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Reference :
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Reference:
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MVGR. COLLEGE OF ENGIN EERING

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Reference:
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINFERING

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Dr. K. RAJESWARA RAO, Professor

 o

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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Dr. K. RAJESWARA RAO, Professor

 Atue- @
-7
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , MVGR COLLEGE OF &-.\
B.-I''CH III YEAR II SEMESTER rue rrurrnrire iL
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Instructor : Dr. K. llajeswara Rao
R efe rence:
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MVGR COLLEGE OF (f
B.TECHll|Y_EAR||SEIVlESTERffiENG|NEER|NG-x-
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iii:ji:r iri-i(.t:
 Uaa'
ilt nl>lr o
--t unwY)
1.3 Basic Concepts of Prestressing 7.

Photo 1.6 stratford *8" condeep offshore oil drilling plarform, Norway. (colr.
tesy,BeaC. Gerwick.)

_To{ay, prestressed @ncrete is gsed in buildings, underground structures, TV tow-

eis, floating storage and offshore structures, po*ut it"tioos, iuclear reactor vessels, and
numerous types of bridge systems including segmental and cable-stayed bridges. Note
the variety-of Prestressed structures in the photoi throughout the bookjthey aemonstrate
the versatility of the prestressing concept and its all-enc-ompassing applications. The suc-
cess in the development and constructibn of all these landmark struc-turet
has been due
in no small measure to tle advances in the technology of materials, particularly prestress-
ing steel, and the accumulated knowledge in estimatlng the short- aod loog+"r-
losses in
the prestressing foroes.

1.3 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

1.3.1 Introduction
The prestressing force Pthat satisfies the particular conditions of geometry
and loading
of a given element (see Figure 1.2) is determined from the principt& of mechanics
and of
stress-strain relationships. sometimes simplification is necessary, as when prestresed
a
beam is assumed to be homogeneous and elastic.
consider, then, a simply supported rectangular'beam subjected to a concentric pte-
stressing force P as shown in Figure 1.2(a). The iompressive strlss on rhe beam
cross sec-
tion is uniform and has an inteniitv
 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

Photo L7 Snnshine S(vway Bridgc, Tampa Bay, Florida. Designed by Figg and
Muller Engineers, Inc, the bridge has a 1,20Gft cable-stayed main span with a sin-
gle pyloq 175-ft vertical clearance, and total length of 21,878 ft. It has nvin 4$ft
roadways and has 13$ft spans in precasr segmental sections and high approaches to
elcvation + 130 fu (Counesy, Figg and Muller Engineers, Inc.)

f=-* (1.1)

where A" = bh is the cros-sectional area of a beam section of width D and total depth lz.
A minus sign is used for compression and a p/rzs sign f6r tension throughout the text.
Also, bending moments are drawn on the.tensile side of the member.
If external transverse loads are applied to the beam, causing a maximum moment
M at midspan, tbe resulting stress becomes

f=-1 - Mc,, (1.2a)

and

fr= -I +- Mc
Is
(1.2b)

where /' = stress at tbe top fibers

.fa= stress at the bottom fibers
s = lh fot the rectangular section
/r = gross moment of inertia of the section (bh1nT in this case)
Equation 1.2b indicates that the presence of prestressing-compressive stress - p/A is re-
ducing the tensile flexural stress Mcl/ to the extent intended in the desicn. either elimi-
w-

1.3 Basic Concepts of Prestressing

F-X
*l if-*lfr
7
I

P Mc
A I

Flgure 1.2 Concrete fiber stress distribution in a rectangular beam with straight tendon.
(a) concentric tendon, prestress only. (b) concentric tendon, selFweight adoeo.
1c1 Eccen-
tric tendon, prestress only. (d) Eccentdc tendon, self-weight added.

ol{!8 tension totally (even inducing compression), or permiuing a level of tensile stress
within allowable code linits. The section is then considlred uncracked and behaves elas-
tically: the concrete's inability to withstand tensile stresses is effectively compensated for
by the compressive force of the prestressing tendon.
The compressive stresses in Equation 1.2a at the top fibers of the beam due to pre-
stressing are compounded by the application of the loading stress Mc/I, as seen in hig-
-
ure 1.2(b). Hence, the compressive stress capacity of thi beam to take a substantial
external load is reduced by the concentric prestressing force. In order to avoid this limita-
fo1' the prestressing tendon is placed eccentricatly bilow the neutral axis at midspan, to
induce tensile stresses at the top fibers due to prestressing.
[see Figure 1.2(c), (d)j rine
tendon is placed at eccentricity e from the center of grafrty of the-concrete, termta fte
cgc line, it creates a moment Pe, and the ensuing stresies at midspan become
 Ghapter 1 Basic Concepts

P'hoto 1.8 Douglas Bridge Crossing, Gistineau Cbannet, Juneau and Douglas,
Alaska. (Counesy, Prestresscd Concrete tnstitute.)

-. P Pec Mc
'A,+-It +--- (1.3a)

-PPecMc
L=----+- (1.3b)
:.- Ac Is It
Since the suPPort section of a simply supported beam carries no moment from the exter-
nal transverse load, high tensile fiber stress€s at the top fibers are caused by the eccentric
prestressing force. To limif sus[ s6ssses, the eccentricity of the prestressing tendon pro-
file, the cgs line, is made less at the support section than at the midspan seciion, or elimi-
nated altogether, or else a uegative eccentricity above the cgc line iJuscd.

1.3.2 Basic Concept Method

In the basic concept method of designing prest concrete elemen6, the coDcrete
"ss"dforces applied to the concrete
fiber str€sses are directly computed from the external by
longitudinal prestressing and the external transverse toai. fquitions lja and b can be
modified and simplified
lor use in calculating stresses at the initial prestressing stage and
at service load levels. IfP, is the initial prestressing force before stress losses, and f" is tne
effective prestressing force after losses, then
P,
,P, (1.3c)

can be defined as the residual prestress factor. Substituting P for l*lA"in Equations 1.3,
where r is the radius of g5nation of the gross section. thJexpressioni for stress can be
rewritten as follows:

(a) Prestessing Force Only

,,=_I{, _3) (1.4a)

o=-tr-?) (1.4b)
1.3 Basic Concepts of Prestressing 11

Photo 19 Tianjin Yong-He cable-stiyed prestressed concrete bridge, Tianjin,

china, the largest span bridge in Asia, with a total length of. t,673 ft and a sus-
. pended length of 1,535 ft, was completed in 1988. (credits ownen Tianjin Munici-
pal Engineering Bureau. General contractor: Major Bridge En'gineering Bureau of
Ministry of Railways of China. Engineer for project design and ionstruction control
guidance: Tianjin Municipal Engineering Survey and Deiign Institute, chief Bridge
Engineer, Bang-yan Yu.)

where c, and c, are the distances from the center of gravity of the section (the cgc line) to
the extreme top and bottom fibers, respectively.

(b) Prestressing Plus Self-weight

If the beam self-weight causes a moment Mo at the section under consideration,
Equations t.4a and b, respectively, become

'f,=-L(1-"',\-Mo
'4"\- '2/ s'
(1.5a)
_.
and

(15b)
12

Frgurc 1'3 prestr.ssing

tendon profile. (a) Harped
tendon. (b) Drapeo tendon.

tJ*'trJffi
1:1n:topandborromnaers,respectivery.
-::s."i-f&:1""'::#T,:ff
:1l*iE!;FE:ffi ir*iii'i#ji'Tiii[irlfr [:r:'i,l5rjr*ii
;:tT;"L:;S'J1Ti*o*nn**t*rtttttt*:ff it*i"l'T##I:,

.'ntr+-$'ft
Mrn then
*'*l**ifi
Lffecu*;il;#;;;;:ftrllt*.use$
have-lo ue- tte vawqve
-- PiIf
Prestressing force
.;#,g"'ui"'l'ffi
ror""iiil",o
the total
in the stress
"qo"tioo,
gravity
*ourj
zu
toads is

t Mso + Mt
where
!!o=
Mso
momenr
= home",
o*,, *fl# (1.6)

t:::::."ry*"Oir"O
ML = moment due dead.load. such ap floorins
to i""r"iii ro.., *a J"uri"l"""ds if
Equations 1.5 then become
'"!ll"of any

''=-*(r+)-# (1.7a)

n = -*(' .3). + (1.7b)

,,,*,:;ff jTT'+il:1:xl3;;l**:::-*"of apre_
"y"1':1,",iTh":fl1?j"'ffi;
(c) permitted ar the exr
:::-ilf ;;"''":!:;::ffiT1'$ff ;T:'?canDot"-*"o**""'"il,f
tt ts exceeded; bonded i""*ff ::
fill-.,:":l*t proportioned ;","ril;;#i;."
cracking roi.e-i"-s*i";ffi;;:-f[t5:?:1
"t*"rui""jo"ar.
1.3.3 C-Line Method
'"sile

In this line-of-pressure
or thrusr cgrcepr rhe
beam is an
erastic beam using the
basic prircipi.s jy,ei as lrir were a prain concrere
iri:i;;;:;. Frestresing foice is considered
an ex-
-G

1.3 Basic Concepts of Prestressing 13

+ t7)
Pi&t
-Pt

q2T E
Ac Ic

R
=
4 tT-T-€ +.g-'-E-
r:lr==:
-Pt
Ac
-PrGa
I, ' -!!Ao ('. i)
(rl

.P,
A. (-7t -Mo
s, -P,
Ac t-3) -Moq
Es\
b.VL
: ___
-E': = ___:_
:
:.
:R ::-::t
-P,
A, tl.3) .+
- -PtA. ('r?) .Ho
s,
fbl

-+ (-v)-3 _M9+ML
s.
-P.A. ('
sr\ ,tr
12! q

(.?) ,ND
so
, MgD+ML
s!
-P.
Ai ('.3) -Mf
so

(ct

Flgure 1.4 Elastio fiber stresses due to the various loads in a prestressed beam.
(a) Initial prestress before losses. (b) Addltion of self-weight. (c) seruice load at ef-
fective prestress.

ternal compressive force, with a constant tensile force lin the tendon throughout the span.
In this manner, the effects of external gravity loads are disregarded. Equilibrium equations
I// = 0 and IM = 0 are applied to maintain equilibrium in tlie section.
Figure 1.5 shows the relative line of action of the compressive force C and the ten-
sile force Z in a reinforced concrete beam as compared to tirat in a prestressed concrete
beam. It is plain that in a reinforced concrete beam, Tcan have a finite value only when
transverse and other external loads act. The moment arm a remains basically
constant
throughout the e_lastic loading history of the reinforced concrete beam while it
from a value a =o at prestressing to a maximum at full superimposed load. "h"ngus
Taking a free-body diagram of a segment of a beam as in Figure 1.6. it is eviddnt
that the C-line, or center-of-pressure rine. is at a varying d-istance a from the
T-linc. Thc moment is givcn by
 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

IrnCorrd lod ]Y
tmposld load lf
+t+ililil{
'hlol
Flgure 1.? Load-balancing torces. (a) Harpod tendon. (b) Draped tendon.

Figure 1.? demonstrates the balancing f6rces for both harped- and draped-tdndon
prestressed beams. The load balancing reaction R is equal to the vertical component of
the prestressing force P. The horizontal component of P, as an approxirnation in long-
span beams, is taken to be equal to the full force P in computing the concrete fiber
stresses at midspan of the simply supported beam. At other sections, the actual horizon-
tal component of Pis used.

1.3.4.1 Load-Balancing Distributed Loads and Parabollc Tendon Profile. C.on-

sider a parabolic tendon as shown i''! Filure 1.8. I-et tbe parabolic function
. A*+Bx+C=y (1.13)
represent the tendon drape; the force ldenotes the pull to which the tendon is subjected.
Then for x = 0, we have

Y--0 C=0
9=o
4X
B=o
andfot x=112,

y-a A=#
, .-.!.r. .:
'. . _

But ftoni calculus, the load intensity is

q=- r-
-d'Y (1.14)
.d*
Finding fyl01in'Equation 1.13 and substituting into Equation 1.14 yields

c= T#*z:ff (1.15a)

+t4't+t

FiEurc 1.8 Sketched tendon subjected to tranwerse load intensity g.

Gq

1.3 Basic Concepts ol Prestressing 17

or

a12
T
'. =:-8a (1.1sb)

to=Tq12 (1.15c)

Hence, if the tendon has a parabolic profile in the prestressed beam and the prestressing
force is denoted by P, the balanced-load intensity, from Equation 1.15a, is

8Pa
wo=-F (1.16)

Figure 1.9 gives a free-body diagram of the forces acting on a prestressed berm with a
parabolic tendon profile. Clearly, the nvo sets of equal and opposite transverse loads wu
cancel each other, and no bending stres3 is produced. This is reasonable to expect in thi
load-balancing method, since it is always the case that 7= C and C has to cancel I to sat-
isfy the equilibrium requirement that Elf = 0. As there is no bending, the beam remains
straight, urithout having a convex shape, or camber, at the top face.
The concrete fiber stress across the depth of the section at midspan becomes

f;=-;=-5 (1.17)

This stress, which is constant, is due to the force P' = P cos 0. Figure 1.10 shows the su-
perposition of stresses to yield the net stress. Note that the prestressing force in the load-
balancing method has to act at the'center of gravity (cgc) of the support section in simply
supported beams and at the cgc of the free end in the case of a cantilever beam. TUis con-
dition is necessary in order to prevent auy eccentric unbalanced moments.
When the imposed load exceeds the balancing load w, such that an additional rr71-
balancedload. wou is applied, a moment Mr, = wubPlS results at midspan. The correspond-
ing fiber stresses at midspan become

,t=-t+ry (1.18)

Equation 1.18 can be rewritten as the two equations

., P,
r'=--- .19a)
'4"

Flgure 1.9 Load-balancing force on free-body diagram.

 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

:-.-_2.-..1"..-
?a *-...-
,..i i.', ...:

:?.t, . fl

'G: ..:e
:i. -.".1

Pholo Lll watt Disney world Monorail, orlando, Florida. A serics of hollow
preqrst prestressed concrete 100-foot box girden individua[y post-tensioned to
provide six-span continuous structure. Designed by ABAM Engineerx Tacoma,
Washington. (Courtay, Walt Disney World Corporarion.)

and

t,=-t-# (1.1eb)

Equations 1.19 will yietd the sariie values of fiber stresses as Equations 1.2 and 1.12. Keep
in mbd that P' is taken to be equal to P at the midspan section because the prestressini
force is horizontal at this section, i.e., 0 = 0.

-P' _nc , tlc

' f

F3l H
tl
t: il'
t*
l-
t:-
1-

\tl
-- .rl

t=
t-

f,
l:
t:l
F-5 )tt:, lR-rEa

F /tl il
lE
tl
lF::::
tr-
F;
-1
Ir
l-
I
--l
tlH
"T
ll

-T
I

l.l tbt lcl

Flguro 1.10 Load-barancing stresses. (a) prestress srresses. (b) rmposed-road

stresses. (c) Balance6load stresses. (d) Net stress.
E

1.4 Computation of Fiber Stresses in a Prestressed Beam by the Basic Method 19

I.4 COMPUTATION OF FIBER STRESSES IN A PRESTRESSED BEAM BY THE BASIC METHOD

Example Ll
A pretensioned simply supported I0LDT24 double T-beam rvithout topping has a span of
64 ft (19.51 m) and the geometry shovm in Figure 1.11. It is subjected to a uniform super-
imposed gravity dead-load intensity [Vro and live-load intensity W. summing to 420 plf (6.f3
kN/m). The initial prestress before losses is fei=0.70 fou= 189,000 psi (1303 MPaX'and the ef-
fective prestress after losses is.f- = 150,000 psi (1,8a MPa). C.ompute the extreme fiber
stresses at the midspan due to
(a) the initial full prestress and no external gravity load "
(b) the final service load conditions when prestress losses have taken place.
Allowable stress data are as follorvs:

.fl = 6,000 psi, lightweight'(41.4 MPa)

f*=270,W psi, stress relieved (1.862 MPa) = specified tensile strength of the tendons
fpy=220,A$ psi (1.517 MPa) - specified yield strength of the tendons .
/p. = 15O000 psi (1,034 MPa)
F n \n = 930 psi (6.a MPa) = maximum allowable tensile stress in cotrcrete
.fi = 4,800 psi (33.1 MPa) = conoete compressive strength at time of initial prestress
fa=0.6 fL = 2,8t10 psi (19.9 MPa) = maximum allowable stress in concrete at initial
Prestress
f"=0.45 f l=maximum allowable compressive stress in concrete at service
Assume that tenlin.-dia. Seven-wire-strand (ten 12.7-mm-dia strand) tendons with a 10&D1
strand pattern are used to pr€stress tbe beam.
A, = 449in.z (2,915 cm2)

I" = 22.469 in.a (935,347 cn{)

P = IJA" = 50.M in.2

W19+ WL'420Plf (8.r3 kN/rnl

vvrrr+++{ll++lill
llllllllltttttll

4c-sr

rrffsro'r#
z', 10'-0'
L
r

.Figure 1.11 Example 1.1

 Photo Ll, Prestressed r;ehrwcight concrete mid-body for_Arctic
offshore driling
platform. Globd Marine Devetopmeut (Courtesy,Alo
C. C"*i.t
c5= 17.77 in (452mr)
c,= 6.23 in.(l58nm)
ec = l4.Tt in. (325 mm)
'cc
= 7.77 it (197 mm)
5o = l26tin"3 (?f'JU(l,Irfy

S= 3,602 i&3 (59,1(8 cqr3)

We = 359ptf (4.a5kN/nJ
Solution:
(il Inttlal Condlttans at lrrrinrllilng
Ap = LO x 0.153 = 1.53 in.2

h- Apfe, = 1.53 x 169,(m = 2g9,170 lb (1,2S7 kN)

p. = 1.53 x 150.0fl) = ?f/9.lffitb(t,O2o kN)
Thc midpan self-weight dead-load moment is

wl2 359(Uf
mo =
T - x lZ = 2205,69(i in._tb. (249kN-n)
From Equations l.5 and 1.7. ---

/.\- -1\-b
r'=-1(t rz) S
_289,1701. 14.77x u.rr)_ 22rs,6g6
=
44e \' - - soo4-_/ 3,6v1
= +540.3 - 6tr.5 =-Z0psi (C)

n=-*('.f).+.
= _2E9.170 ( 1
14.77 x 17-77\, z2os,ogo
449 \' +' so.M )' :176-
 1.5 C-Line Computrtion of Fiber Stresses

=-4,0D,.11 + LJ45.0=-22f7 Wi(C)

s/a = -2380psi allowed, O.K. -

(lil Ftnal condition at senicc Lood .Midspan moment due to rup"rirnposed dead aod live
load is

MsD + ML-42o:&f
d
x 12 =2,58oj8oin.-lb
.'
Total Moment Mr = 2205,696 + 2J80,480
= 4,786,17G in.Jb. (5a1 kN-rn)
,
, =-*(,-#)-#
ng,ffi l - u.n x 6.23\ 4.78tr..r76
49 \- 50.04 / 5.ffi7
= 1429 - 1327 = -898 pci (e (Z Mpa)
<f, = 0A5 X 6,000 = 2,7fl)psi, O.Ii
fo=-*(,.7)-t
= -olii*(' * talr:z'n\ + 4'7u2#6
, -3,192 + 3,786 +594 psi
= (fl (5.2 Mpa) .
<f,='12{f: = 930psi, O.K.

1.5 GLINE COMPUTATION OF FIBER STRESSES

Example 12
Solve example 1.1 for the tinal serviceJoad condition by the line_of-thrust,
C-tine method.
Solution:

P" = 22950o1b
Mr = 4J86,L76in.-lb

d=4Mt 4.7t!6.176
P. 229,5W :r0.85in.
e' = a - e = 20,85 - 14:17 = 6.08 in.
From Equations 1.12,

t'=*('-?)
= -neiV (r. 99#31) = -ses
psi (e

o=-*('--l-)
(, 6.08-I-17.77)
-rr?i.P - +se+ osi (D
=
449 \' 50.04 I = -' r--\-/
#hcCJinemcthodisshorterthanthebasicmethodusedinExample1.l.
IRUSNG AHOL-firCNI
THUVIEN
lr'
l-
tS@
 Chapter I Basic Concepts

,J..

Photo Lt3. Dauphin ora'od

Ista Bridge' Mobile county,
r""ri"Gr"Ii*tt"li Alabama- (counay, posJ-

1.6 LOAD-BALANCING COMPUTANON

OF FTBER STRESSES

Exurple13
1'1 for the finar senice toad condition
::'ffj-r-o'" afrer rosses using rhe bad_balancing

Soludon:

P'= pc
= 22gJ00lbatmidspan
At midspan, a = e, = 14.n, 1.231
= ft
For the balancing load, wchavc

wo=a1-8x29,ffi x
- -F 1.231

fltfiT#rffiy,::ii;liti"fi#fi on,v,heaxia,,oadp,tAwoudac,ir
causcthegravityrLJi.'til"*auy,tJiJ"iJ"ffi"ffj|T;:il:jj" supports. firis is be-

Total load to whiclr the beam

is subjecaed = l[o + WsD + WL
77ePE
Unbaranced ro adw* = rr, - ;r:: ;Tr=
unbalancedmomenrM-^ _ g(64y .. .-
w,oe2
''"o-_ -g- =-4x12
= 1,39C,688in.-lb
From Equations 1.19.

f=-;-+=-w_lJ,#g
Ft-

1.6 Load-Balancing Computation of Fiber Stresses

Photo 1.14 Heidrun Offshore Oil Drilling Platform in the North Sea weighing 2.9
million Kg. It measures 110 m on each side; has four slip-form constructed hulls and
module-support 50-ft. span beams (Courtesy, C. E. Morrison, CONOCO Inc.,
Houston, Texas.)

=-511 -387=-898psi(C)-
^ P' Mno
=_229,5N *. 1,394,688
Io=_-E+ O aae 1Zu
= -511 + 1.104 = 594psi (I)
=.[ = 930 psi allowed, O.K.

I.7 SI WORKING LOAD STRESS CONCEPTS

Example 1.4
Solve Example 1,1 using SI units

Given
Stress Data

fi, = 41.4MPa
/n,, = 1,860 MPa

fr1 = o.7ll fr, = 0.70 x l.s6o = l3(D MPa

,{,' = 1,520 MPn