t 1 2)4
So f s (8) 5 2 a b (8)23 5 2
2 4 1
9 72 10(t 1 2)
5
(t 1 2)4
2t
29. a. s(t) 5 10
t13 5
(t 1 3)(2) 2 2t(1) (t 1 2)3
sr(t) 5 5
(t 1 3)2 s(1) 5 1 1
2t 1 6 2 2t 112
5 5
(t 1 3)2 511
6 3
5 8
(t 1 3)2 5
3
(t 1 3)2 (0) 2 6(2(t 1 3) 1 1)
ss (t) 5 5
(t 1 3)4 sr(1) 5 1 2
(1 1 2)2
26(2t 1 6)
5 5
(t 1 3)4 512
9
212(t 1 3)
5 4
(t 1 3)4 5
9

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-35

 10 b. f(x) 5 29x 5 2 4x 3 1 6x 2 12
ss (1) 5
(1 1 2)3 f r(x) 5 245x 4 2 12x 2 1 6
10 f s (x) 5 2180x 3 2 24x
5 c. y 5 5x 23 1 10x 3
27
At t 5 3, position is 83, velocity is 49, acceleration is yr 5 215x 24 1 30x 2
10 4 ys 5 60x 25 1 60x
27 , and speed is 9 .
2 d. f(x) 5 (4x 2 8)3
30. a. s(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)3, t $ 0 f r(x) 5 3(4x 2 8)2 (4)
2 1
5 12(4x 2 8)2
v(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)
3 f s (x) 5 24(4x 2 8)(4)
a(t) 5 96(4x 2 8)
c 2 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)(2t 1 1) 1 2(t 2 1 1)23 d
2 1 4 1 2. a. s(t) 5 23t 3 1 5t 2 2 6t
5
3 3 v(t) 5 29t 2 1 10t 2 6
v(3) 5 29(9) 1 30 2 6
5 a2 b (t 2 1 t)23 3(2t 1 1)2 2 6(t 2 1 1)4
2 1 4

3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14

3-36 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

e. v(5) 5 10 2 3 5 7 m>s Let x represent the width of the field in m, x . 0.
v(2) 5 4 2 3 5 1 m>s Let y represent the length of the field in m.
721 4x 1 2y 5 2000 1
average velocity 5
522 A 5 xy 2

5 2 m>s2 From 1 : y 5 1000 2 2x. Restriction 0 , x , 500

3
4. a. f(x) 5 x 2 12x 1 2 Substitute into 2 :
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12x A(x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
2
3x 2 12x 5 0 5 1000x 2 2x 2
3x(x 2 4) 5 0 Ar(x) 5 1000 2 4x.
x 5 0 or x 5 4 For a max min, Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 250
Test the endpoints and the values that make the x A (x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
derivative 0.
0 lim 1 A(x) 5 0
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 5 263 min xS0

f(0) 5 2
250 A(250) 5 125 000 max
f(4) 5 64 2 48 1 2 5 18
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 67 max 1000 lim
xS1000
A(x) 5 0
9
b. f(x) 5 x 1
x x 5 250 and y 5 500.
5 x 1 9x 21 Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
f r(x) 5 1 2 9x 22 500
3 m in length.
1 2 9x 22 5 0 7.
9
12 250
x
x2 2 9
50
x2 y
x2 2 9 5 0 x
x 5 63
x 5 23 is not in the given interval. 2x
f(1) 5 1 1 9 5 10 max Let x represent the height.
f(3) 5 3 1 3 5 6 min Let 2x represent the width.
f(6) 5 6 1 1.5 5 7.5 Let y represent the length.
5. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45 Volume 10 000 5 2x 2y
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21 Cost:
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t. C 5 0.02(2x)y 1 2(0.05)(2x 2 )
29.8t 1 21 5 0 1 2(0.05)(xy) 1 0.1(2xy)
9.8t 5 21 5 0.04xy 1 0.2x 2 1 0.1xy 1 0.2xy
t 8 2.1 s 5 0.34xy 1 0.2x 2
The graph has a max or min at t 5 2.1 s. Since the 10 000 5000
But y 5 2 5 2 .
equation represents a parabola, and the lead coeffi- 2x x
Therefore, C(x) 5 0.34xa 2 b 1 0.2x 2
cient is negative, the value must be a maximum. 5000
b. h(2.1) 5 24.9(2.1)2 1 21(2.1) 1 0.45 x
8 22.9 1700
5 1 0.2x 2, x $ 0
The maximum height is about 22.9 m. x
6. 21700
C r(x) 5 1 0.4x.
x2
x

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-37

Let C r(x) 5 0: 8. Let x = the number of $100 increases, x $ 0.
21700 The number of units rented will be 50 2 10x.
1 0.4x 5 0
x2 The rent per unit will be 850 1 100x.
0.4x 3 5 1700 R(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(50 2 10x)
x 3 5 4250 Rr(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(210) 1 (50 2 10x)(100)
x 8 16.2. 5 28500 2 1000x 1 5000 2 1000x
Using max min Algorithm, 5 22000x 2 3500
C(0) S ` Set Rr(x) 5 0
1700 0 5 23500 2 2000x
C(16.2) 5 1 0.2(16.2)2 5 157.4. 2000x 5 23500
16.2
Minimum when x 5 16.2, 2x 5 32.4 and y 5 19.0. x 5 21.75 but x $ 0
The required dimensions are 162 mm by 324 mm To maximize revenue the landlord should not
by 190 mm. increase rent. The residents should continue to pay
$850> month.

3-38 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 CHAPTER 3
Derivatives and Their Applications
e. y
Review of Prerequisite Skills, 12
pp. 116–117 8
1. a. y 4
x
3
2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4
1 –8
x
–12
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
–2 f. y
12
b. y 8
6 4
x
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
2 –4
x
–8
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –12
–2
–4
–6 2. a. 3(x 2 2) 1 2(x 2 1) 2 6 5 0
3x 2 6 1 2x 2 2 2 6 5 0
5x 5 14
c. y
14
6 x5
5
4
1 2 x25
2 b. (x 2 2) 1 (x 1 3) 5
x 3 5 2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 10(x 2 2) 1 12(x 1 3) 5 15(x 2 5)
–2
10x 2 20 1 12x 1 36 5 15x 2 75
–4
22x 1 16 5 15x 2 75
–6 7x 5 291
x 5 213
d. y c. t 2 2 4t 1 3 5 0
6 (t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
4 t 5 3 or t 5 1
2 d. 2t 2 2 5t 2 3 5 0
x
(2t 1 1)(t 2 3) 5 0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 1
t 5 2 or t 5 3
–4 2
–6 6 t
e. 1 54
t 2
12 1 t 2 5 8t
t 2 2 8t 1 12 5 0
(t 2 6)(t 2 2) 5 0
6 t 5 2 or t 5 6
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-1
f. x 3 1 2x 2 2 3x 5 0 5. a. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
x(x 2 1 2x 2 3) 5 0 5 2p(4)(3) 1 2p(4)2
x(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 5 24p 1 32p
x 5 0 or x 5 23 or x 5 1 5 56p cm 2
g. x 3 2 8x 2 1 16x 5 0 V 5 pr 2h
x(x 2 2 8x 1 16) 5 0 5 p(4)2 (3)
x(x 2 4)2 5 0 5 48p cm 3
x 5 0 or x 5 4 b. V 5 pr 2h
h. 4t 3 1 12t 2 2 t 2 3 5 0 96p 5 p(4)2h
4t 2 (t 1 3) 2 1(t 1 3) 5 0 h 5 6 cm
(t 1 3)(4t 2 2 1) 5 0 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
(t 1 3)(2t 2 1)(2t 1 1) 5 0 5 2p(4)(6) 1 2p(4)2
1 1 5 48p 1 32p
t 5 23 or t 5 or t 5 2
2 2 5 80p cm 2
i. 4t 4 2 13t 2 1 9 5 0 c. V 5 pr 2h
(4t 2 2 9)(t 2 2 1) 5 0 216p 5 pr 2 (6)
9 r 5 6 cm
t 5 6 or t 5 61 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
4
3. a. 3x 2 2 . 7 5 2p(6)(6) 1 2p(6)2
3x . 9 5 72p 1 72p
x.3 5 144p cm 2
b. x(x 2 3) . 0 d. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
120p 5 2p(5)h 1 2p(5)2
1 2 1
120p 5 10ph 1 50p
0 3
70p 5 10ph
x , 0 or x . 3 h 5 7 cm
c. 2x 2 1 4x . 0 V 5 pr 2h
2 1 2 5 p(5)2 (7)
0 4 5 175p cm 3
6. For a cube, SA 5 6s 2 and V 5 s 3, where s is the
x(x 2 4) , 0
length of any edge of the cube.
0,x,4
a. SA 5 6(3)2
4. a. P 5 4s
5 54 cm 2
20 5 4s
V 5 33
55s
5 27 cm 3
A 5 s2
b. SA 5 6 ("5 )
2
5 52
5 25 cm 2 5 30 cm 2
V 5 ("5 )3
b. A 5 lw
5 8(6) 5 48 cm 2
c. A 5 pr 2 5 5"5 cm 3
5 p(7)2 c. SA 5 6 (2"3 )2
5 49p cm 2 5 72 cm 2
d. C 5 2pr
V 5 (2"3 )3
12p 5 2pr
65r 5 24"3 cm 3
A 5 pr 2 d. SA 5 6(2k)2
5 p(6)2
5 24k 2 cm 2
5 36p cm 2
V 5 (2k)3
5 8k3 cm3

3-2 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

7. a. (3, ` )
b. (2 `, 224
c. (2 `, 0)
d. 325, `)
e. (22, 84
f. (24, 4)
8. a. 5xPR0 x . 56 The function has a maximum value of 5.
b. 5xPR0 x # 216 f.
c. 5xPR6
d. 5xPR0 210 # x # 126
e. 5xPR0 21 , x , 36
f. 5xPR0 2 # x , 206
9. a.
The function has a minimum value of 27.

The function has a minimum value of 25 and no

maximum value.
The function has a maximum value of 23.
b.

3.1 Higher-Order Derivatives, Velocity,

and Acceleration, pp. 127–129
1. v(1) 5 2 2 1 5 1
The function has a maximum value of 25 and no v(5) 5 10 2 25 5 215
minimum value. At t 5 1, the velocity is positive; this means that
c. the object is moving in whatever is the positive
direction for the scenario. At t 5 5, the velocity is
negative; this means that the object is moving in
whatever is the negative direction for the scenario.
2. a. y 5 x 10 1 3x 6
yr 5 10x 9 1 18x 5
The function has a minimum value of 7 and no ys 5 90x 8 1 90x 4
maximum value. b. f(x) 5 #x 5 x2
1

d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-3

7. a. (3, ` )
b. (2 `, 224
c. (2 `, 0)
d. 325, `)
e. (22, 84
f. (24, 4)
8. a. 5xPR0 x . 56 The function has a maximum value of 5.
b. 5xPR0 x # 216 f.
c. 5xPR6
d. 5xPR0 210 # x # 126
e. 5xPR0 21 , x , 36
f. 5xPR0 2 # x , 206
9. a.
The function has a minimum value of 27.

The function has a minimum value of 25 and no

maximum value.
The function has a maximum value of 23.
b.

3.1 Higher-Order Derivatives, Velocity,

and Acceleration, pp. 127–129
1. v(1) 5 2 2 1 5 1
The function has a maximum value of 25 and no v(5) 5 10 2 25 5 215
minimum value. At t 5 1, the velocity is positive; this means that
c. the object is moving in whatever is the positive
direction for the scenario. At t 5 5, the velocity is
negative; this means that the object is moving in
whatever is the negative direction for the scenario.
2. a. y 5 x 10 1 3x 6
yr 5 10x 9 1 18x 5
The function has a minimum value of 7 and no ys 5 90x 8 1 90x 4
maximum value. b. f(x) 5 #x 5 x2
1

d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-3

 1
ys 5 3x 22 2 6x 24 c. s(t) 5 t 2 8 1
6
3 6 t
5 2 4
"x x 5 t 2 8 1 6t 21
2x v(t) 5 1 2 6t 22
f. f(x) 5 a(t) 5 12t 23
x11
(x 1 1)(2) 2 (2x)(1) d. s(t) 5 (t 2 3)2
f r(x) 5 v(t) 5 2(t 2 3)
(x 1 1)2
a(t) 5 2
2x 1 2 2 2x
5
(x 1 1)2 e. s(t) 5 "t 1 1
1 1
2 v(t) 5 (t 1 1)22
5 2
(x 1 1)2
1 3
(x 1 1)2 (0) 2 (2)(2(x 1 1)) a(t) 5 2 (t 1 1)22
f s (x) 5 4
(x 1 1)4 9t
24x 2 4 f. s(t) 5
5 t13
(x 1 1)4 9(t 1 3) 2 9t
g. y 5 x 2 1 x 22 v(t) 5
(t 1 3)2
yr 5 2x 2 2x 23 27
5
ys 5 2 1 6x 24 (t 1 3)2
6 a(t) 5 254(t 1 3)23
521 4
x 4. a. i. t 5 3
1
h. g(x) 5 (3x 2 6)2 ii. 1 , t , 3
3 1 iii. 3 , t , 5
gr(x) 5 (3x 2 6)22 b. i. t 5 3, t 5 7
2
9 3 ii. 1 , t , 3, 7 , t , 9
gs (x) 5 2 (3x 2 6)22 iii. 3 , t , 7
4
9 1
52 3 5. a. s 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
4(3x 2 6)2 3
i. y 5 (2x 1 4)3 v 5 t 2 2 4t 1 3
a 5 2t 2 4
yr 5 6(2x 1 4)2
b. For v 5 0,
ys 5 24(2x 1 4)
(t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
5 48x 1 96 t 5 3 or t 5 1.
5
j. h(x) 5 x3 1 2 1
5 2 0 1 3
hr(x) 5 x3
3
10 1 The direction of the motion of the object changes at
hs (x) 5 x 23 t 5 1 and t 5 3.
9
10 c. Initial position is s(0) 5 0.
5 31 Solving,
9x
1
3. a. s(t) 5 5t 2 2 3t 1 15 0 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
v(t) 5 10t 2 3 3
a(t) 5 10 5 t 3 2 6t 2 1 9t
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 36t 2 10 5 t(t 2 2 6t 1 9)
v(t) 5 6t 2 1 36 5 t(t 2 3)2
a(t) 5 12t t 5 0 or t 5 3
s 5 0 or s 5 0.
The object returns to its initial position after 3 s.

3-4 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 5
1 10. s(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t)
6. a. s 5 2 t 2 1 t 1 4
3 5 3 5

2 a. v(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t) 2 t 2
v52 t11 2
3 35 23 5 5 5

2 5 t 2 t2 2 t2
v(1) 5 2 1 1 2 2
3 35 23 7 5
1 5 t 2 t2
5 2 2
3 105 21 35 23
2 a(t) 5 t 2 t
v(4) 5 2 (4) 1 1 2 4
3 b. The object stops when its velocity is 0.
5 35 3 7 5
52 v(t) 5 t 2 2 t 2
3 2 2
For t 5 1, moving in a positive direction. 7 3
For t 5 4, moving in a negative direction. 5 t 2 (5 2 t)
2
b. s(t) 5 t(t 2 3)2 v(t) 5 0 for t 5 0 (when it starts moving) and
v(t) 5 (t 2 3)2 1 2t(t 2 3) t 5 5.
5 (t 2 3)(t 2 3 1 2t) So the object stops after 5 s.
5 (t 2 3)(3t 2 3) c. The direction of the motion changes when its
5 3(t 2 1)(t 2 3) velocity changes from a positive to a negative value
v(1) 5 0 or visa versa.
v(4) 5 9
For t 5 1, the object is stationary. t 0"t*5 t55 t+5
t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. v(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
c. s(t) 5 t 3 2 7t 2 1 10t
v(t) 5 3t 2 2 14t 1 10 7 23
v(t) 5 t (5 2 t) v(t) 5 0 for t 5 5
v(1) 5 21 2
v(4) 5 2 Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s.
For t 5 1, the object is moving in a negative direction. 35 1
For t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. d. a(t) 5 0 for t 2 (6 2 t) 5 0.
4
7. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 6t 1 8 t 5 0 or t 5 6 s.
v(t) 5 2t 2 6
b. 2t 2 6 5 0 t 0*t*6 t56 t+6
t53s a(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
8. s(t) 5 40t 2 5t 2
v(t) 5 40 2 10t Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
a. When v 5 0, the object stops rising. 0 , t , 6 s.
t54s Note: t 5 0 yields a 5 0.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that e. At t 5 0, s(0) 5 0. Therefore, the object’s
opens down because a 5 25 , 0, a maximum original position is at 0, the origin.
height is attained. It occurs when v 5 0. Height is When s(t) 5 0,
a maximum for 5
t 2 (7 2 t) 5 0
s(4) 5 160 2 5(16) t 5 0 or t 5 7.
5 80 m. Therefore, the object is back to its original position
9. s(t) 5 8 2 7t 1 t 2 after 7 s.
v(t) 5 27 1 2t 11. a. h(t) 5 25t 2 1 25t
a(t) 5 2 v(t) 5 210t 1 25
a. v(5) 5 27 1 10 v(0) 5 25 m>s
5 3 m>s
b. a(5) 5 2 m>s 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-5

b. The maximum height occurs when v(t) 5 0. The object begins at 9 m to the left of the origin, 0,
210t 1 25 5 0 and slows down to a stop after 2 s when it is 25 m
t 5 2.5 s to the left of the origin. Then, the object moves to
h(2.5) 5 25(2.5)2 1 25(2.5) the right accelerating at faster rates as time increases.
5 31.25 m It passes the origin just before 4 s (approximately
c. The ball strikes the ground when h(t) 5 0. 3.7915) and continues to accelerate as time goes by
25t 2 1 25t 5 0 on its journey into space.
25t(t 2 5) 5 0
t 5 0 or t 5 5 t=2 t=0
The ball strikes the ground at t 5 5 s. S
–30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10
v(5) 5 250 1 25
5 225 m>s 14. s(t) 5 t 5 2 10t 2
12. s(t) 5 6t 2 1 2t v(t) 5 5t 4 2 20t
v(t) 5 12t 1 2 a(t) 5 20t 3 2 20
a(t) 5 12 For a(t) 5 0,
a. v(8) 5 96 1 2 5 98 m>s 20t 3 2 20 5 0
Thus, as the dragster crosses the finish line at 20(t 3 2 1) 5 0
t 5 8 s, the velocity is 98 m> s. Its acceleration is t 5 1.
constant throughout the run and equals 12 m> s2. Therefore, the acceleration will be zero at 1 s.
b. s 5 60 s(1) 5 1 2 10
6t 2 1 2t 2 60 5 0 5 29
2(3t 2 1 t 2 30) 5 0 ,0
2(3t 1 10)(t 2 3) 5 0 v(1) 5 5 2 20
210 5 215
t5 or t53
3 ,0
inadmissible v(3) 5 36 1 2 Since the signs of both s and v are the same at
0#t#8 5 38 t 5 1, the object is moving away from the origin at
Therefore, the dragster was moving at 38 m> s when that time.
it was 60 m down the strip. 15. a. s(t) 5 kt 2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)t 1 2k
13. a. s 5 10 1 6t 2 t 2 v(t) 5 2kt 1 (6k 2 2 10k)
v 5 6 2 2t a(t) 5 2k 1 0
5 2(3 2 t) 5 2k
a 5 22 Since k 2 0 and kPR, then a(t) 5 2k 2 0 and an
The object moves to the right from its initial element of the Real numbers. Therefore, the
position of 10 m from the origin, 0, to the 19 m acceleration is constant.
mark, slowing down at a rate of 2 m> s2. It stops at b. For v(t) 5 0
the 19 m mark then moves to the left accelerating at 2kt 1 6k 2 2 10k 5 0
2 m> s2 as it goes on its journey into the universe. It 2kt 5 10k 2 6k 2
passes the origin after ( 3 1 "19 ) s. t 5 5 2 3k
k20
t=6
t=0 s(5 2 3k)
t=3
5 k(5 2 3k)2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)(5 2 3k) 1 2k
S
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 k(25 2 30k 1 9k 2 ) 1 30k 2 2 18k 3
b. s 5 t 3 2 12t 2 9 2 50k 1 30k 2 1 2k
v 5 3t 2 2 12 5 25k 2 30k 2 1 9k 3 1 30k 2 2 18k 3 2 50k
5 3(t 2 2 4) 1 30k 2 1 2k
5 3(t 2 2)(t 1 2) 5 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k
a 5 6t Therefore, the velocity is 0 at t 5 5 2 3k, and its
position at that time is 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k.

3-6 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

16. a. The acceleration is continuous at t 5 0 if 0
5
lim a(t) 5 a(0). 1
tS0
50
For t $ 0,
t3 17. v 5 #b 2 1 2gs
s(t) 5 2 v 5 (b 2 1 2gs)2
1

t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2

(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

Therefore, lim a(t) 5 a(0). m0 a

tS0 5 3 , as required.
v2
Thus, the acceleration is continuous at t 5 0. (
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1

11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
discontinuous at x 5 2.
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-7

16. a. The acceleration is continuous at t 5 0 if 0
5
lim a(t) 5 a(0). 1
tS0
50
For t $ 0,
t3 17. v 5 #b 2 1 2gs
s(t) 5 2 v 5 (b 2 1 2gs)2
1

t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2

(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

Therefore, lim a(t) 5 a(0). m0 a

tS0 5 3 , as required.
v2
Thus, the acceleration is continuous at t 5 0. (
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1

11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
discontinuous at x 5 2.
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-7

d. The algorithm can be used; the function is f(0) 5 0
continuous on the given domain. f(2) 5 8 2 12
2. a. max 8; min 212 5 24
b. max 30; min 25 f(3) 5 27 2 27
c. max 100; min 2100 50
d. max 30; min 220 min is 24 at x 5 21, 2
3. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 4x 1 3, 0 # x # 3 max is 0 at x 5 0, 3
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 y
Let 2x 2 4 5 0 for max or min 4
x52
f(0) 5 3 2
f(2) 5 4 2 8 1 3 5 21
f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 3 5 0 x
max is 3 at x 5 0 –2 0 2 4 6
min is 21 at x 5 2
–2
y
3 (0, 3)
2 –4
1
(3, 0) x d. f(x) 5 x3 2 3x2, xP322, 14
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 f r(x) 5 3x2 2 6x
–1 Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(2, –1)
–2 3x2 2 6x 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0
b. f(x) 5 (x 2 2)2, 0 # x # 2 x 5 0 or x 5 2
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 x 5 2 is outside the given interval.
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min f(22) 5 220
2x 2 4 5 0 f(0) 5 0
x52 f(1) 5 22
f(0) 5 4 max is 0 at x 5 0
f(2) 5 0 min is 220 at x 5 22
max is 4 at x 5 0 y
min is 2 at x 5 2 8
y
x
6
(0, 4) –4 –2 0 2 4
4
2 –8
(2, 0) x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –16
–4
–6 –24

c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 3x 2, 21 # x # 3 e. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 1, xP322, 04

f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 6x f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
3x 2 2 6x 5 0 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0 x2 2 x 2 2 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 2 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
f(21) 5 21 2 3 x 5 2 or x 5 21
5 24

3-8 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 f(22) 5 216 2 12 1 24 1 1 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 23 x2 2 4
50
f(21) 5 8 x2
f(0) 5 1 x2 2 4 5 0
f(2) 5 not in region (x 2 2)(x 1 2) 5 0
max of 8 at x 5 21 x 5 2, x 5 22
min of 23 at x 5 22 Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
8 y values and the endpoints. Note, however, that 22
is not in the domain of the function.
4 4
f(1) 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 5 5
1
x 4
0 f(2) 5 2 1 5 2 1 2 5 4
–4 –2 2 2
–4 4 50 2 52
f(10) 5 10 1 5 1 5 5 10.4
10 5 5 5
1 5 So, the minimum value in the interval is 4 when
f. f(x) 5 x3 2 x2 1 6x, xP30, 44
3 2 x 5 2 and the maximum value is 10.4 when x 5 10.
f r(x) 5 x2 2 5x 1 6 b. f(x) 5 4 !x 2 x, 2 # x # 9
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min 1
f r(x) 5 2x 22 2 1
x2 2 5x 1 6 5 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(x 2 2)(x 2 3) 5 0
2
!x
x 5 2 or x 5 3 2150
f(0) 5 0
14 !x 5 2
f(2) 5 x54
3
9 f(2) 5 4 !2 2 2 8 3.6
f(3) 5
2 f(4) 5 4 !4 2 4 5 4
f(9) 5 4 !9 2 9 5 3
16
f(4) 5
3 min value of 3 when x 5 9
16
max is 3 at x 5 4 max value of 4 when x 5 4
min is 0 at x 5 0 1
c. f(x) 5 2 ,0#x#2
y x 2 2x 1 2
6 f r(x) 5 2 (x 2 2 2x 1 2)22 (2x 2 2)
2x 2 2
4 52 2
(x 2 2x 1 2)2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min.
2 2x 2 2
2 2 50
x (x 2 2x 1 2)
0 2x 2 2 5 0
–2 2 4 6
x51
–2 1 1
f(0) 5 , f(1) 5 1, f(2) 5
2 2
4 max value of 1 when x 5 1
4. a. f(x) 5 x 1
x min value of 12 when x 5 0, 2
4 d. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 1 20
f r(x) 5 1 2 2 fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x
x
x2 2 4 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x 5 0
x2
12x(x 2 2 x 2 6) 5 0

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-9

12x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0 4t 2
x 5 0, x 5 3, x 5 22 5. a. v(t) 5 ,t$0
4 1 t3
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical Interval 1 # t # 4
values and the endpoints. 4
f(23) 5 3(23)4 2 4(23)3 2 36(23)2 1 20 5 47 v(1) 5
5
f(22) 5 3(22)4 2 4(22)3 2 36(22)2 1 20 5 244 16
f(0) 5 3(0)4 2 4(0)3 2 36(0)2 1 20 5 20 v(4) 5
17
f(3) 5 3(3)4 2 4(3)3 2 36(3)2 1 20 5 2169 (4 1 t 3 )(8t) 2 4t 2 (3t 2 )
f(4) 5 3(4)4 2 4(4)3 2 36(4)2 1 20 5 244 vr(t) 5 50
(4 1 t 3 )2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 2169 32t 1 8t 4 2 12t 4 5 0
when x 5 3 and the maximum value is 47 when 24t(t 3 2 8) 5 0
x 5 23. t 5 0, t 5 2
4x 16 4
e. f(x) 5 2 , 22 # x # 4 v(2) 5 5
x 11 12 3
4(x 2 1 1) 2 2x(4x) max velocity is 43 m>s
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 1)2
2 min velocity is 54 m>s
24x 1 4
5 4t 2
x2 1 1 b. v(t) 5
1 1 t2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min:
(1 1 t 2 )(8t) 2 (4t 2 )(2t)
24x 2 1 4 5 0 vr(t) 5
x2 5 1 (1 1 t 2 )2
x 5 61 8t 1 8t 2 8t 3
3
5
28 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(22) 5 8t
5 5
24 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(21) 5 8t
2 50
5 22 (1 1 t 2 )2
4 8t 5 0
f(1) 5 t50
2
52 f(0) 5 0 is the minimum value that occurs at x 5 0.
16 There is no maximum value on the interval. As x
f(4) 5 approaches infinity, f(x) approaches the horizontal
17
max value of 2 when x 5 1 asymptote y 5 4.
min value of 22 when x 5 21 6. N(t) 5 30t 2 2 240t 1 500
f. Note that part e. is the same function but restricted Nr(t) 5 60t 2 240
to a different domain. So, from e. it is seen that the 60t 2 240 5 0
t54
critical points are x 5 1 and x 5 21.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical values N(0) 5 500
and the endpoints. Note, however, that 21 and 1 are N(4) 5 30(16) 2 240(4) 1 500 5 20
N(7) 5 30(49) 2 240(7) 1 500 5 290
The lowest number is 20 bacteria> cm3.
not in the domain of the function. Therefore, the only
points that need to be checked are the endpoints.
4(2) 8 1600v
f(2) 5 5 5 1.6 7. a. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 100
2
(2) 1 1 5 v 1 6400
4(4) 16 1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v)
f(4) 5 5 8 0.94 Er(v) 5
2
(4) 1 1 17 (v 2 1 6400)2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0.94 when Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min
x 5 4 and the maximum value is 1.6 when x 5 2. 1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600
v 5 680

3-10 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 E(0) 5 0 C(1) 8 0.006 25
E(80) 5 10 C(3) 5 0.0083, C(6) 8 0.0074
E(100) 5 9.756 The min concentration is at t 5 1 and the max
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is concentration is at t 5 3.
80 km> h. 1
9. P(t) 5 2t 1 ,0#t#1
1600v 162t 1 1
b. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 50
v 1 6400 Pr(t) 5 2 2 (162t 1 1)22 (162) 5 0
1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v) 162
Er(v) 5 52
(v 2 1 6400)2 (162t 1 1)2
Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min 81 5 1622 1 t 2 1 324t 1 1
1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0 2 2
162 t 1 324t 2 80 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600 812t 2 1 81t 2 20 5 0
v 5 680 (81t 1 5)(81t 2 4) 5 0
E(0) 5 0 4
E(50) 5 9 t.0 t5
81
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is 5 0.05
50 km> h. P(0) 5 1
c. The fuel efficiency will be increasing when P(0.05) 5 0.21
Er(v) . 0. This will show when the slopes of the P(1) 5 2.01
values of E(v) are positive, and hence increasing. Pollution is at its lowest level in 0.05 years or
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value approximately 18 days.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80.
a
1 4900
10. r(x) 5 1 xb
v slope of E(v) 400 x

a
0 # v , 80 1 1 24900
rr(x) 5 1 1b 5 0
80 , v # 100 2 400 x2
Let rr(x) 5 0
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, x 2 5 4900,
the fuel efficiency E is increasing in the speed inter- x 5 70, x . 0
val 0 # v , 80. r(30) 5 0.4833
d. The fuel efficiency will be decreasing when r(70) 5 0.35
Er(v) , 0. This will show when the slopes of the r(120) 5 0.402
values of E(v) are negative, and hence decreasing. A speed of 70 km> h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L> km.
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value Cost of trip is 0.35 3 200 3 0.45 5 $31.50.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80. 11. f(x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.12x 2 1 3.6x 1 10,
v slope of E(v)
0 # x # 75
f r(x) 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
0 # v , 80 1 Set 0 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
2 0.24 6 "(20.24)2 2 4(0.003)(3.6)
80 , v # 100 x5
2(0.003)
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, 0.24 6 0.12
x5
the fuel efficiency E is decreasing in the speed 0.006
interval 80 , v # 100. x 5 60 or x 5 20
0.1t f(0) 5 10
8. C(t) 5 ,1#t#6
(t 1 3)2 f(20) 5 42
0.1(t 1 3)2 2 0.2t(t 1 3) f(60) 5 10
Cr(t) 5 50 f(75) 5 26.875
(t 1 3)4
(t 1 3)(0.1t 1 0.3 2 0.2t) 5 0 Absolute max. value 5 42 at (20, 42) and absolute
t53 min. value 5 10 at (0, 10) and (60, 10).

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-11

12. a. y 6000
5 1 9 1 0.05x
16 x
12 6000
Ur(x) 5 2 2 1 0.05
8 x
4 Set Ur(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
x
6000
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0.05 5 0
–4 x
–8 6000
0.05 5 2
–12 x
–16 0.05x 2 5 6000
x 2 5 120 000
b. D: 22 # x # 4 x 8 346.41
c. increasing: 22 # x , 0 However, 346.41 is not in the given domain of
2,x#4 1 # x # 300.
decreasing: 0 , x , 2 Therefore, the only points that need to be checked are
13. Absolute max.: Compare all local maxima and the endpoints.
values of f(a) and f(b) when domain of f(x) is f(1) 5 6009.05
a # x # b. The one with highest value is the f(300) 5 44
absolute maximum. Therefore, a production level of 300 units will mini-
Absolute min.: We need to consider all local minima mize the unit cost to $44.
and the value of f(a) and f(b) when the domain of
f(x) is a # x # b. Compare them and the one with Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 139–140
the lowest value is the absolute minimum.
You need to check the endpoints because they are not 1. a. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
necessarily critical points. hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
14. C(x) 5 3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2, 1 # x # 300 hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
C(x) b. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3
Unit cost u(x) 5
x f r(x) 5 6(2x 2 5)2
3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5 f s (x) 5 24(2x 2 5)
x
5 48x 2 120
3000
5 1 9 1 0.05x c. y 5 15(x 1 3)21
x
23000 yr 5 215(x 1 3)22
Ur(x) 5 1 0.05 ys 5 30(x 1 3)23
x2
For max or min, let Ur(x) 5 0: 30
5
0.05x 2 5 3000 (x 1 3)3
x 2 5 60 000 d. g(x) 5 (x 2 1 1)2
1

x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1

U(244) 5 33.4950 gs (x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 1 1)22 1 (x 2 1 1)22

U(245) 5 33.4948 x2 1
52 2 3 1
U(300) 5 34. 2 1
(x 1 1) 2 (x 1 1)2
Production level of 245 units will minimize the unit 2. a. s(3) 5 (3)3 2 21(3)2 1 90(3)
cost to $33.49. 5 27 2 189 1 270
15. C(x) 5 6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2 5 108
C(x)
U(x) 5 b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 3t 2 2 42t 1 90
x
v(5) 5 3(5)2 2 42(5) 1 90
6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5
x

3-12 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

12. a. y 6000
5 1 9 1 0.05x
16 x
12 6000
Ur(x) 5 2 2 1 0.05
8 x
4 Set Ur(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
x
6000
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0.05 5 0
–4 x
–8 6000
0.05 5 2
–12 x
–16 0.05x 2 5 6000
x 2 5 120 000
b. D: 22 # x # 4 x 8 346.41
c. increasing: 22 # x , 0 However, 346.41 is not in the given domain of
2,x#4 1 # x # 300.
decreasing: 0 , x , 2 Therefore, the only points that need to be checked are
13. Absolute max.: Compare all local maxima and the endpoints.
values of f(a) and f(b) when domain of f(x) is f(1) 5 6009.05
a # x # b. The one with highest value is the f(300) 5 44
absolute maximum. Therefore, a production level of 300 units will mini-
Absolute min.: We need to consider all local minima mize the unit cost to $44.
and the value of f(a) and f(b) when the domain of
f(x) is a # x # b. Compare them and the one with Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 139–140
the lowest value is the absolute minimum.
You need to check the endpoints because they are not 1. a. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
necessarily critical points. hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
14. C(x) 5 3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2, 1 # x # 300 hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
C(x) b. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3
Unit cost u(x) 5
x f r(x) 5 6(2x 2 5)2
3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5 f s (x) 5 24(2x 2 5)
x
5 48x 2 120
3000
5 1 9 1 0.05x c. y 5 15(x 1 3)21
x
23000 yr 5 215(x 1 3)22
Ur(x) 5 1 0.05 ys 5 30(x 1 3)23
x2
For max or min, let Ur(x) 5 0: 30
5
0.05x 2 5 3000 (x 1 3)3
x 2 5 60 000 d. g(x) 5 (x 2 1 1)2
1

x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1

U(244) 5 33.4950 gs (x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 1 1)22 1 (x 2 1 1)22

U(245) 5 33.4948 x2 1
52 2 3 1
U(300) 5 34. 2 1
(x 1 1) 2 (x 1 1)2
Production level of 245 units will minimize the unit 2. a. s(3) 5 (3)3 2 21(3)2 1 90(3)
cost to $33.49. 5 27 2 189 1 270
15. C(x) 5 6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2 5 108
C(x)
U(x) 5 b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 3t 2 2 42t 1 90
x
v(5) 5 3(5)2 2 42(5) 1 90
6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5
x

3-12 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 5 75 2 210 1 90 b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0.
5 245 v(t) 5 0 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2
c. a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 6t 2 42 0 5 (6t 2 2)(t 2 2)
a(4) 5 6(4) 2 42 1
5 24 2 42 t5 ,t52
3
5 218 Therefore, the object is stationary at time
3. a. v(t) 5 hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 6 t 5 13 s and t 5 2 s.
The initial velocity occurs when time t 5 0. Before t 5 13, v(t) is positive and therefore the
v(0) 5 29.8(0) 1 6 object is moving to the right.
56 Between t 5 13 and t 5 2, v(t) is negative and
So, the initial velocity is 6 m> s. therefore the object is moving to the left.
b. The ball reaches its maximum height when
After t 5 2, v(t) is positive and therefore the object
v(t) 5 0. So set v(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
is moving to the right.
v(t) 5 0 5 29.8t 1 6
c. Set a(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
9.8t 5 6
a(t) 5 0 5 214 1 12t
t 8 0.61
14 5 12t
Therefore, the ball reaches its maximum height at
7
time t 8 0.61 s. 5t
6
c. The ball hits the ground when the height, h, is 0.
t 8 1.2
h(t) 5 0 5 24.9t 2 1 6t 1 2 So, at time t 8 1.2 s the acceleration is equal to 0.
26 6 "36 1 39.2 At that time, the object is neither accelerating nor
t5
29.8 decelerating.
Taking the negative square root because the value t 5. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
needs to be positive, f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
26 2 8.67 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
t5
29.8
3x 2 1 6x 5 0
t 8 1.50
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
So, the ball hits the ground at time t 5 1.50 s.
d. The question asks for the velocity, v(t), when x 5 0, x 5 22
t 5 1.50.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
v(1.50) 5 29.8(1.50) 1 6 values and the endpoints.
8 28.67 f(22) 5 (22)3 1 3(22)2 1 1 5 5
Therefore, when the ball hits the ground, the velocity f(0) 5 (0)3 1 3(0)2 1 1 5 1
is 28.67 m> s. f(2) 5 (2)3 1 3(2)2 1 1 5 21
e. The acceleration, a(t), is the derivative of the So, the minimum value in the interval is 1 when
velocity. x 5 0 and the maximum value is 21 when x 5 2.
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 29.8 b. f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2
This is a constant function. So, the acceleration of f r(x) 5 2(x 1 2)
the ball at any point in time is 29.8 m> s2. 5 2x 1 4
4. a. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
v(2) 5 4 2 14(2) 1 6(2)2 2x 1 4 5 0
5 4 2 28 1 24 2x 5 24
50 x 5 22
So, the velocity at time t 5 2 is 0 m> s. Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 214 1 12t values and the endpoints.
a(2) 5 214 1 12(2) f(23) 5 (23 1 2)2 5 (21)2 5 1
5 10 f(22) 5 (22 1 2)2 5 0
So, the acceleration at time t 5 2 is 10 m> s. f(3) 5 (3 1 2)2 5 (5)2 5 25
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-13
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when Therefore, at a temperature of t 5 3.96 °C the
x 5 22 and the maximum value is 25 when x 5 3. volume of water is the greatest in the interval.
1 1 7. a. f(x) 5 x 4 2 3x
c. f(x) 5 2 3
x x f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 3
1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 1 4 f r(3) 5 4(3)3 2 3
x x
5 105
2x 4 1 3x 2
5 b. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 4x 2 2 5x 1 8
x6
Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 8x 2 5
2x 4 1 3x 2 f r(22) 5 6(22)2 1 8(22) 2 5
50 53
x6
2x 4 1 3x 2 5 0 c. f(x) 5 23x 2 2 5x 1 7
x 2 (2x 2 1 3) 5 0 f r(x) 5 26x 2 5
x50 f s (x) 5 26
x2 5 3 f s (1) 5 26
x 5 6 "3 d. f(x) 5 4x 3 2 3x 2 1 2x 2 6
Note, however, that 2"3 and 0 are not in the given f r(x) 5 12x 2 2 6x 1 2
domain of the function. f s (x) 5 24x 2 6
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical f s (23) 5 24(23) 2 6
values and the endpoints. 5 278
1 1 e. f(x) 5 14x 2 1 3x 2 6
f(1) 5 2 512150 f r(x) 5 28x 1 3
1 (1)3
1 1 f r(0) 5 28(0) 1 3
f("3) 5 2
"3
8 0.38 53
("3)3
1 1 24 f. f(x) 5 x 4 1 x 5 2 x 3
f(5) 5 2 5 f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 5x 4 2 3x 2
5 (5)3 125
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 20x 3 2 6x
x 5 1 and the maximum value is 0.38 when f s (4) 5 12(4)2 1 20(4)3 2 6(4)
x 5 "3. 5 1448
6. The question asks for the maximum temperature g. f(x) 5 22x 5 1 2x 2 6 2 3x 3
of V. f r(x) 5 210x 4 1 2 2 9x 2
V(t) 5 20.000 067t 3 1 0.008 504 3t 2 f s (x) 5 240x 3 2 18x
2 0.064 26t 1 999.87
f s a b 5 240a b 2 18a b
1 1 3 1
Vr(t) 5 20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 3 3 3
Set Vr(t) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. 40
20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 5 0 52 26
27
t 2 2 84.619 900 5t 1 319.701 492 5 5 0 202
52
Using the quadratic formula, 27
t 8 3.96 and t 8 80.66. h. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 7x 2 1 4x 2 11
However, 80.66 is not in the domain of the function. f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 14x 1 4
Now, evaluate the function, V(t), at the critical
f ra b 5 29a b 2 14a b 1 4
3 3 2 3
values and the endpoints. 4 4 4
V(0) 5 999.87 81 21
V(3.96) 8 999.74 52 2 14
16 2
V(30) 5 1003.79 185
So, the minimum value in the interval is 999.74 52
16
when temperature t 5 3.96.
3-14 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
 5 11. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
8. s(t) 5 ta2 t 1 1b
6 0 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
5
5 2 t2 1 t 221 6 "(21)2 2 4(24.9)(0.45)
6 t5
2(24.9)
5
sr(t) 5 2 t 1 1
3 221 6 "449.82
t5
5 29.8
ss (t) 5 2 t 8 4.31 or t 8 20.021 (rejected since t $ 0)
3
8 21.7 m> s2 Note that h(0) 5 0.45 . 0 because the football is
7 punted from that height. The function is only valid
9. s(t) 5 189t 2 t 3
after this point.
7 4
a. sr(t) 5 189 2 t 3 Domain: 0 # t # 4.31
3
7 4
b. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
sr(0) 5 189 2 (0)3 To determine the domain, find when hr(t) 5 0.
3
5 189 m> s hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21
b. sr(t) 5 0 Set hr(t) 5 0
7 4 0 5 29.8t 1 21
189 2 t 3 5 0
3 t 8 2.14
7 43 For 0 , t , 2.14, the height is increasing.
t 5 189
3 For 2.14 , t , 4.31, the height is decreasing.
4
t 3 5 81 The football will reach its maximum height at 2.14 s.
3
t 5 ( 814) c. h(2.14) 5 24.9(2.14)2 1 21(2.14) 1 0.45
t 5 33 h(2.14) 8 222.44 1 44.94 1 0.45
t 5 27 s h(2.14) 8 22.95
c. s(27) 5 189(27) 2 (27)3
7 The football will reach a maximum height of 22.95 m.
5 5103 2 2187
5 2916 m 3.3 Optimization Problems, pp. 145–147
28 1 1. L
d. ss (t) 5 2 t 3
9
28 1
ss (8) 5 2 (8)3 W
9
56
52
9
8 26.2 m> s2
Let the length be L cm and the width be W cm.
It is decelerating at 6.2 m> s2.
2(L 1 W) 5 100
3 L 1 W 5 50
10. s(t) 5 12t 2 4t 2
1
L 5 50 2 W
sr(t) 5 12t 2 6t 2 A5L?W
To find when the stone stops, set sr(t) 5 0: 5 (50 2 W)(W)
A(W) 5 2W 2 1 50W for 0 # W # 50
1
12 2 6t 2 5 0
1
6t 2 5 12 Ar(W) 5 22W 1 50
1 Let Ar(W) 5 0:
t2 5 2
22W 1 50 5 0
t 5 (2)2 W 5 25
54 A(0) 5 0
3
s(4) 5 12(4) 2 4(4)2 A(25) 5 25 3 25
5 48 2 32 5 625
5 16 m A(50) 5 0.
The stone travels 16 m before its stops after 4 s.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-15
 5 11. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
8. s(t) 5 ta2 t 1 1b
6 0 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
5
5 2 t2 1 t 221 6 "(21)2 2 4(24.9)(0.45)
6 t5
2(24.9)
5
sr(t) 5 2 t 1 1
3 221 6 "449.82
t5
5 29.8
ss (t) 5 2 t 8 4.31 or t 8 20.021 (rejected since t $ 0)
3
8 21.7 m> s2 Note that h(0) 5 0.45 . 0 because the football is
7 punted from that height. The function is only valid
9. s(t) 5 189t 2 t 3
after this point.
7 4
a. sr(t) 5 189 2 t 3 Domain: 0 # t # 4.31
3
7 4
b. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
sr(0) 5 189 2 (0)3 To determine the domain, find when hr(t) 5 0.
3
5 189 m> s hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21
b. sr(t) 5 0 Set hr(t) 5 0
7 4 0 5 29.8t 1 21
189 2 t 3 5 0
3 t 8 2.14
7 43 For 0 , t , 2.14, the height is increasing.
t 5 189
3 For 2.14 , t , 4.31, the height is decreasing.
4
t 3 5 81 The football will reach its maximum height at 2.14 s.
3
t 5 ( 814) c. h(2.14) 5 24.9(2.14)2 1 21(2.14) 1 0.45
t 5 33 h(2.14) 8 222.44 1 44.94 1 0.45
t 5 27 s h(2.14) 8 22.95
c. s(27) 5 189(27) 2 (27)3
7 The football will reach a maximum height of 22.95 m.
5 5103 2 2187
5 2916 m 3.3 Optimization Problems, pp. 145–147
28 1 1. L
d. ss (t) 5 2 t 3
9
28 1
ss (8) 5 2 (8)3 W
9
56
52
9
8 26.2 m> s2
Let the length be L cm and the width be W cm.
It is decelerating at 6.2 m> s2.
2(L 1 W) 5 100
3 L 1 W 5 50
10. s(t) 5 12t 2 4t 2
1
L 5 50 2 W
sr(t) 5 12t 2 6t 2 A5L?W
To find when the stone stops, set sr(t) 5 0: 5 (50 2 W)(W)
A(W) 5 2W 2 1 50W for 0 # W # 50
1
12 2 6t 2 5 0
1
6t 2 5 12 Ar(W) 5 22W 1 50
1 Let Ar(W) 5 0:
t2 5 2
22W 1 50 5 0
t 5 (2)2 W 5 25
54 A(0) 5 0
3
s(4) 5 12(4) 2 4(4)2 A(25) 5 25 3 25
5 48 2 32 5 625
5 16 m A(50) 5 0.
The stone travels 16 m before its stops after 4 s.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-15
The largest area is 625 cm2 and occurs when When x 5 0, V 5 0
W 5 25 cm and L 5 25 cm. x 5 8.8, V 5 28 850 cm 2
2. If the perimeter is fixed, then the figure will be x 5 20, V 5 0.
a square. Therefore, the box has a height of 8.8 cm, a length
3. L of 100 2 2 3 8.8 5 82.4 cm, and a width of
40 2 3 3 8.8 5 22.4 cm.
5. 220 – x
W W
x
Let the length of L m and the width W m.
2W 1 L 5 600 A(x) 5 x(220 2 x)
L 5 600 2 2W A(x) 5 220x 2 x 2
A5L?W Ar(x) 5 220 2 2x
5 W(600 2 2W) Set Ar(x) 5 0.
A(W) 5 22w 2 1 600W, 0 # W # 300 0 5 220 2 2x
Ar(W) 5 24w 1 600 x 5 110
dA 220 2 110 5 110
For max or min, let 5 0:
dW Ar(220) 5 2220 , 0
W 5 50
A(0) 5 0 Ar(0) 5 220 . 0
A(150) 5 22(150)2 1 600 3 150 maximum: The dimensions that will maximize the
5 45 000 rectangles’ area are 110 cm by 110 cm.
A(300) 5 0 6. a
The largest area of 45 000 m2 occurs when
W 5 150 m and L 5 300 m. b 64
4. Let dimensions of cut be x cm by x cm. Therefore,
the height is x cm. ab 5 64
100 P 5 2a 1 2b
100 – 2x x
x
b
64
40 – 2x 40 P 5 2a 1 2a
a
128
P 5 2a 1
Length of the box is 100 2 2x. a
Width of the box is 40 2 2x. P 5 2a 1 128a 21
V 5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 2x)(x) for domain 128
Pr 5 2 2 2
0 # x # 20 a
Using Algorithm for Extreme Value, Set Pr 5 0
dV 128
5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 4x) 1 (40x 2 2x 2 )(22) 0522 2
dx a
5 4000 2 480x 1 8x 2 2 80x 1 4x 2 128
25 2
5 12x 2 2 560x 1 4000 a
dV a 2 5 64
Set 50 a 5 8 (28 is inadmissible)
dx
3x 2 2 140x 1 1000 5 0 64
b5
140 6 "7600 8
x5 b58
6
Pr(1) 5 2126 , 0
140 6 128.8
x5 Pr(9) 8 1.65 . 0
6
maximum: The rectangle should have dimensions 8 m
x 5 8.8 or x 5 37.9
by 8 m.
Reject x 5 37.9 since 0 # x # 20
3-16 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
7. Set Ar 5 0
y 0 5 2x 2 432x 22
2x 5 432x 22
x x
x 3 5 216
Given:
x56
4x 1 3y 5 1000
144
1000 2 4x y5 2
y5 6
3 y54
A 5 2xy
Ar(4) 5 219 , 0
b
1000 2 4x
A 5 2xa Ar(8) 5 9.25 . 0
3 minimum: The enclosure should have dimensions
2000 8 4 m 3 6 m 3 6 m.
A5 x 2 x2
3 3 9.
2000 16
Ar 5 2 x
3 3
Set Ar 5 0
2000 16
05 2 x
3 3
16 2000 h
x5
3 3 x
x 5 125
1000 2 4(125) x
y5
3 Let the base be x by x and the height be h
y 8 166.67 x 2h 5 1000
2000 1000
Ar(250) 5 2 ,0 h5 2 1
3 x
2000 Surface area 5 2x 2 1 4xh
Ar(0) 5 .0
3 A 5 2x 2 1 4xh 2
maximum: The ranger should build the corrals with
5 2x 2 1 4xa 2 b
1000
the dimensions 125 m by 166.67 m to maximize the
x
enclosed area.
4000
8. Netting refers to the area of the rectangular 5 2x 2 1 for domain 0 # x # 10"2
x
prism. Minimize area while holding the volume
Using the max min Algorithm,
constant.
dA 4000
V 5 lwh 5 4x 2 2 5 0
dx x
V 5 x 2y 3
x 2 0, 4x 5 4000
144 5 x 2y x 3 5 1000
144 x 5 10
y5 2
x A 5 200 1 400 5 600 cm 2
ATotal 5 ASide 1 ATop 1 ASide 1 AEnd Step 2: At x S 0, A S `
A 5 xy 1 xy 1 xy 1 x 2 Step 3: At x 5 10"10,
A 5 3xy 1 x 2 4000 !10
10 !10 !10
A 5 2000 1 3
A 5 3xa 2 b 1 x 2
144
x
5 2000 1 40"10
432
A5 1 x2 Minimum area is 600 cm2 when the base of the box
x is 10 cm by 10 cm and height is 10 cm.
A 5 x 2 1 432x 21
Ar 5 2x 2 432x 22

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-17

10. When r 5 0, A S `
L = 2x r 5 5.42 A 8 660.8
r S `, A S `
10 y The minimum surface area is approximately
661 cm3 when r 5 5.42.
x 1000
10 10 b. r 5 5.42, h 5 8 10.84
p(5.42)2
Let the length be 2x and the height be y. We know h 10.84 1
x 2 1 y2 5 100. 5 5
d 2 3 5.42 1
y 5 6"100 2 x 2 Yes, the can has dimensions that are larger than the
Omit negative area 5 2xy smallest that the market will accept.
5 2x"100 2 x 2 12. a.
for domain 0 # x # 10 L
Using the max min Algorithm, 5 cm
W
dA 1 21
5 2"100 2 x2 1 2y ? (100 2 x2 ) 2 (22x). (12 – L)
dx 2
dA 12 cm
Let 5 0. Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 12 cm leg
dx
2x2
and width W cm on the 5 cm leg.
2"100 2 x2 2 50 A 5 LW
"100 2 x2
2(100 2 x 2 ) 2 2x 2 5 0 12 2 L W
By similar triangles, 5
100 5 2x 2 12 5
x 2 5 50 60 2 5L 5 12W
60 2 12W
x 5 5"2, x . 0. Thus, y 5 5"2, L 5 10"2 L5
Part 2: If x 5 0, A 5 0 5
(60 2 12W)W
Part 3: If x 5 10, A 5 0 A5 for domain 0 # W # 5
5
The largest area occurs when x 5 5"2 and Using the max min Algorithm,
5 360 2 24W4 5 0, W 5
the area is 10"2"100 2 50 dA 1 60
5 2.5 cm.
5 10"2"50 dW 5 24
(60 2 30) 3 2.5
5 100 square units. When W 5 2.5 cm, A 5 5 15 cm 2.
5
11. a. Let the radius be r cm and the height be h cm.
Then pr 2h 5 1000 Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0
1000 Step 3: If W 5 5, A 5 0
h5 The largest possible area is 15 cm2 and occurs when
pr 2
Surface Area: A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh W 5 2.5 cm and L 5 6 cm.
b.
b
1000
5 2pr 2 1 2pra
pr 2 L
8 cm
2000
5 2pr 2 1 ,0#r#` W
4
dA 2000 (15 – L)
5 4pr 2 2 15 cm
dr r
Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 15 cm leg
dA
For max or min, let 5 0. and width W cm on the 8 cm leg.
dr
2000 A 5 LW 1
4pr 2 50
r2 15 2 L W
By similar triangles, 5
500 15 8
r3 5
p 120 2 8L 5 15W
3500 120 2 15W
Å p
r5 8 5.42 L5 2
8
3-18 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
 (120 2 15W)W Divide by !3:
A5 for domain 0 # W # 8
8 x
Using the max min Algorithm, 30 2 2x 1 5 0
2
5 3120 2 30W 4 5 0, W 5
dA 1 120
5 4 cm. x 5 20.
dW 8 30
To find the largest area, substitute x 5 0, 20, and 30.
(120 2 60) 3 4 A(0) 5 0
When W 5 4 cm, A 5 5 30 cm 2.
"3
8
Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0 A(20) 5 30 !3(20) 2 !3(20)2 1 (20)2
Step 3: If W 5 8, A 5 0 4
The largest possible area is 30 cm2 and occurs when 5 520
W 5 4 cm and L 5 7.5 cm. "3
c. The largest area occurs when the length and width A(30) 5 30 !3(30) 2 !3(30)2 1 (30)2
4
are each equal to one-half of the sides adjacent to 8 390
the right angle. The maximum area is 520 cm2 when the base is
13. a. Let the base be y cm, each side x cm and the 20 cm and each side is 20 cm.
height h cm. b. Multiply the cross-sectional area by the length of
2x 1 y 5 60 the gutter, 500 cm. The maximum volume that can
y 5 60 2 2x be held by this gutter is approximately 500(520) or
1 260 000 cm3.
A 5 yh 1 2 3 (wh)
2 14. a. A
5 yh 1 wh
w B w C x

x h 30° x B C
120°
y A h

From ^ ABC x
h 4x 1 2h 5 6
5 cos 30°
x 2x 1 h 5 3 or h 5 3 2 2x
h 5 x cos 30° 1 "3
"3 Area 5 xh 1
2
3x3
2
x
5 x
2 "3 x 2
w 5 x(3 2 2x) 1
5 sin 30° 4
"3 2
x
w 5 x sin 30° A(x) 5 3x 2 2x 2 1 x
1 4
5 x
2 "3
Ar(x) 5 3 2 4x 1 x, 0 # x # 1.5
"3 "3
2
x
Therefore, A 5 (60 2 2x)a xb 1 3 x For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0, x 8 1.04.
2 2 2
A(0) 5 0, A(1.04) 8 1.43, A(1.5) 8 1.42
"3 2 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2 and
A(x) 5 30!3x 2 !3x 2 1 x , 0 # x # 30
4 occurs when x 5 0.96 cm and h 5 1.09 cm.
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, b. Yes. All the wood would be used for the outer
"3 frame.
Ar(x) 5 30!3 2 2 !3x 1 x
2
Now, set Ar(x) 5 0
"3
30!3 2 2 !3 1 x 5 0.
2
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-19
15. x There is a critical number at t 5 .04 hours
N
v t , .04 .04 t . .04
W E
y 2 0 1
S z d9(t)

Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

Let z represent the distance between the two trains. There is a local minimum at t 5 .04, so the two
After t hours, y 5 60t, x 5 45(1 2 t) vehicles are closest together .04 hours after 1:00, or
1:02. The distance between them at that time is 3 km.
z 2 5 3600t 2 1 452 (1 2 t)2, 0 # t # 1 17. 2
a +b2
dz L
2z 5 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 2 ab
dt w
a2 – b2 – L
dz 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t)
5 a2 – b2
dt 2z
a2 2 b2 2 L W
dz 5
For max or min, let 5 0. a2 2 b2 2ab
dt
7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 5 0 2ab
W5 2 (a 2 2 b 2 2 L)
t 5 0.36 a 2 b2
3a 2L 2 b 2L 2 L 24
When t 5 0, z 2 5 452, z 5 45 2ab
A 5 LW 5 2
t 5 0.36, z 2 5 3600(0.36)2 1 452 (1 2 0.36)2 a 2 b2
z 2 5 129 dA
Let 5 a 2 2 b 2 2 2L 5 0,
z 5 36 dL
t 5 1, z 2 5 !3600 5 60 a2 2 b2
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km and L5
2
occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the station.
ca d
2ab 2 2 a2 2 b2
16. Vehicle 2 and W 5 2 2 b 2 2
a 2 b2 2
d
P Vehicle 1 5 ab.
At any time after 1:00 p.m., the distance between The hypothesis is proven.
the first vehicle and the second vehicle is the 18. Let the height be h and the radius r.
hypotenuse of a right triangle, where one side of the k
Then, pr 2h 5 k, h 5 2.
triangle is the distance from the first vehicle to P pr
Let M represent the amount of material,
and the other side is the distance from the second
M 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
vehicle to P. The distance between them is therefore
5 2pr 2 1 2prha 2 b
k
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 where t is the time in pr
hours after 1:00. To find the time when they are 2k
closest together, d must be minimized. 5 2pr 2 1 , 0 # r # `
r
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 Using the max min Algorithm,
d 5 "3600t 2 1 25 2 800t 1 6400t 2 dM
5 4pr 2 2
2k
d 5 "10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t dr r
1

, r 2 0 or r 5 a b .
20 000t 2 800 dM k k 3
dr 5 Let 5 0, r 3 5
dr 2p 2p
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t
Let dr 5 0: When r S 0, M S `
20 000t 2 800 r S `, M S `
50 1

r5a b
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t k 3
Therefore 20 000t 2 800 5 0 2p
20 000t 5 800
t 5 .04 hours

3-20 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 1
a. The maximum area is 796 cm2 and occurs when
d 5 2a b
k 3
2p all of the wire is used to form a circle.
2 1 b. The minimum area is 350 cm2 when a piece of
k k (2p)3 k3
h5
2
2 5 ? 5 ? 23 wire of approximately 44 cm is bent into a circle.
b
k 3 p
pa 20. y
2p 2
10 (a, (a – 3) )
Min amount of material is 8
2 1
6
b 1 2ka b .
k 3 2p 3
M 5 2pa 4
2p k
1
(–3, 3) 2 x
a b ? 23
1

a b ? 23
k 3
2
k 3 2

h p p 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Ratio 5 1 5 5 –2
2a b
d 1

2a b
k 3 k 3 1
2
3 –4
2p p –6
A x P 100 2 x B
19. Any point on the curve can be represented by
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let (a, (a 2 3)2 ).
AP form the circle and PB the square. The distance from (23, 3) to a point on the curve is
Then, 2pr 5 x d 5 "(a 1 3)2 1 ((a 2 3)2 2 3)2.
x To minimize the distance, we consider the function
r5
2p d(a) 5 (a 1 3)2 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)2.
100 2 x
And the length of each side of the square is . in minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d . 1
4
always.
Area of circle 5 pa b
x 2
2p For critical points, set dr(a) 5 0.
2 dr(a) 5 2(a 1 3) 1 2(a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6)
x
5 if dr(a) 5 0,
4p a 1 3 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6) 5 0
Area of square 5 a b
100 2 x 2
2a 3 2 18a 2 1 49a 2 33 5 0
4 (a 2 1)(2a 2 2 16a 1 33) 5 0
16 6 "28
The total area is
1a b , where 0 # x # 100.
x2 100 2 x 2 a 5 1, or a 5
A(x) 5 4
4p 4
There is only one critical value, a 5 1.
b a2 b
2x 100 2 x 1
Ar(x) 5 1 2a To determine whether a 5 1 gives a minimal value,
4p 4 4 we use the second derivative test:
x 100 2 x dr(a) 5 6a 2 2 36a 1 49
5 2
2p 8 ds (1) 5 6 2 36 1 49
For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0. $ 0.
x 100 2 x Then, d(1) 5 42 1 12
2 50
2p 8 5 17.
100p The minimal distance is d 5 "17, and the point on
x5 1 p 8 44
r the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
A(0) 5 625

1a b 8 350
442 100 2 44 2
A(44) 5
4p 4
1002
A(100) 5 8 796
4p

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-21

21. y For max or min, let Ar(y) 5 0 or 10 2 4y 5 0,
8 y 5 2.5,
6 A(a2, 2a)
A(0) 5 0
4 A(2.5) 5 (10 2 5)(2.5) 5 12.5
2 A(5) 5 0.
D C x
The largest area is 12.5 units squared and occurs
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 when P is at the point (5, 2.5).
–2
B(b2, 2b)
–4 23. y
–6 (0, k)
–8 A B
(k, 0)
Let the point A have coordinates (a 2, 2a). (Note that x
D C
the x-coordinate of any point on the curve is positive,
but that the y-coordinate can be positive or negative. A is (2x, y) and B(x, y)
By letting the x-coordinate be a 2, we eliminate this Area 5 2xy where y 5 k 2 2 x 2
concern.) Similarly, let B have coordinates (b 2, 2b). A(x) 5 2x(k 2 2 x 2 )
The slope of AB is
5 2k 2x 2 2x 3, 2k # x # k
2a 2 2b 2
5 . Ar(x) 5 2k 2 2 6x 2
a2 2 b2 a1b For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0,
Using the mid-point property, C has coordinates 6x 2 5 2k 2
a
a2 1 b2 k
, a 1 bb.
!3
2 x56

, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.

22. y b. C(x) 5 75( !x 2 10)

5 75 !x 2 750
5 75
Cr(x) 5
2!x
B P(x, y)
75
x Cr(1225) 5 5 $1.07
2!1225
0 2 A 10 c. For a marginal cost of $0.50/L,
Let the point P(x, y) be on the line x 1 2y 2 10 5 0. 75
2 !x
5 0.5
Area of ^APB 5 xy
x 1 2y 5 10 or x 5 10 2 2y 75 5 !x
A(y) 5 (10 2 2y)y x 5 5625
5 10y 2 2y 2, 0 # y # 5 The amount of product is 5625 L.
Ar(y) 5 10.4y
3-22 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
21. y For max or min, let Ar(y) 5 0 or 10 2 4y 5 0,
8 y 5 2.5,
6 A(a2, 2a)
A(0) 5 0
4 A(2.5) 5 (10 2 5)(2.5) 5 12.5
2 A(5) 5 0.
D C x
The largest area is 12.5 units squared and occurs
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 when P is at the point (5, 2.5).
–2
B(b2, 2b)
–4 23. y
–6 (0, k)
–8 A B
(k, 0)
Let the point A have coordinates (a 2, 2a). (Note that x
D C
the x-coordinate of any point on the curve is positive,
but that the y-coordinate can be positive or negative. A is (2x, y) and B(x, y)
By letting the x-coordinate be a 2, we eliminate this Area 5 2xy where y 5 k 2 2 x 2
concern.) Similarly, let B have coordinates (b 2, 2b). A(x) 5 2x(k 2 2 x 2 )
The slope of AB is
5 2k 2x 2 2x 3, 2k # x # k
2a 2 2b 2
5 . Ar(x) 5 2k 2 2 6x 2
a2 2 b2 a1b For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0,
Using the mid-point property, C has coordinates 6x 2 5 2k 2
a
a2 1 b2 k
, a 1 bb.
!3
2 x56

, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.

22. y b. C(x) 5 75( !x 2 10)

5 75 !x 2 750
5 75
Cr(x) 5
2!x
B P(x, y)
75
x Cr(1225) 5 5 $1.07
2!1225
0 2 A 10 c. For a marginal cost of $0.50/L,
Let the point P(x, y) be on the line x 1 2y 2 10 5 0. 75
2 !x
5 0.5
Area of ^APB 5 xy
x 1 2y 5 10 or x 5 10 2 2y 75 5 !x
A(y) 5 (10 2 2y)y x 5 5625
5 10y 2 2y 2, 0 # y # 5 The amount of product is 5625 L.
Ar(y) 5 10.4y
3-22 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
2. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2 5. x
a. N(3) 5 60 2 9
5 51 y
N(2) 5 40 2 4
5 36
Label diagram as shown and let the side of length x
cost $6> m and the side of length y be $9> m.
51 2 36 5 15 terms
b. Nr(t) 5 20 2 2t
Therefore, (2x)(6) 1 (2y)(9) 5 9000
Nr(2) 5 20 2 4
5 16 terms> h
2x 1 3y 5 1500.
Area A 5 xy
c. t . 0, so the maximum rate (maximum value of
Nr(t)) is 20. 20 terms> h
1500 2 2x
But y 5 .
6t 3
3. L(t) 5 2
b
1500 2 2x
t 1 2t 1 1 A(x) 5 xa
6(t 2 1 2t 1 1) 2 6t(2t 1 2) 3
a. Lr(t) 5 2
(t 2 1 2t 1 1)2 5 500x 2 x 2 for domain 0 # x # 500
2
26t 1 6 3
5 2 4
(t 1 2t 1 1)2 Ar(x) 5 500 2 x
Let Lr(t) 5 0, then 26t 2 1 6 5 0, 3
t2 5 1 Let Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 375.
t 2 5 61. Using max min Algorithm, 0 # x # 500,
6 6 2
b. L(1) 5 5 5 1.5 A(0) 5 0, A(375) 5 500(375) 2 (375)2
11211 4 3
c. 5 93 750
A(500) 5 0.
The largest area is 93 750 m2 when the width is
250 m by 375 m.
6. Let x be the number of $25 increases in rent.
P(x) 5 (900 1 25x)(50 2 x) 2 (50 2 x)(75)
d. The level will be a maximum. P(x) 5 (50 2 x)(825 1 25x)
e. The level is decreasing. P(x) 5 41 250 1 1250x 2 825x 2 25x 2
h 15 000 000 P(x) 5 41 250 1 425x 2 25x 2
4. C 5 4000 1 1 , 1000 # h # 20 000
Pr(x) 5 425 2 50x
15 h
dC 1 15 000 000 Set Pr(x) 5 0
5 2
dh 15 h2 0 5 425 2 50x
dC 1 15 000 000 50x 5 425
Set 5 0, therefore, 2 5 0,
dh 15 h2 x 5 8.5
h 2 5 225 000 000 x 5 8 or x 5 9
h 5 15 000, h . 0. Pr(0) 5 425 . 0
Using the max min Algorithm, 1000 # h # 20 000. Pr(10) 5 275 , 0
1000 15 000 000 maximum: The real estate office should charge
When h 5 1000, C 5 4000 1 1 ,
15 1000 $900 1 $25(8) 5 $1100 or $900 1 $25(9) 5 $1125
8 19 067. rent to maximize profits. Both prices yield the same
15 000 15 000 000 profit margin.
When h 5 15 000, C 5 4000 1 1 7. Let the number of fare changes be x. Now, ticket
15 15 000
5 6000. price is $20 1 $0.5x. The number of passengers is
When h 5 20 000, C 8 6083. 10 000 2 200x.
The minimum operating cost of $6000> h occurs The revenue R(x) 5 (10 000 2 200x)(20 1 0.5x),
when the plane is flying at 15 000 m. R(x) 5 2200(20 1 0.5x) 1 0.5(1000 2 200x)
5 24000 2 100x 1 5000 2 100x.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-23

Let Rr(x) 5 0: Apply max min Algorithm,
200x 5 1000 as h S 0 C(0) S `
x 5 5. 6 800 000
C(20.4) 5 1 400(20.4)2
The new fare is $20 1 $0.5(5) 5 $22.50 and the 20.4
maximum revenue is $202 500. 5 499 800
8. Cost C 2 a 1 216b 3 t
v3 C(100) 5 4 063 000.
2 Therefore, the dimensions that will keep the cost to
500 a minimum are 20.4 m by 40.8 m by 24.0 m.
Where vt 5 500 or t 5 .
10. Let the height of the cylinder be h cm, the
v
radius r cm. Let the cost for the walls be $k and for
C(v) 5 a 1 216b a b
v3 500
2 v the top $2k.
108 000 1000
5 250v 2 1 , where v $ 0. V 5 1000 5 pr 2h or h 5
v pr 2
2
108 000 The cost C 5 (2pr )(2k) 1 (2prh)k
Cr(v) 5 500v 2
or C 5 4pkr 2 1 2pkr a 2 b
v2 1000
108 000 pr
Let Cr(v) 5 0, then 500v 5 2000k
v2 C(r) 5 4pkr 2 1 ,r$0
108 000 r
v3 5 2000k
500 Cr(r) 5 8pkr 2
v 3 5 216 r2
v 5 6. 2000k
Let Cr(r) 5 0, then 8pkr 5
The most economical speed is 6 nautical miles> h. r2
9. 2000
or r 3 5
8p
r 8 4.3
h
x 1000
h5 5 17.2.
2h p(4.3)2
Label diagram as shown. Since r $ 0, minimum cost occurs when r 5 4.3 cm
We know that (x)(2h)(h) 5 20 000 and h 5 17.2 cm.
or h 2x 5 10 000 11. a. Let the number of $0.50 increase be n.
10 000 New price 5 10 1 0.5n.
x5 Number sold 5 200 2 7n.
h2
Cost C 5 40(2hx) 1 2xh(200) Revenue R(n) 5 (10 1 0.5n)(200 2 7n)
1 100(2)(2h 2 1 xh) 5 2000 1 30n 2 3.5n 2
5 80xh 1 400xh 1 400h 2 1 200xh Profit P(n) 5 R(n) 2 C(n)
5 680xh 1 400h 2 5 2000 1 30n 1 3.5n 2 2 6(200 2 7n)
10 000 5 800 1 72n 2 3.5n 2
Since x 5 , Pr(n) 5 72 2 7n
h2
Let Pr(n) 5 0,
b 1 400h 2, 0 # h # 100
10 000
C(h) 5 680ha 72 2 7n 5 0, n 8 10.
h2
Price per cake 5 10 1 5 5 $15
6 800 000
C(h) 5 1 400h 2 Number sold 5 200 2 70 5 130
h b. Since 200 2 165 5 35, it takes 5 price increases
6 800 000 to reduce sales to 165 cakes.
Cr(h) 5 1 800h.
h2 New price is 10 1 0.5 3 5 5 $12.50.
Let Cr(h) 5 0, The profit is 165 3 5 5 $825.
800h 3 5 6 800 000
h 3 5 8500
h 8 20.4.

3-24 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

c. If you increase the price, the number sold will Rr(0) 5 400 . 0
decrease. Profit in situation like this will increase Rr(100) 5 2600 , 0
for several price increases and then it will decrease maximum: The price of the CD player should
because too many customers stop buying. be $50.
12. Let x be the base length and y be the height. 14. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
Top/bottom: $20> m2 the revenue.
Sides: $30> m2 R 5 (75 2 5x)(14 000 1 800x), x # 7.5
Rr 5 800(75 2 5x) 1 (25)(14 000 1 800x)
4000 cm3 a b 5 0.004 m3
1m 3
100 cm Set Rr 5 0
0.004 5 x 2y 0 5 60 000 2 4000x 2 70 000 2 4000x
0.004 10 000 5 28000x
y5 x 5 21.25
x2
ATop 1 ABottom 5 x 1 x 2
2 Price 5 $75 2 $5(21.25)
5 2x 2 Price 5 $81.25
4ASide 5 4xy Rr(22) 5 6000 . 0
Rr(2) 5 226 000 , 0
C 5 20(2x 2 ) 1 30(4xy)
maximum: The price of a ticket should be $81.25.
C 5 40x 2 1 120xa 2 b
0.004
15. P(x) 5 (2000 2 5x)(1000x)
x
2 21
2 (15 000 000 1 1 800 000x 1 75x 2 )
C 5 40x 1 0.48x
P(x) 5 2 000 000x 2 5000x 2 2 15 000 000
Cr 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
2 1 800 000x 2 75x 2
Set Cr 5 0
P(x) 5 25075x 2 1 200 000x 2 15 000 000
0 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
Pr(x) 5 210 150x 1 200 000
80x 3 5 0.48
Set Pr(x) 5 0
x 3 5 0.006
0 5 210 150x 1 200 000
x 8 0.182
10 150x 5 200 000
0.004
y5 x 8 19.704
0.1822
y 8 0.121 Pr(0) 5 200 000 . 0
Cr(1) 5 79.52 . 0 Pr(20) 5 23000 , 0
Cr(21) 5 280.48 , 0 maximum: The computer manufacturer should sell
19 704 units to maximize profit.
maximum
16. P(x) 5 R(x) 2 C(x)
The jewellery box should be
Marginal Revenue 5 Rr(x).
12.1 cm 3 18.2 cm 3 18.2 cm to minimize the cost
Marginal Cost 5 Cr(x).
of materials.
Now Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Cr(x).
13. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
The critical point occurs when Pr(x) 5 0.
the revenue.
If Rr(x) 5 Cr(x), then Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Rr(x)
R 5 (90 2 x)(50 1 5x)
5 0.
Rr 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change in profit
Set Rr 5 0 is 0 when the marginal revenue equals the marginal
0 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) cost.
0 5 450 2 5x 2 50 2 5x 17. h
0 5 400 2 10x
10x 5 400
x 5 40 r
Price 5 $90 2 $40
Price 5 $50

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-25

Label diagram as shown, Let cost of cylinder be 21755(19s 2 .1s 2 )
$k> m3. Cr 5
(19s 2 .1s 2 )2
V 5 200 (431 775 2 1755s)(19 2 .2s)
4 2
5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
3
(233 345s 1 175.5s 2 )
Note: Surface Area 5 Total cost C Cr 5
Cost C 5 (2prh)k 1 (4pr 2 )2k (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
4 (8 203 725 2 119 700s 1 351s 2 )
But, 200 5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 or 600 5 3pr 2h 1 4pr 2 2
8 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
600 2 4pr 3 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
Therefore, h 5 . Cr 5
3pr 2 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
b1 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 Let Cr 5 0:
C(r) 5 2kpra
3pr 2 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
50
b 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
5 2ka
3r s 5 128.4
There is a critical number at s 5 128.4 km> h
1

Since h # 16, r # a b or 0 # r # 3.6

600 3
4p
s s , 128.4 128.4 s . 128.4
400k 8kpr 2
C(r) 5 2 1 3kpr 2 C9(s) 2 0 1
r 3
400k 16kpr 2 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
5 1
r 3
400k 32kpr There is a local minimum for s 5 128.4, so the cost
Cr(r) 5 2 2 1
r 3 is minimized for a speed of 128.4 km> h.
Let C r(r) 5 0
19. v(r) 5 Ar 2 (r0 2 r), 0 # r # r0
400k 32kpr
2 5 v(r) 5 Ar0r 2 2 Ar 3
r 3 vr(r) 5 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2
50 4pr Let vr(r) 5 0:
5
r2 3 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2 5 0
4pr 3 5 150 2r0r 2 3r 2 5 0
150 r(2r0 2 3r) 5 0
r3 5
4p 2r
r 5 2.29 r 5 0 or r 5 0 .
3
h 8 8.97 m v(0) 5 0
Note: C(0) S `
va 0 b 5 Aa r02b ar0 2 0 b
2r 4 2r
C(2.3) 8 262.5k
3 9 3
C(3.6) 8 330.6k
4
The minimum cost occurs when r 5 230 cm and 5 rA
h is about 900 cm. 27 0
450 450 A(r0 ) 5 0
18. C 5 1.15 3 1 (35 1 15.5) The maximum velocity of air occurs when radius
8 2 .1(s 2 110) s
2r0
517.5 22 725 is .
C5 1 3
2.1s 1 19 s
517.5s 2 2272.5s 1 431 775 Review Exercise, pp. 156–159
C5
19s 2 .1s 2
431 775 2 1755s 1
C5 1. f(x) 5 x 4 2
19s 2 .1s 2 x4
To find the value of s that minimizes C, we need to 5 x 4 2 x 24
calculate the derivative of C. f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 4x 25
f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 20x 26

3-26 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

Label diagram as shown, Let cost of cylinder be 21755(19s 2 .1s 2 )
$k> m3. Cr 5
(19s 2 .1s 2 )2
V 5 200 (431 775 2 1755s)(19 2 .2s)
4 2
5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
3
(233 345s 1 175.5s 2 )
Note: Surface Area 5 Total cost C Cr 5
Cost C 5 (2prh)k 1 (4pr 2 )2k (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
4 (8 203 725 2 119 700s 1 351s 2 )
But, 200 5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 or 600 5 3pr 2h 1 4pr 2 2
8 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
600 2 4pr 3 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
Therefore, h 5 . Cr 5
3pr 2 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
b1 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 Let Cr 5 0:
C(r) 5 2kpra
3pr 2 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
50
b 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
5 2ka
3r s 5 128.4
There is a critical number at s 5 128.4 km> h
1

Since h # 16, r # a b or 0 # r # 3.6

600 3
4p
s s , 128.4 128.4 s . 128.4
400k 8kpr 2
C(r) 5 2 1 3kpr 2 C9(s) 2 0 1
r 3
400k 16kpr 2 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
5 1
r 3
400k 32kpr There is a local minimum for s 5 128.4, so the cost
Cr(r) 5 2 2 1
r 3 is minimized for a speed of 128.4 km> h.
Let C r(r) 5 0
19. v(r) 5 Ar 2 (r0 2 r), 0 # r # r0
400k 32kpr
2 5 v(r) 5 Ar0r 2 2 Ar 3
r 3 vr(r) 5 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2
50 4pr Let vr(r) 5 0:
5
r2 3 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2 5 0
4pr 3 5 150 2r0r 2 3r 2 5 0
150 r(2r0 2 3r) 5 0
r3 5
4p 2r
r 5 2.29 r 5 0 or r 5 0 .
3
h 8 8.97 m v(0) 5 0
Note: C(0) S `
va 0 b 5 Aa r02b ar0 2 0 b
2r 4 2r
C(2.3) 8 262.5k
3 9 3
C(3.6) 8 330.6k
4
The minimum cost occurs when r 5 230 cm and 5 rA
h is about 900 cm. 27 0
450 450 A(r0 ) 5 0
18. C 5 1.15 3 1 (35 1 15.5) The maximum velocity of air occurs when radius
8 2 .1(s 2 110) s
2r0
517.5 22 725 is .
C5 1 3
2.1s 1 19 s
517.5s 2 2272.5s 1 431 775 Review Exercise, pp. 156–159
C5
19s 2 .1s 2
431 775 2 1755s 1
C5 1. f(x) 5 x 4 2
19s 2 .1s 2 x4
To find the value of s that minimizes C, we need to 5 x 4 2 x 24
calculate the derivative of C. f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 4x 25
f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 20x 26

3-26 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

2. y 5 x 9 2 7x 3 1 2 x f (x) 5 2x3 2 9x2
dy
5 9x 8 2 21x 2 22 2 52 min
dx
d 2y 0 0 max
5 72x 7 2 42x
dx 2 3 2 27
1
3. s(t) 5 t 2 1 2(2t 2 3)2 4 2 16
1 1
v 5 sr(t) 5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 (2)
2 The minimum value is 252.
1
5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 The maximum value is 0.
1 3 b. f(x) 5 12x 2 x 3
a 5 ss (t) 5 2 2 (2t 2 3)22 (2) f r(x) 5 12 2 3x 2
2
5 2 2 (2t 2 3)2 2
3
For max min, f r(x) 5 0:
5 3(4 2 x 2 ) 5 0
4. s(t) 5 t 2 7 1 x 5 22 or x 5 2
t
5 t 2 7 1 5t 21 x f (x) 5 12x 2 x3
v(t) 5 1 2 5t 22
23 29
a(t) 5 10t 23
5. s(t) 5 45t 2 5t 2 22 216

v(t) 5 45 2 10t 2 16 max

For v(t) 5 0, t 5 4.5. 5 265 min

t 0 " t * 4.5 4.5 t + 4.5 18

c. f(x) 5 2x 1
v(t) 1 0 2 x
f r(x) 5 2 2 18x 22
Therefore, the upward velocity is positive for
For max min, f r(x) 5 0:
0 # t , 4.5 s, zero for t 5 4.5 s, negative for
18
t . 4.5 s. 52
x2
x2 5 9
45 x 5 63.
30 f (x) 5 2x 1
18
v(t) metres/second

x
x
15 1 20

0 3 12
2 4 6 8 10 18
–15 5 10 1
5
5 13.6

–30 The minimum value is 12.

–45
The maximum value is 20.
7. a. s(t) 5 62 2 16t 1 t 2
t (seconds) v(t) 5 216 1 2t
s(0) 5 62
6. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 Therefore, the front of the car was 62 m from the
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 18x stop sign.
For max min, fr(x) 5 0: b. When v 5 0, t 5 8,
6x(x 2 3) 5 0 s(8) 5 62 2 16(8) 1 (8)2
x 5 0 or x 5 3. 5 62 2 128 1 64
5 22
Yes, the car goes 2 m beyond the stop sign before
stopping.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-27

c. Stop signs are located two are more metres from b. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 8000
an intersection. Since the car only went 2 m beyond i. C(400) 5 640 1 16 000 1 8000
the stop sign, it is unlikely the car would hit another 5 24 640
vehicle travelling perpendicular. 24 640
8 ii. 5 $61.60
8. s(t) 5 1 1 2t 2 2 400
t 11 iii. Cr(x) 5 0.008x 1 40
16t Cr(400) 5 0.008(400) 1 40
v(t) 5 2 1 8(t 2 1 1)22 (2t) 5 2 1 2
(t 1 1)2 5 43.20
a(t) 5 16(t 2 1 1)22 1 16t(22)(t 2 1 1)23 2t Cr(401) 5 0.008(401) 1 40
5 16(t 2 1 1)22 2 64t 2 (t 2 1 1)23 5 $43.21
5 16(t 2 1 1)23 3t 2 1 1 2 4t 24
The marginal cost when x 5 400 is $43.20, and the
cost of producing the 401st item is $43.21.
c. C(x) 5 !x 1 5000
For max min velocities, a(t) 5 0:
3t 2 5 1
i. C(400) 5 20 1 5000
1
t56 5 $5020
"6
.
5020
ii. C(400) 5
t v (t) 5 2 1
16t 400
(t 2 1 1)2 5 $12.55
0 2 min 1 1
iii. C r(x) 5 x 22
16 16 !3 2
1 !3 3
!3
21 521 5 2 1 3!3 max 1
( 13 1 1)2 16
9 5
2!x
32
2 21 5 3.28 1
25 Cr(400) 5
40
The minimum value is 2. 5 $0.025
The maximum value is 2 1 3!3. 8 $0.03
9. u(x) 5 625x 21 1 15 1 0.01x 1
2 !401
Cr(401) 5
ur(x) 5 2625x 2 1 0.01
For a minimum, ur(x) 5 0 5 $0.025
x 2 5 62 500 8 $0.03
x 5 250 The cost to produce the 401st item is $0.03.
1

625
d. C(x) 5 100x2 1 5x 1 700
x u (x) 5 1 0.01x
x 100
i. C(400) 5 1 2000 1 700
1 625.01 20
250 2.5 1 2.5 5 5 min
5 $2705
2750
500
625
1 5 5 6.25 ii. C(400) 5
500 400
5 $6.875
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to 5 $6.88
ensure unit waste is minimized. 3
iii. Cr(x) 5 250x2 2 1 5
10. a. C(x) 5 3x 1 1000 250
i. C(400) 5 1200 1 1000 Cr(400) 5 15
(20)3
5 2200 5 5.00625
2200 5 $5.01
ii. 5 $5.50
400 Cr(401) 5 $5.01
iii. Cr(x) 5 3 The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01.
The marginal cost when x 5 400 and the cost of 11. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 16 000
producing the 401st item are $3.00. Average cost of producing x items is

3-28 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 C(x) dv 32
C(x) 5 b. a 5 5 162t 1 3
x dt t
16 000 2 2 32
C(x) 5 0.004x 1 40 1 At t 5 , a 5 162 3 1 2
x 3 3 3
To find the minimum average cost, we solve 5 216
C r(x) 5 0 Since a . 0, the particle is accelerating.
16 000 14. Let the base be x cm by x cm and the height h cm.
0.004 2 50 Therefore, x 2h 5 10 000.
x2
4x 2 2 16 000 000 5 0 A 5 x 2 1 4xh
x 2 5 4 000 000 10 000
But h 5 ,
x 5 2000, x . 0 x2

b
From the graph, it can be seen that x 5 2000 is a 10 000
A(x) 5 x 2 1 4xa
minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000 x2
items minimizes the average cost. 400 000
12. a. s(t) 5 3t 2 2 10 5 x2 1 , for x $ 5
x
v(t) 5 6t
400 000
v(3) 5 18 Ar(x) 5 2x 2 ,
x2
v(3) . 0, so the object is moving to the right.
400 000
s(3) 5 27 2 10 5 17. The object is to the right of Let Ar(x) 5 0, then 2x 5
the starting point and moving to the right, so it is x2
3
moving away from its starting point. x 5 200 000
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 4t 2 2 10 x 5 27.14.
s(0) 5 210 Using the max min Algorithm,
Therefore, its starting position is at 210. A(5) 5 25 1 80 000 5 80 025
s(3) 5 227 1 36 2 10 A(27.14) 8 15 475
5 21 The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
v(t) 5 23t 2 1 8t 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
v(3) 5 227 1 24 15. Let the length be x and the width y.
5 23
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object y y y y y y
is moving away from the origin and towards its
starting position.
16 x
13. s 5 27t 3 1 1 10, t . 0
t 12 000
P 5 2x 1 6y and xy 5 12 000 or y 5
16 x
a. v 5 81t 2 2 2
t 12 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 6 3
16 x
81t 2 2 2 5 0
t 72 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 , 10 # x # 1200(5 3 240)
81t 4 5 16 x
16 72 000
t4 5 Ar(x) 5 2 2
81 x2
2 Let Ar(x) 5 0,
t56
3 2x 2 5 72 000
t.0 x 2 5 36 000
2 x 8 190.
Therefore, t 5 .
3 Using max min Algorithm,
A(10) 5 20 1 7200 5 7220 m 2
A(190) 8 759 m 2
A(1200) 5 1 440 060

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-29

The dimensions for the minimum amount of fencing is Using max min Algorithm,
a length of 190 m by a width of approximately 63 m. A(2) 8 550
16. x A(4.3) 8 349
x A(5) 8 357
40–2x
For a minimum amount of material, the can should
20–2x be constructed with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height
of 8.6 cm.
18. R

Let the width be w and the length 2w. 1 km 1 + x2

Then, 2w 2 5 800
8–x
w 2 5 400
A C x B
w 5 20, w . 0.
Let the corner cuts be x cm by x cm. The dimensions 8
of the box are shown. The volume is Let x be the distance CB, and 8 2 x the distance AC.
V(x) 5 x(40 2 2x)(20 2 2x) Let the cost on land be $k and under water $1.6k.
5 4x 3 2 120x 2 2 800x, 0 # x # 10 The cost C(x) 5 k(8 2 x) 1 1.6k"1 1 x 2,
Vr(x) 5 12x 2 2 240x 2 800 0 # x # 8.
Let Vr(x) 5 0: 1 1
12x 2 2 240x 2 800 5 0 Cr(x) 5 2k 1 1.6k 3 (1 1 x 2 )22 (2x)
2
3x 2 2 60x 2 200 5 0
1.6kx
60 6 "3600 2 2400 5 2k 1
x5 "1 1 x 2
6 Let C r(x) 5 0,
x 8 15.8 or x 5 4.2, but x # 10. 1.6kx
2k 1 50
"1 1 k 2
Using max min Algorithm,
V(0) 5 0
1.6x
V(4.2) 5 1540 cm 2 51
V(10) 5 0. "1 1 k 2
Therefore, the base is 1.6x 5 !1 1 x 2
40 2 2 3 4.2 5 31.6 2.56x 2 5 1 1 x 2
by 20 2 2 3 4.2 5 11.6 1.56x 2 5 1
The dimensions are 31.6 cm by 11.6 cm by x 2 8 0.64
4.2 cm. x 5 0.8, x . 0
17. Let the radius be r cm and the height h cm. Using max min Algorithm,
V 5 pr 2h 5 500 A(0) 5 9.6k
A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh A(0.8) 5 k(8 2 0.8) 1 1.6k"1 1 (0.8)2 5 9.25k
500 A(8) 5 12.9k
Since h 5 2 , 6 # h # 15 The best way to cross the river is to run the pipe
pr
8 2 0.8 or 7.2 km along the river shore and then
A(r) 5 2pr 2 1 2pra 2 b
500
pr cross diagonally to the refinery.
1000 19. S y B
5 2pr 2 1 for 2 # r # 5
r
1000 x
Ar(r) 5 4pr 2 2 . z
r
Let Ar(r) 5 0, then 4pr 3 5 1000,
A
1000
r3 5 Let y represent the distance the westbound train
4p
r 8 4.3. is from the station and x the distance of the

3-30 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

northbound train from the station S. Let t Then, RC 5 20 2 x and 4.
represent time after 10:00. PC 5 "25 1 x 2
Then x 5 100t, y 5 (120 2 120t) The cost:
Let the distance AB be z. C(x) 5 100 000"25 1 x 2 1 75 000(20 2 x),
z 5 "(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2, 0 # t # 1 0 # x # 20
5 3(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)24 22
dz 1 1 1 1
Cr(x) 5 100 000 3 (25 1 x 2 )22 (2x) 2 75 000.
dt 2 2
3 32 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 (120(1 2 t))4 Let C r(x) 5 0,
dz 100 000x
Let 5 0, that is
!25 1 x 2
dt 2 75 000 5 0

4x 5 3 !25 1 x2
2 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 120(1 2 t)
50
2" (100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2 16x 2 5 9(25 1 x 2 )
or 20 000t 5 28 800(1 2 t) 7x 2 5 225
48 800t 5 288 000 x 2 8 32
288 x 8 5.7.
t5 8 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
488 Using max min Algorithm,
When t 5 0, z 5 120. A(0) 5 100 000!25 1 75 000(20) 5 2 000 000
t 5 0.59
A(5.7) 5 100 000!25 1 5.72 1 75 000(20 2 5.7)
z 5 "(100 3 0.59)2 1 (120 2 120 3 0.59)2 5 1 830 721.60
5 76.8 km A(20) 5 2 061 552.81.
t 5 1, z 5 100 The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and the pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km
occurs at 10:35. from point A, directly across from P.
20. Let the number of price increases be n. 22.
New selling price 5 100 1 2n. 3 cm
Number sold 5 120 2 n.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (100 1 2n)(120 2 n) 2 70(120 2 n),
2 cm

0 # n # 120
5 3600 1 210n 2 2n 2 h
Pr(n) 5 210 2 4n
Let Pr(n) 5 0
210 2 4n 5 0
n 5 52.5.
Therefore, n 5 52 or 53.
Using max min Algorithm, w
P(0) 5 3600 A 5 hw
P(52) 5 9112 81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4)
P(53) 5 9112 81
P(120) 5 0 5w24
h26
The maximum profit occurs when the portable MP3 are 81
sold at $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 portable MP3. 145w
h26
21. p
81 1 4(h 2 6)
5 km 5w
20 – x x h26
R
C A 4h 1 57
5w
20 km h26
Let x represent the distance AC. Substitute for w in the area equation and differentiate:

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-31

 4h 1 57 2240 000
A 5 (h) Cr 5 1 284
h26 y2
4h 2 1 57h 284y 2 2 240 000
A5 Cr 5
h26 y2
(8h 1 57)(h 2 6) 2 (4h 2 1 57h) Let Cr 5 0:
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 284y 2 2 240 000
50
8h 1 9h 2 342 2 4h 2 2 57h
2
y2
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 Therefore 284y 2 2 240 000 5 0
2
4h 2 48h 2 342 284y 2 5 240 000
Ar 5 y 5 29.1 m
(h 2 6)2
Let Ar 5 0: y y , 29.1 y . 29.1
29.1
4h 2 2 48h 2 342
50 2
(h 2 6)2 C9(y) 0 1
Therefore, 4h 2 2 48h 2 342 5 0 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
Using the quadratic formula, h 5 17.02 cm
There is a local minimum at y 5 29.1 m, so that is the
h t , 17.02 17.02 t . 17.02
minimizing value. To find x, use the equation
A9(h) 2 0 1 1000
5x
y
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
1000
5x
There is a local minimum at h 5 17.02 cm, so that is 29.1
the minimizing height. x 5 34.4 m
81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4) The fence and the side opposite it should be 34.4 m,
81 5 11.02(w 2 4) and the other two sides should be 29.1 m.
7.35 5 w 2 4 24. Boat 2
w 5 11.35 cm
The dimensions of the page should be d
11.35 cm 3 17.02 cm.
23.
Boat 1 Dock
y The distance between the boats is the hypotenuse of a
right triangle. One side of the triangle is the distance
from the first boat to the dock and the other side is
x the distance from the second boat to the dock. The
= Brick = Fence distance is given by the equation
C 5 (192 1 48)x 1 192(2y) d(t) 5 "(15t)2 1 (12 2 12t)2 where t is hours
C 5 240x 1 284y after 2:00
1000 5 xy d(t) 5 "369t 2 2 288t 1 144
1000 To find the time that minimizes the distance, calculate
5x
y the derivative and find the critical numbers:
1000 738t 2 288
Substitute
y
for y in the cost equation and differen- dr(t) 5
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
tiate to find the minimizing value for x: Let dr(t) 5 0:
1000 738t 2 288
C 5 240 1 284y 50
y
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
240 000 Therefore, 738t 2 288 5 0
C5 1 284y
y 738t 5 288
t 5 .39 hours
3-32 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications
 t t , .39 .39 t . .39 L(0) 5 "16 1 02 1 "100 2 16(0) 1 02 5 14
d9(t) 2 0 1 L(3.2) 5 "16 1 3.22 1 "100 2 16(3.2) 1 3.22
8 12.8
L(8) 5 "16 1 82 1 "100 2 16(8) 1 82 8 14.9
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

There is a local minimum at t 5 .39 hours, so the So the rest stop should be built 3.2 km from point C.
ships were closest together at 2:23. 26. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 1 6, 21 # x # 7
25. Dundas f r(x) 5 2x 2 2
Set f r(x) 5 0
Ancaster
0 5 2x 2 2
rest 6
4 stop x51
x 8–x f(21) 5 (21)2 2 2(21) 1 6
C 8 D f(21) 5 1 1 2 1 6
Let the distance from C to the rest stop be x and so f(21) 5 9
the distance from the rest stop to D is 8 2 x, as f(7) 5 (7)2 2 2(7) 1 6
shown. The distance from Ancaster to the rest stop f(7) 5 49 2 14 1 6
is therefore f(7) 5 41
"42 1 x 2 5 "16 1 x 2, and the distance from the
f(1) 5 12 2 2(1) 1 6
f(1) 5 1 2 2 1 6
rest stop to Dundas is
f(1) 5 5
"62 1 (8 2 x)2 5 "36 1 64 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Maximum: f(7) 5 41
5 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Minimum: f(1) 5 5
So the total length of the trails is b. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2, 23 # x # 3
L 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x
The minimum cost can be found by expressing L as Set f r(x) 5 0
a function of x and examining its derivative to find 0 5 3x 2 1 2x
critical points. 0 5 x(3x 1 2)
L(x) 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2, which is 2
x 5 2 or x 5 0
defined for 0 # x # 8 3
2x 2x 2 16 f(23) 5 (23)3 1 (23)2
Lr(x) 5 1
2"16 1 x 2
2"100 2 16x 1 x 2 f(23) 5 227 1 9
f(23) 5 218
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2
5
"(16 1 x 2 )(100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) f a2 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b
2 2 3 2 2
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting 3 3 3

f a2 b 5 2 1
Lr(x) 5 0: 2 8 4
3 27 9
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2 5 0
f a2 b 5
2 4
x 2 (100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) 5 (x 2 2 16x 1 64)(16 1 x 2 )
3 27
100x 2 2 16x 3 1 x 4 5 x 4 2 16x 3 1 64x 2
1 16x 2 2 256x 1 1024 f(0) 5 (0)3 1 (0)2
2
20x 1 256x 2 1024 5 0 f(0) 5 0
4(5x 2 16)(x 1 16) 5 0 f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2
So x 5 3.2 and x 5 216 are the critical points of f(3) 5 27 1 9
the function. Only the positive root is within the f(3) 5 36
interval of interest, however. The minimum total Absolute Maximum: f(3) 5 36
length therefore occurs at this point or at one of the Absolute Minimum: f(23) 5 218
endpoints of the interval: c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 12x 1 2, 25 # x # 5
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-33

Set f r (x) 5 0 20
Å 0.9
0 5 3x 2 2 12 t5
x2 5 4 t 8 4.714
x 5 22 or x 5 2 (24.714 is inadmissible)
f(25) 5 (25)3 2 12(25) 1 2 s(4.714) 5 20(4.714) 2 0.3(4.714)3
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 8 62.9 m
f(25) 5 263 b. From the solution to a., the stopping time is
f(2) 5 (2)3 2 12(2) 1 2 about 4.7 s.
f(2) 5 8 2 24 1 2 c. ss (t) 5 21.8t
f(2) 5 214 ss (2) 5 21.8(2)
f(22) 5 (22)3 2 12(22) 1 2 5 23.6 m> s2
f(22) 5 28 1 24 1 2 The deceleration is 3.6 m> s2.
f(22) 5 18 d
28. a. f r (x) 5 (5x 3 2 x)
f(5) 5 (5)3 2 12(5) 1 2 dx
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 15x 2 2 1
d
f(5) 5 67 f s (x) 5 (15x 2 2 1)
dx
Absolute Maximum: f(5) 5 67
5 30x
Absolute Minimum: f(25) 5 263
So f s (2) 5 30(2) 5 60
d. f(x) 5 3x 5 2 5x 3, 22 # x # 4 d
f r (x) 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 b. f r (x) 5 (22x 23 1 x 2 )
dx
Set f r (x) 5 0 5 6x 24 1 2x
0 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 d
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 2 1) f s (x) 5 (6x 24 1 2x)
dx
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 1)(x 1 1) 5 224x 25 1 2
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1 So f s (21) 5 224(21)25 1 2 5 26
f(22) 5 3(22)5 2 5(22)3 d
f(22) 5 296 1 40 c. f r (x) 5 (4x 2 1)4
dx
f(22) 5 256 5 4(4x 2 1)3 (4)
f(0) 5 3(0)5 1 5(0)3
5 16(4x 2 1)3
f(0) 5 0
d
Note: (0, 0) is not a maximum or a minimum f s (x) 5 (16(4x 2 1)3 )
f(4) 5 3(4)5 2 5(4)3 dx
5 16(3)(4x 2 1)2 (4)
f(4) 5 3072 2 320
5 192(4x 2 1)2
f(4) 5 2752
So f s (0) 5 192(4(0) 2 1)2 5 192
f(21) 5 3(21)5 2 5(21)3
d. f r (x) 5 a b
f(21) 5 23 1 5 d 2x
f(21) 5 2 dx x 2 5
(x 2 5)(2) 2 (2x)(1)
f(1) 5 3(1)5 2 5(1)3 5
(x 2 5)2
f(1) 5 3 2 5
210
f(1) 5 22 5
(x 2 5)2
Absolute Maximum: f(4) 5 2752
a b
Absolute Minimum: f(22) 5 256 d 210
f s (x) 5
27. a. s(t) 5 20t 2 0.3t 3 dx (x 2 5)2
sr (t) 5 20 2 0.9t 2 (x 2 5)2 (0) 2 (210)(2(x 2 5))
5
The car stops when sr (t) 5 0. (x 2 5)4
20 2 0.9t 2 5 0
0.9t 2 5 20

3-34 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 20 212
5 5
(x 2 5)3 (t 1 3)3
20 5 2(3)
So f s (1) 5 52 s(3) 5
(1 2 5)3 16 313
1
e. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 (x 1 5)2. Then 6
5
d 1 6
f r(x) 5
dx
(
(x 1 5) 2 ) 51
1 1
6
5 (x 1 5)22 sr(3) 5
2 (3 1 3)2
a (x 1 5)22 b
d 1 1
6
f s (x) 5 5
dx 2 36
5 a b a2 b (x 1 5)22
1 1 3 1
5
2 2 6
1 3 212
5 2 (x 1 5)22 ss (3) 5
4 (3 1 3)3
1 1 212
3
So f s (4) 5 2 (4 1 5)22 5 2 5
4 108 216
2
f. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 3. Then 1
52
d 23 18
f r(x) 5
dx
x( ) At t 5 3, position is 1, velocity is 16, acceleration is
2 181 , and speed is 16.
5 a bx 23
2 1

3 5
b. s(t) 5 t 1
t12
aa bx b
d 2 213
f s (x) 5 (t 1 2)(0) 2 5(1)
dx 3 sr(t) 5 1 1
(t 1 2)2
5 a b a2 bx 23
2 1 4

3 3 5
512
(t 1 2)2
5 2 a bx 23
2 4

9 (t 1 2)2 (0) 2 532(t 1 2)(1)4

ss (t) 5 0 2
(t 1 2)4
So f s (8) 5 2 a b (8)23 5 2
2 4 1
9 72 10(t 1 2)
5
(t 1 2)4
2t
29. a. s(t) 5 10
t13 5
(t 1 3)(2) 2 2t(1) (t 1 2)3
sr(t) 5 5
(t 1 3)2 s(1) 5 1 1
2t 1 6 2 2t 112
5 5
(t 1 3)2 511
6 3
5 8
(t 1 3)2 5
3
(t 1 3)2 (0) 2 6(2(t 1 3) 1 1)
ss (t) 5 5
(t 1 3)4 sr(1) 5 1 2
(1 1 2)2
26(2t 1 6)
5 5
(t 1 3)4 512
9
212(t 1 3)
5 4
(t 1 3)4 5
9

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-35

 10 b. f(x) 5 29x 5 2 4x 3 1 6x 2 12
ss (1) 5
(1 1 2)3 f r(x) 5 245x 4 2 12x 2 1 6
10 f s (x) 5 2180x 3 2 24x
5 c. y 5 5x 23 1 10x 3
27
At t 5 3, position is 83, velocity is 49, acceleration is yr 5 215x 24 1 30x 2
10 4 ys 5 60x 25 1 60x
27 , and speed is 9 .
2 d. f(x) 5 (4x 2 8)3
30. a. s(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)3, t $ 0 f r(x) 5 3(4x 2 8)2 (4)
2 1
5 12(4x 2 8)2
v(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)
3 f s (x) 5 24(4x 2 8)(4)
a(t) 5 96(4x 2 8)
c 2 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)(2t 1 1) 1 2(t 2 1 1)23 d
2 1 4 1 2. a. s(t) 5 23t 3 1 5t 2 2 6t
5
3 3 v(t) 5 29t 2 1 10t 2 6
v(3) 5 29(9) 1 30 2 6
5 a2 b (t 2 1 t)23 3(2t 1 1)2 2 6(t 2 1 1)4
2 1 4

3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14

3-36 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

 10 b. f(x) 5 29x 5 2 4x 3 1 6x 2 12
ss (1) 5
(1 1 2)3 f r(x) 5 245x 4 2 12x 2 1 6
10 f s (x) 5 2180x 3 2 24x
5 c. y 5 5x 23 1 10x 3
27
At t 5 3, position is 83, velocity is 49, acceleration is yr 5 215x 24 1 30x 2
10 4 ys 5 60x 25 1 60x
27 , and speed is 9 .
2 d. f(x) 5 (4x 2 8)3
30. a. s(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)3, t $ 0 f r(x) 5 3(4x 2 8)2 (4)
2 1
5 12(4x 2 8)2
v(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)
3 f s (x) 5 24(4x 2 8)(4)
a(t) 5 96(4x 2 8)
c 2 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)(2t 1 1) 1 2(t 2 1 1)23 d
2 1 4 1 2. a. s(t) 5 23t 3 1 5t 2 2 6t
5
3 3 v(t) 5 29t 2 1 10t 2 6
v(3) 5 29(9) 1 30 2 6
5 a2 b (t 2 1 t)23 3(2t 1 1)2 2 6(t 2 1 1)4
2 1 4

3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14

3-36 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

e. v(5) 5 10 2 3 5 7 m>s Let x represent the width of the field in m, x . 0.
v(2) 5 4 2 3 5 1 m>s Let y represent the length of the field in m.
721 4x 1 2y 5 2000 1
average velocity 5
522 A 5 xy 2

5 2 m>s2 From 1 : y 5 1000 2 2x. Restriction 0 , x , 500

3
4. a. f(x) 5 x 2 12x 1 2 Substitute into 2 :
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12x A(x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
2
3x 2 12x 5 0 5 1000x 2 2x 2
3x(x 2 4) 5 0 Ar(x) 5 1000 2 4x.
x 5 0 or x 5 4 For a max min, Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 250
Test the endpoints and the values that make the x A (x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
derivative 0.
0 lim 1 A(x) 5 0
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 5 263 min xS0

f(0) 5 2
250 A(250) 5 125 000 max
f(4) 5 64 2 48 1 2 5 18
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 67 max 1000 lim
xS1000
A(x) 5 0
9
b. f(x) 5 x 1
x x 5 250 and y 5 500.
5 x 1 9x 21 Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
f r(x) 5 1 2 9x 22 500
3 m in length.
1 2 9x 22 5 0 7.
9
12 250
x
x2 2 9
50
x2 y
x2 2 9 5 0 x
x 5 63
x 5 23 is not in the given interval. 2x
f(1) 5 1 1 9 5 10 max Let x represent the height.
f(3) 5 3 1 3 5 6 min Let 2x represent the width.
f(6) 5 6 1 1.5 5 7.5 Let y represent the length.
5. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45 Volume 10 000 5 2x 2y
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21 Cost:
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t. C 5 0.02(2x)y 1 2(0.05)(2x 2 )
29.8t 1 21 5 0 1 2(0.05)(xy) 1 0.1(2xy)
9.8t 5 21 5 0.04xy 1 0.2x 2 1 0.1xy 1 0.2xy
t 8 2.1 s 5 0.34xy 1 0.2x 2
The graph has a max or min at t 5 2.1 s. Since the 10 000 5000
But y 5 2 5 2 .
equation represents a parabola, and the lead coeffi- 2x x
Therefore, C(x) 5 0.34xa 2 b 1 0.2x 2
cient is negative, the value must be a maximum. 5000
b. h(2.1) 5 24.9(2.1)2 1 21(2.1) 1 0.45 x
8 22.9 1700
5 1 0.2x 2, x $ 0
The maximum height is about 22.9 m. x
6. 21700
C r(x) 5 1 0.4x.
x2
x

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-37

Let C r(x) 5 0: 8. Let x = the number of $100 increases, x $ 0.
21700 The number of units rented will be 50 2 10x.
1 0.4x 5 0
x2 The rent per unit will be 850 1 100x.
0.4x 3 5 1700 R(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(50 2 10x)
x 3 5 4250 Rr(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(210) 1 (50 2 10x)(100)
x 8 16.2. 5 28500 2 1000x 1 5000 2 1000x
Using max min Algorithm, 5 22000x 2 3500
C(0) S ` Set Rr(x) 5 0
1700 0 5 23500 2 2000x
C(16.2) 5 1 0.2(16.2)2 5 157.4. 2000x 5 23500
16.2
Minimum when x 5 16.2, 2x 5 32.4 and y 5 19.0. x 5 21.75 but x $ 0
The required dimensions are 162 mm by 324 mm To maximize revenue the landlord should not
by 190 mm. increase rent. The residents should continue to pay
$850> month.

3-38 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications