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BASICS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
• Preliminaries
Secret VS Public key cryptography
Types of Attacks
- Known Ciphertext
- Known Plaintext
- Chosen Plaintext
• Elementary Substitution Ciphers
• Monoalphabetic Ciphers
• Polyalphabetic Ciphers
Vigenere Cipher
Hill Cipher
One-time pad
• Elementary Transposition Ciphers
• Other Cipher Properties
• Confusion and Diffusion
• Block Ciphers and Stream Ciphers
Monoalphabetic Ciphers
• One alphabet is substituted by another alphabet in the set of alphabets {a,b, ….z}
• Totally 26! Permutations.. i.e. 26! Possible monoalphabetic ciphers.
• Simple substitution cipher is one that replaces each alphabet in text by alphabet
which is K positions away. Such a cipher is known as Caesar cipher.
Example: k=3
Plaintext: MEET ME AT HOTEL
Ciphertext: PHHT PH DW KRWHO
Drawback : Can break cipher based on frequency of occurrence of english alphabets.
Stream Cipher operates on bits or bytes. i.e. Plaintext is encrypted as bits or bytes.
Stream Ciphers uses pseudo random keystream
Example: onetime pad
RC4 (used in wireless LAN protocol IEEE 802.11)
RC4 and other stream ciphers are vulnerable to attack.
So Block Ciphers are widely used.