Problems:

1. Water is flowing through a pipe having inlet and exit diameter of 25cm and 12cm
respectively. If the velocity of water at inlet section is 5m/s, find the velocity head
at inlet exit and also rate at discharge.

Ans:
a) Velocity head at inlet,
( 5)
2
Vi 2
= =
2g 2 �9.81
= 1.27 m
b) By Continuity equn,
i i = AeVe
AV
� p D 2V = p D 2V
4 i i 4 e e
2 2
�Di � �25 �
� Ve = � �Vi = � ��5
�De � �12 �
� Ve = 21.7 m / s
( 21.7 ) = 24m
2
V
Velocity head at exit, = e =
2g 2 �9.81
c) Rate of discharge = AV i i = AeVe

p D V = p ( 0.25 ) 2 �5 = 0.245 m3 / s
i i =
2
AV
4 i i 4
AeVe = p De Ve = p ( 0.25 ) �5 = 0.245 m3 / s
2 2
4 4

2. A pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at two sections A and B, carries water
that flows at a rate 40 lits/s. Section A is 5m. above datum and section ‘B’ is 2m
 above datum. If the pressure at section A is 4 bar, find the intensity of pressure at
section 2.

Ans: Given: Diameters,

DA = 20 cm = 0.2m DB = 10 cm = 0.1m
PA = 4 bar = 4 �105 N / m 2
Z A = 5m Z B = 2m
3
Q = 40 lits / s = 0.40 m
s

Q 0.04
VA = = = 1.27 m / s
AA p ( 0.2 ) 2
4
Q 0.04
VB = = = 5.093 m / s
AB p ( 0.1) 2
4
Now
PA V2 P V2
+ A + Z A = B + B + ZB
rg 2 rg 2
4 �105 1.27 2 PB 5.0932
� + + 5 = + + 2
1000 �9.81 2 1000 �9.81 2
PB
� 40.77 + 0.806 + 5 = + 14.969
1000 �9.81
� PB = 3.1 bar
3. Water flows at a rate 50 lits/s through a taper pipe of 80m length having diameters
of 50 cm at upper end and 20 cm at the lower end. The pipe has a scope in 30.
Find the pressure at the lower end, if the pressure at higher level is 2 bar.

Ans: D1 = 50 cm = 0.5 m D2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m

L = 80m Q = 50 lits / s = 0.05 m3 / s
Slope = 1
30
tan q ; sin q = 1
30
Z1
� = 1 � Z1 = 8 m Z 2 = 0 (datum)
80 30 3

Q1 0.05
V1 = = = 0.255 m / s
A1 p ( 0.5) 2
4
Q 0.05
V2 = 2 = = 1.6 m / s
A2 p ( 0.2 ) 2
4

P1 V12 P2 V2 2
+ + Z1 = + + Z2
rg 2g rg 2g
2 �105 0.2552 8 P2 1.62
� + + = + + 0
1000 �9.81 2 �9.81 3 1000 �9.81 2 �9.81

P2
� + 0.13 = 20.38 + 0.0033 + 2.667
9810
� P2 = 2.25 bar
4. Brine is to be drained from the bottom of a large tank through a pipe. The drawn
pipe ends at a point 10m below the surface of the brine in the tank Considering a
streamline starting at the surface of the brine in the tank and passing through the
centre of the drain line to the point of discharge, calculate the velocity of flow
along the streamline at the point of discharge from the pipe.

Ans: Bernoulli’s equn

P1 V2 P V2
+ 1 + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2
rg 2g rg 2g

P1 = P2 =

V1 = 0 Z1 - Z 2 = 10m

So, V2 2 = 2 g ( z1 - z2 )
� V2 = 2 �9.81�10 = 14 m / s

5. An open circuit wind tunnel draws from atmosphere through a contoured nozzle.
In the test section, where the flow is straight and nearly uniform, a static pressure
tap is drilled into tunnel wall. A manometer connected to the tap shows that static
pressure within the tunnel is 45mm. of water below atmospheric. Assume that air
is incompressible and at 25oC, pressure of 100 kpa (absolute). Calculate the
velocity of water in the wind tunnel section. Take density of water as 999 kg/m3,
and characteristic gas constant as 287 J/kg.K.

Ans:
Given: T0 = 2.5• c = 298k
P0 = 100 kpa
= 105 N / m 2
V0 = 0
 P0 = P1 = cons tan t

Bernoulli’s Equation:

P0 V2 P V2
+ 0 + Z 0 = 1 + 1 + Z1
rg 2g rg 2g

P1 = 45 mm at water (vacuum)
= pgh = 999 �9.81 �0.045 = 441 pa (vacuum)

( P1 ) abs = 100 - 0.441 = 99.559 kpa

Z 0 = Z1 = 0

P 100 �103
( P ) air =
RT
=
287 �298
= 1.17 kg / m3

So,
100 �103 99.559 �103 V12
+ 0 + 0 = +
rg rg 2g
� 103 �
� V1 = 2 g �
2
( 100 - 99.559 ) �
�1.17 �9.81 �
� V1 = 27.45 m / s
6. For a smooth inclined pipe of uniform diameter of 280 mm, a pressure of 80 kpa was
observed at the inlet section. The velocity and pressure at the exit section was found to be
1.5 m/s and 30 kpa respectively. If the inlet and exit section of the pipe are at an elevation
at 8m and 14 m respectively, find the nead loss between two sections and direction of
flow.

Ans: Given, Uniform pipe, D = 280 mm = 0.28m

P1 = 80 kpa = 80 �103 N / m 2 P2 = 30 kpa = 30 �103 N / m 2
Z1 = 8m Z 2 = 14m
V2 = 1.5 m / s
By continuity equn, AV1 1 = A2V2

V1 = V2 = 1.5 m / s ( Q A1 = A2 )
Discharge, Q = AV = p 4 ( 0.28 ) �1.5 = 0.0923 m3 / s = 92.3 lits / s
2

P V2 80, 000 1.5 �1.5

E1 = 1 + 1 + Z1 = + + 8 = 16.27 m
rg 2g 1000 �9.81 2 �9.81
P V2 30, 000 1.5 �1.5
E2 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 = + + 14 = 23.29m
rg 2g 1000 �9.81 2 �9.81

Head loss: E2 - E1 = 7 m
� Since E2 > E1 � direction of flow is from sec tion 2 to 1

7. Oil with specific gravity of 0.8 flows through a tapered pipe line whose diameter
charges from 310 mm at section 1 to 620 mm at section 2. The pressures at section 1 and
2 are observed to be 1 bar and 0.65 bar respectively. The discharge through the pipeline is
300 lits/s and the difference in elevation between two section is 46m. Diameter,

(a) Loss at head and (b) direction of flow

Specific wt . of oil w
Specific gravity = = = 0.8
Specific wt. of water 1000 �9.81
� w = 9810 �0.8 = 7.848 KN / m3
Q = 300 lits / s = 0.3 m3 / s
1 1 = A2V2 = 0.3 m / s
3
� AV

0.3
So, V1 = p = 3.98 m / s
4(
0.31)
2

0.3
V2 = = 0.994 m / s
p
4(
0.62 )
2

P1 V2 105 3.982
E1 = + 1 + Z1 = + + 0 = 13.55m
rg 2g 7848 2 �9.81

P2 V2 0.65 �105 0.9942

E2 = + 2 + Z2 = + + 4 = 12.33m
rg 2g 7848 2 �9.81
Head loss: h2 = E2 - E1 = 1.22 m
Since E2 > E1 � flow will take place from 1 to 2

8. A drainage pump has a tapered section vertical pipe with full of water. Diameters at
inlet and upper ends as 1.2 m and .06m respectively. The pipe is running full of water.
The free water surface is 2.8 m above the center at the inlet and centre at upper end is 4m
above the top at the free surface. The pressure at the upper end of the pipe is 28 cm of Hg
and the head loss between two section is 1/10 of the velocity head at top section. Find the
discharge of water in the pipe.

Ans:

Section-1:
76 P
P1 = 76 cm. of Hg = �13.6 = 10.336m. of water � �
�1 r g �
100 � �
D1 = 1.2m
28
P2 = 28 cm. of Hg = �13.6 = 3.808.m. of water
100
D2 = 0.6m
 Head loss, h2 = ( )
1 � V2 2 �
10 �2 g �
� �
Continuity:

1 1 = A2V2
AV
޴ p ( 1.2 ) V1 p
4(
0.6 )
2 2
= V2
4
� V2 = 4V1

Bernoulli’s Equation:

P1 V12 P2 V2 2
+ + Z1 = + + Z 2 + h2
rg 2g rg 2g

V12 V2 2 V2 2 1
� 10.336 + + 0 = 3.808 + + 4.8 + �
2g 2g 2 g 10
V2 11V2 2
� 10.336 + 1 = 8.608 +
2g 20 g
2 2
V 11V2
� 1 - = 8.608 - 10.336
2g 20 g

V12 44V12
� - = - 1.728
2g 5g
5V12 - 88V12
� = - 1.728
10 g
83V12
� - = -1.728
10 g
10 �9.81�1.728
� V12 =
83
� V1 = 1.43m / s

Discharge, Q = AV p ( 1.2 ) �1.43 = 1.62m3 / s = 1620 lits / s

2
1 1 = 4
9. A conical tube of length 3m is fixed vertically with its smaller end upwards. The flow
enters at a velocity of 4m/s at the smaller end and leaves at the lower end at a velocity of
2m/s. The pressure head at the smaller end is 2m at the liquid. The head loss in the tube is
0.95 ( V1 - V2 )
2

where V1 and V2 are velocities at the smaller end and lower end
2g
respectively. Determine the pressure head at lower end.

By Bernoulli’s equation,

P1 V2 P V2
+ 1 + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + h2
rg 2g rg 2g

P1
= 2.5m of liquid
rg
V1 = 4m / s
V2 = 2m / s
Z1 - Z 2 = 3m
0.95 ( V12 - V2 2 ) 0.95 ( 16 - 4 )
h2 = = = 0.581m
2g 2g
P2 �P1 � � V 2 - V2 2 �
= � �+ �1 �+ ( Z1 - Z 2 ) - h2
r g �r g � � 2 g �

�16 - 4 �
= 2.5 + � �+ 3 - 0.581
�2g �
= 5.53m of fluid

10. Water flows downwards through a vertical tapered pipe at a rate 2 lits/min the
diameter of the pipe at the upper end is 55m and gradually reduces to 28mm at the lower
end through a length of 2m. The pressure difference between the ends is 38 kpa.
Assuming that the head loss varies as the square of the velocity, determine the quantity of
water passing through the pipe when there is no pressure difference.
Ans: If V = Velocity of flow at any section, the head loss for small length ' dx ' of the
pipe, dh f = kV 2 dx
2

Integrating, h f = �
KV 2 dx --------------- (1)
1
Diameter at any section of the pipe,

�x + 2 �
d = 0.028 � �,
�2 �
So, velocity,
Q Q
v= =
4( )
p d 2
�x + 2 �
2
p
4(
0.028 )
2
� �
�2 �
So from Equn (1),
2
kQ 2 24
hf = � . dx
( 4) ( x + 2)
2 4
1 p ( 0.028 )
4

2
16kQ 2 dx
= �
( 4) ( x + 2)
2 4
p ( 0.028)
4
0

16kQ 2 1�
1 1�
= � -
8 64 �
( p 4)
2
( 0.028)
4 3� �

7kQ 2
� hf =
( p 4)
2
( 0.028 ) ( 12 )
4

Apply Bernoulli’s equn between sections 1-1 & 2-2,

( P1 - P2 � V 2 - V12 �
= �2 �+ ( Z 2 - Z1 ) + h2
rg � 2g �
0.2
Q= = 3.33 �10-3 m3 / s
60
Q 3.33 �10-3
V2 = = = 5.42m / s
A2 p ( 0.028 ) 2
4
Q 3.33 �10 -3
V1 = = = 1.4m / s Z1 = 0 Z 2 = 2m
A2 p ( 0.055 ) 2
4
7k ( 3.33 �10-3 )
2
5.422 - 1.42
So 3.87 = + (2) +
( )
2
2 �9.81 p
4 (
0.028 ) (12)
4

� 3.87 = 1.397 + 2 + 17k

� k = 0.028
When P1 - P2 = 0 , then Q = p 4 ( 0.028 ) V2 = p 4 ( 0.055) V1
2 2

� V2 = 3.86V1

( 3.86 ) V12 + 0
2
V2
So 1 + 2 =
2g 2g

13.88V12
� + 0.243V12 = 2
2 �9.81
� 0.95V12 = 2 � V1 = 1.45m / s

p
4(
0.055 ) �1.45 = 0.00355m3 / min = 3.45lits / s
2
Q = AV
1 1 =