Wgrav = -m g Dy (work done by gravity)

Physics 2425 - Formula List

x
W = Ÿ x f F HxL „ x (variable force in 1D)
ü 1D Kinematics i
General 1D Motion: x as a function of t ü Springs: Hooke's Law and Work

v = Dx . v = „x , a = Dv . a = „v F = -k x (Hooke's Law), W = - 1 k Jx2f - xi2 N

Dt „t Dt „t 2

Constant Vel.: xHtL = x0 + v t ï D x = v t ü Work-Energy Theorem Wnet = DK

Wnet (net work). K = 1 m v2 (kinetic energy)
Constant Acc.: vHtL = v0 + a t and xHtL = x0 + v0 t + 1 a t2 2
2
F is conservative ó 0 = ò F ◊ „ ”r
v = v0 + a t D x = 1 Hv0 + vL t
2 conservative forces ï DU = -W (U is potential energy)
D x = v0 t + 1 a t2 v2 - v20 = 2 a D x Gravity: U = m g y Spring: U = 1 k x2
2 2
Free Fall : x Ø y Hy is upL and a = -g Wnc is work of all nonconservative forces.

ü General Vectors A = Ax x` +Ay y` = YAx , Ay ] E = Emech = Ktot + Utot ï Ei +Wnc = E f , Wnc= 0 ï Ei = E f

Mag. & Dir. angle î Components Ax = A cos q and Ay = A sin q . Wnc = 0 , one mass, gravity is only cons. force
Components î Mag. & Dir. angle ï Ebottom = Etop ï v2bottom = v2top + 2 g h
Ay
tan-1 K O for Ax > 0 Power:
= „W = F ÿ v”
Ax „t
A= A2x + A2y and q =
Ay
180 ° + tan-1 K O for Ax < 0 ü Potential Energy î Force
Ax
”r as a function of t 1D: F = - „ U, 3D: Fx = - ∑ U , Fy = - ∑ U , Fz = - ∑ U
ü General 2D Kinematics „x ∑x ∑y ∑z
” D ”r ” „r” ” ”
v= , v= , a = D v , a = „v , Ave. Speed = Total Distance ü Momentum and Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Dt „t Dt „t Total Time ” tf
p = m v” (mom.) I = Ÿ ti F „t (impulse)
Constant Acc.: v”HtL = v”0 + a t and ”rHtL = ”r0 + v”0 t + 1 a t2
2 ”
F net Dt = I net = D p = m Iv” f - v”i M
ü Projectiles
Horizontal: ax = 0 ï vx is const. Vertical: ay = -g ü Center of Mass for a System of Particles
M = ⁄i mi ”r = 1 ”
v0x = v0 cos q and v0y = v0 sin q. Discrete : cm ⁄i mi ri
M
”r = 1 ”r „m
v0 2 Continuous : M = Ÿ „m cm Ÿ
R= sinH2 qL, (R = Dx when Dy = 0) M
g
ü Second Law for a Particle and System
ü Relative Motion v” = v”£ + v”0
ü Newton's Laws particle : F net = m a F net = „ p
„t
First Law: v” is const., unless net force. system : F ext ext „
net = M acm F net = p
„t tot
Second Law: F net = m a
Third Law: F 12 = -F 21 ptot = m1 v”1 +m2 v”2 + ... = M v”cm

Weight ∂ Mass: W = m g ü Conservation of Momentum

F ext
net = 0 ï D ptot = 0 ï ptot,i = ptot, f
ü Friction between surfaces fs § ms N (static), fk = mk N (kinetic)
ext
Fnet,x = 0 ï Dptot,x = 0 ï ptot,i,x = ptot, f ,x
ü Circular Motion
2 2
Uniform Circular Motion: ac = v , Also v = 2 p r ï ac = J 2 p N r ü Collisions
r T T ptot,i = ptot, f ï m1 v”1i + m2 v”2i = m1 v”1 f + m2 v”2 f
2
General Circular Motion: ac = v , at = „v Elastic ó Ktot,i = Ktot, f
r „t
1D Elastic trick: Ktot,i = Ktot, f ï v1i +v1 f = v2i +v2 f
ü Accelerated Frames gart = -a (artificial gravity)
accelerated frame ï false force opposite acc. Totally Inelastic: v”1 f = v”2 f = v” f ï m1 v”1i + m2 v”2i = Hm1 + m2 L v” f
ü Dot or Scalar Product
ü General Rotations about fixed axis:
A ◊ B = A B cos q where A = A2x + A2y + A2z w = Dq , w = „q , a = Dw , a = „w
Dt „t Dt „t
A ◊ B = A x B x + A y B y + Az Bz ü Constant Angular Accelation
w = w0 + a t Dq = 1 Hw + w0 L t
ü Work W = Ÿ F ◊ „ ”r 2

const. force: W = F Dx (1D) W = F ◊ D ”r (2D or 3D) Dq = w0 t + 1 a t2 w2 - w20 = 2 a Dq

2
 ü Rotational and Linear Quantities ü Gravitational Potential Energy
v” = r w u` t or vt = r w , vc = 0 Two masses: U = -G M m , Several masses: U = -G ⁄i< j
mi m j
r ri j
a = r a u` +w2 r u` or a = r a , a = w2 r
t c t c
2GM
a = 0 ó w = const = 2 p Escape speed: vesc =
R
T
ü Moment of Inertia 2
I for a distribution - r is ¶ dist. from axis ü Circular Orbits v2 = G M and T 2 = 4 p r3
r GM
Discrete: I = ‚ mi r2i , Continuous: I = Ÿ r2 „m 2
ü Simple Harmonic Motion „ 2x = -w2 x, w = 2 p f = 2 p
„t T
Perpendicular-axis Theorem: Planar object in xy-plane: Iz = Ix + Iy v
x HtL = A cos Hw t +fL = x0 cos w t + 0 sin w t
Parallel-axis Theorem: I = Icm + M d2 w
1
Moments for uniform bodies: k A2
1 2 1 2 2
Thin rod about ¶ axis ü Energy E = m v + k x = : (mass/spring)
1
2 2 m v2max
thru. end: I = 1 M L2 , thru. center: I = 1 M L2 2
3 12
a µ b rectangular plate about ¶ axis thru. center: I = 1 M Ia2 + b2 M v = ≤w A2 - x2 and vmax = w A (in general)
12
Sphere about axis thru. center: ü Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion
thin shelled hollow: I = 2 M R2 , solid: I = 2 M R2 Mass/Spring: w = kêm
3 5
Hoop about ¶ axis thru. center: I = M R2 Physical Pendulum: w = m g dêI
(same as thin-shelled hollow cylinder) Simple Pendulum: w = gêL
Disk about ¶ axis thru. center: I = 1 M R2 (same as solid cylinder) ∑2 2
2 ü 1D Wave Equation u = 12 ∑ 2 u
∑x2 v ∑t
ü Rotational Energy
General Solution: u Hx, tL = f Hx -v tL +g Hx +v tL
K = 1 I w2 , U = M g ycm , Ktot = 1 Icm w2 + 1 M v2cm
2 2 2 ü Sinusoidal Waves u Hx, tL = A cos Hk x ≤w t +fL
ü Cross or Vector Product AâB = u A B sin q , right hand rule fl u`
` l = 2p, f = w , v= fl= w
k 2p k
x` y` z`
A y Az A x Az ` A x A y ü Waves on a String u Hx, tL fl yHx, tL
AâB = Ax Ay Az = x` -y` +z
B x B y Bz
B y Bz B x Bz Bx By Speed: v = T ê m where T = Tension, Power:
= 1 m v w2 A2
2
ü Torque ü Temperature Scales
About Origin: t” = ”r äF, About Axis: t = r F¶ = r¶ F = r F sin q TF = 9 TC +32, DT F = 9 DT C , TK = TC + 273
5 5
Torque due to gravity: t” gravity = ”rcm äM g ü Heat Q = Heat added to system
ü Angular Momentum of Particle Q = m c DT (Temp. change), Q = ≤m L (phase change)
About Origin: L = ”r ä p, About Axis: L = r p¶ = r¶ p = r p sin q ü Ideal Gas Law P V = N k T and P V = n R T
n = # of moles, N = NA n = # of molecules
ü General Rigid Body Dynamics
Masses: mtot = n mmole = N mmolecule
2nd Law: tnet = I a and tnet = „L
„t ü Work W = Ÿ P „V = ≤Area (done by system)
Angular Momentum: L = I w
Constant P: W = P DV ,
t” ext
„Ltot Ideal gas at constant T: W = n R T ln HVf ê Vi L
ü System of Particles net = „t
ü First Law
t” ext
net = 0 ï D Ltot = 0 (Conservation) D U = Q -W, „U = dQ -dW, Hd is inexact differentialL
ü Equilibrium F net = 0 and t” net = 0 dQ dQ
ü Newton's Law of Gravity ü Entropy „S = ï DS = ‡
T T
m m m m
Magnitude: F = G 1 2 2 , Vector: F 21 = -G 12 2 r` 12 Const. T: DS =
Q
, Changing T: DS = m c ln
Tf
r r12 T Ti

Discrete Distribution: F = -G m „ 2i r` i
m
ü Second Law For a thermally isolated system: DStot ¥ 0
ri Q
ü Heat Engines QH = QC + W, Efficiency: e = W = 1 - C
r` Q Q
Continuous Distribution: F = -G m ‡ 2 „m H H
r T
Max. Eff.: emax = 1 - C (Carnot Engine is H.E. of max. eff.)
TH
Sph. Shell: F = G M2m Hr > RL, F = 0 Hr < RL
r
g = G M2 (at surface of spherical planet)
R