5/15/2019 ASME Conferences - Program

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

OMAE®

Tuesday, June 11
10:30 AM - 12:00 PM
Technical Session

4-3-6 ECA

Symposia: SYMP 4 Pipelines, Risers, and Subsea Systems

Topic: 4-3 Rigid Pipelines
Location: Castle 3, Crowne Plaza

Organizers
Dr. Bostjan Bezensek Dr. Andrew Cosham
Session Chair Session Co-Chair
Shell Ninth Planet Engineering Ltd
Laurencekirk, United Kingdom Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Papers
1. Fatigue life assessment for pipeline dents under highway crossing

Paper Number: -95450

Authors
Dr. M Liu
Pipelines Engineering Manager, Aker Solutions
Mr. Colin Cross
Vice President, Aker Solutions
Mr. Jason Brown
Vice President, Aker Solutions

Abstract

A routine inline inspection pigging revealed a number of dent anomalies in an onshore pipeline transporting
refined products. A detailed fitness for service assessment was subsequently performed by a leading engineering

consultant company using the best industry practices, concluding that the dent defects with varying level of
ovality in the order of 5% presented no immediate threat to the normal service under projected pressure cycles.
The plain dent defect features were classified into a non-urgent category well down the scheduled repair list,

requiring no priority intervention or replacement programme except further monitoring inspections and
operating pressure control before a repair was planned. However, the dent defects in the proximity of highway
crossings predicted to have longer remnant fatigue life failed unexpectedly within a much shorter time span,

leading to costly emergency replacement and disruptive system downtime. This disparity has raised a question
about the likely failure cause, uncertainty and reliability of the defect assessment. To this end, one anomaly is re-
examined and its study is presented in this paper on how a fitness for service assessment for such dent

anomalies can be improved involving FEA modelling and consideration of some of the lessons learnt from similar

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failures and assessment experiences. It demonstrates that certain dynamic loading and additional fatigue
promoting factors commonly ignored are of importance for fatigue life assessment.

2. Integrity Assessment of Subsea Pipeline Dent / Buckle Using ILI Data

Paper Number: -95470

Authors
Dr. Gurumurthy Kagita
GM, ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED
Dr. Gudimella G. S., Achary
DGM, Engineers India Limited
Mr. Mahesh Babu Addala
Manager, Engineers India Limited
Mr. Balaji Srinivasan
Senior Manager, ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED
Mr. Penchala S. K., Pottem
Manager, Engineers India Limited
Mr. Deepak Gupta
Manager, Engineers India Limited
Mr. Subramanyam V. R., Sripada
Sr. GM, Engineers India Limited

Abstract

Mechanical damage in subsea pipelines in the form of local dents / buckles due to excessive bending
deformation may severely threaten their structural integrity. A dent / buckle has two significant effects on the
pipeline integrity. Notably, residual stresses are set up as result of the plastic deformation and stress
concentrations are created due to change in pipe geometry caused by the denting / buckling process. To assess
the criticality of dent / buckle, which often can be associated with strain induced flaws in the highly deformed

metal, integrity assessment is required. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the severity of dent / buckle in a
48" subsea pipeline and to make the rerate, repar or replacement decision. This paper presents Level 3 integrity
assessment of a subsea pipeline dent / buckle with metal loss, reported in in-line inspection (ILI), in accordance
with Fitness-For-Service Standard API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. In this paper, the deformation process that caused the
damage (i.e. dent / buckle) with metal loss is numerically simulated using ILI data in order to determine the
magnitude of permanent plastic strain developed and to evaluate the protection against potential failure modes.

For numerical simulation, elastic-plastic finite element analyses (FEA) are performed considering the material as
well as geometric non-linearity using general purpose finite element software ABAQUS/CAE 2017. Based on the
numerical simulation results, the integrity assessment of dented / buckled subsea pipeline segment with metal
loss has been performed to assess the fitness-for-service at the operating loads.

3. ECAs and Lateral Buckling

Paper Number: -95529

Authors
Dr. Andrew Cosham
Managing Director, Ninth Planet Engineering Ltd
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Mr. Malcolm Carr

Director Subsea, Crondall energy
Mr. Ian MacRae
Principal Consultant, Crondall energy
Dr. Kenneth Macdonald
Professor, University of Stavanger

Abstract

An engineering critical assessment (ECA) is commonly conducted during the design of an offshore pipeline in
order to determine the tolerable size of flaws in the girth welds. API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 2016 and BS
7910:2013+A1:2015 Incorporating Corrigenda Nos. 1 and 2 give guidance on conducting fitness-for-service
assessments of cracks and crack-like flaws. DNVGL-RP-F108, 2017 Assessment of flaws in pipeline and riser girth

welds describes a methodology to satisfy the fracture and fatigue limit states in DNVGL-ST-F101, 2017 based on
Option 2 with ductile tearing in BS 7910:2013. It requires that the stress-strain curve used in a strain-based
fracture mechanics analysis should represent a high yield strength combined with low strain-hardening
properties (a characteristic high stress-strain curve with low strain hardening), and that used in a stress-based
fracture mechanics assessment should represent a low yield strength. A pipeline operating at high temperatures
and/or high pressures is subject to high compressive axial forces. The pipeline might then relieve these forces by

buckling. A design that incorporates controlled lateral buckling is an efficient solution to the problem of high
compressive axial stresses. Lateral buckling does, however, give rise to relatively high tensile axial strains
(possibly exceeding 0.4 percent) in the pipe wall, and, relatively high fatigue loading associated with movement
of the buckle under start-up and shut-down cycles. The calculated tensile axial strain in the pipe wall in a lateral
buckle depends on the assumed stress-strain curve. It tends to be higher if a low yield strength combined with
low strain-hardening properties is assumed. There is then an apparent inconsistency between the two sets of
assumptions. A deterministic assessment of a circumferentially-orientated, internal surface crack-like flaw in a

girth weld in a lateral buckle is used to investigate the significance of this apparent inconsistency.

4. DENTED EXTERNALLY-PRESSURISED PIPES SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC AXIAL LOADING

Paper Number: -95814

Authors
Mr. Konstantinos Chatziioannou
PhD student, The University of Edinburgh
Dr. Yuner Huang
Lecturer of Structural Engineering, The University of Edinburgh
Prof. Spyros A. Karamanos
Professor, The University of Edinburgh

Abstract

The present paper describes a numerical investigation of the mechanical response of externally-pressurized
dented stainless-steel pipes, subjected to reverse cyclic axial loading. This is the first part of a large-scale project,
between The University of Edinburgh and Tianjin University, and is motivated by the mechanical response of
offshore pipelines, which are often subjected to cyclic loading during installation or operation. Under those cyclic
loading conditions, the pipe may collapse because of accumulation of plastic deformations at the dent area. The

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paper describes a numerical simulation of the above physical problem, in an attempt to support experiments on

50mm-diameter stainless steel pipes, which are being performed at the laboratory facilities of Tianjin University.
Pipe segments are subjected to reverse cyclic axial loading (tension and compression), in the presence of
external pressure. Prior to the application of external pressure and axial load, the pipes are locally dented, in the
form of “smooth dent” or “local ovalization”, so that collapse initiates at the dent area. The numerical simulation
is aimed at examining some aspects of pipeline behavior to support and complement the experimental
observations. The simulation is conducted using rigorous finite element tools, which account for large
displacement and nonlinear material. Towards this purpose, an advanced material model is employed, capable of
describing the phenomenological aspects of material response under cyclic loading, such as the accumulation of
plastic strain and ratcheting. In the first part of the analysis, the local ovalization (denting) process is simulated.
Subsequently, the pipes are subjected to uniform constant external pressure and, keeping the pressure level
constant, monotonic or cyclic axial loading is applied until collapse. The numerical results are aimed at
identifying the inter-relation between the magnitude of the applied loading and the number of loading cycles to

failure. The results are presented in diagrams of axial displacement, ovalization and local strain versus the
corresponding number of cycles to failure, for specific levels of external pressure.

© The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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