PROJECT ON LOW POWER MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM USING

AVR MICROCONTROLLER

STUDENTS NAME
DEEPAK GHOSH (11600315012)
SUVAM CHAKRABORTY (11600316001)
SOUMESH PALIT (11600316003)
HEMANTA DEBNATH (11600315014)
MANISH KUMAR SINGH (11600315020)
Under the guidance of
DR. KRISHNENDU CHATTOPADHYAY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
MCKV INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
243, G.T. Road (North), LILUAH, HOWRAH
MAY, 2019
 ABOUT THE PROJECT

➢ In this project low power AC to be measured and computed by measuring

voltage and current using the internal ADC and software developed for AVR
microcontroller , Power factor may also be calculated as advanced study.
➢ Every where we look, reducing power consumption is almost always
an important design goal.
➢ This means that engineers and technicians need to be adept at
making low-power measurements.
➢ While these measurements are not overly difficult, obtaining
consistent results requires a solid understanding of your
measurement.
 NECESSITY OF LOW POWER MEASUREMENT

➢ Below are a couple of screen shots showing the use of an oscilloscope to evaluate power consumption. The
upper image shows the power consumption of an LCD monitor in standby power mode; the lower image
shows the power consumption of a cell-phone charger while the phone is charging.
➢ By using good measurement technique coupled with a scope-based power-analysis application, measurements
such as this are easily accomplished.

Fig: Power quality of an LCD monitor in standby-power mode Fig: Power quality of a cell-phone charger
while the phone is charging
 LOW POWER MEASUREMENT USING AVR MICROCONTROLLER

➢ The AC power is given by the product of RMS voltage value across the load, RMS current across the
load, and power factor of the load. This can be represented as shown in the equation below.

➢ Now, AC power measurement can be defined as the measurement of voltage,

measurement of current, and measurement of power factor.
➢ So, to measure power consumption using AVR microcontroller, it is essential to measure
voltage using AVR microcontroller, measure current using AVR microcontroller.
 AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING AVR MICROCONTROLLER

➢ The microcontrollers generally operated and manufactured to work with voltage ratings less
than or equal to 5V.
➢ It is required to step down the high AC voltage around 230V to 5V for measuring
voltage using microcontrollers.
➢ The AC voltage measurement using AVR microcontroller can be done using a
difference amplifier or potential transformer.
➢ The difference amplifier or potential transformer is used to step-down the voltage and
then by using analog to digital converter or rectifier the voltage reading is displayed
on LCD display.

Fig: AC Voltage Measurement using AVR Microcontroller

 AC CURRENT MEASUREMENT USING AVR MICROCONTROLLER

➢ The AVR microcontroller can be used for measuring AC current with the help of difference amplifier,
shunt resistor, and analog to digital converter.
➢ Shunt resistors are used as transducers for converting current into voltage as microcontroller directly
can not read current.
➢ The voltage across the shunt resistor can be measured using AVR microcontroller which is again
converted into current using Ohm’s law.
➢ The measured AC current is displayed on LCD display.

Fig: AC Current Measurement using AVR Microcontroller

POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT USING AVR MICROCONTROLLER

➢ Power factor can be defined as the cosine of the angle between current and voltage and is
given as

➢ To measure power factor using AVR microcontroller, the time difference between the
voltage and current is determined using zero crossing detection with the help of a
microcontroller external interrupt pin.
➢ The interrupt is generated by whenever voltage waveform’s zero crossing is detected and
internal timer of microcontroller is used for measuring time.
➢ Whenever current waveform interrupt is generated, then the timer stops counting and
thus time difference is calculated.This process repeated for a number of times (say 20 to 30)
and the average value is taken for better results.
➢ Hence, the time difference is used to determine the phase angle difference between voltage
and current. Thus, power factor can be calculated using AVR microcontroller.
 AVR MICROCONTROLLER

➢ In AVR MICROCONTROLLER “AVR” stands for Alf and Vegard's RISC processor
PIN CONFIGURATION OF ATMEGA 8
 SPECIFICATION OF AVR MICROCONTROLLER

➢ High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

➢ Advanced RISC Architecture
- 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
- 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
➢ High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
- 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
- 512Bytes EEPROM
1Kbyte Internal SRAM
➢ Operating Voltages
2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L)
4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
DESIGN OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 INTERFACING OF LCD WITH AVR MICROCONTROLLER

Circuit Explanation:
➢ Here we have used two power supply section. One is to measure voltage and another is to measure
current.
➢ For measuring voltage we have used a 230-9volt transformer. Because at first we have to step down
the high voltage ac to 9 volt.
➢ Then we have used a voltage divider circuit to make 5 volt from it. Because microcontroller cannot
measure the voltage which is greater than 5 volt because of temporary damage of it.
➢ This 5 volt d.c will be given to pin 23 of microcontroller.
➢ The same thing is done for measuring of current. Here we used shunt resistor. It’s used as
transducer for transducing current into voltage because microcontroller cannot measure current
directly.
➢ The output of shunt resistor will be given to pin 24.
➢ To measure power factor using AVR microcontroller, the time difference between the voltage
and current is determined using zero crossing detection with the help of a microcontroller
external interrupt pin.
➢ The interrupt is generated by whenever voltage waveform’s zero crossing is detected and
internal timer of microcontroller is used for measuring time. Similarly, whenever current
waveform interrupt is generated, then the timer stops counting and thus time difference is
calculated.
➢ This process repeated for a number of times (say 20 to 30) and the average value is taken
for better results.
➢ Hence, the time difference is used to determine the phase angle difference between
voltage and current. Thus, power factor can be calculated using AVR microcontroller.
➢ Now, by substituting the values of voltage, current, power factor in the above.
 Project Cost
 1) Current Transformer (C.T) 350.00
 2) Potential Transformer (0-6) 80.00
 3) Atmega -8 80.00
 4) LCD (16*2) 140.00
 5) LM 358 (15*2) 30.00
 6) 7805 15.00
 7) Load Connector (5*4) 20.00
 8) DC Female Socket 12.00
 9) Load Setup 80.00
10) (Vero Setup 3 pieces + wire) 150.00
11) Enclosure (Box) 60.00
 Total Balance - 1017.00
SOME REFERRENCES

➢ The 8051 microcontroller and embedded system by Md.Ali Mazidi,Rolin D.Mckinly

➢ AVR Microcontroller embedded system by Mazidi.
➢ Digital Electronics by Ananad kumar
➢ Analog Electronics by J.B Gupta.
THANK YOU