FER LY 1968 LiBRARI NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDENSATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN SUPERSONIC NOZZLES vy Lt. Karl M. Duff, USN 8. B., Massachusetts Institute of Tectnology (1957) 5. M., Massachusetts Institue of Technology (1964) Cambridge, Massachusetts Submitted in Partial Fulfiliment of ‘the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCE in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY January 1966 ™ Signature of Author = Department of Nechanical Engineering Certified by Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Ghairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate StudentsNON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDENSATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN SUPERSONIC NOZZLES wy Kerl M. Duff Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on January 10, 1966, in partial fulfillment of the requirements ‘for the Degree of Doctor of Science. ABSTRACT Tests involving the condensation of CO, in three supersonic nozzles have been conducted. Data of streamvise pressure variation and local conditions at onset of condensation have been obtained and show that rate of expansion, as determined by nozzle geometry, has a significant influence on the superseturation obtained prior to condensation. Interferometric density measurements for non-condensing flow verified the applicebility of 1-dimensional gas dynamics to the expan- sions, and the need for consideration of deperture from perfect gas ehavior of CO,, Won-condensing density-pressure measurements and total pressure’measurenents substantiated the use of the Plank Equation of State in the low temperature region of testing. Classical nucleation and drop growth theory, as applied in this study to nozzle flow, will predict the conditions of supersaturation at onset of condensation reasonably well, provided small corrections to the flat film liquid surface tension of CO, are applied. These corrections amount to increases of from 17% tO 38%, depending upon values of thermal end mass accommodation coefficients which are also applied. The applied theory does not successfully predict the experimental streamwise variation in pressure caused by condensation, nor the extent of effects of nozzle geometry noted experimentally. These failings are ‘thought to indicate inadequacies in drop growth theory, or in its application. ‘Thesis Supervisor: Philip G. Hill ‘Title: Associate Professor of Mechanical EngineeringBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ‘The author was born February 18, 1936 in Fort Worth, Texas and received his high school diploma trom Eanonds High School, Edmonds, Washington in June, 1953. He entered M.I.T. that fall and received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engin- eering in June 1957. After graduating from N.I.T., he entered Waval Officer's Candidate School at Newport, Rhode Island in September, 1957 and was commissioned in January, 1958. He served for three years aboard the U.S.S. Brown(DD-546) in the Pacific Fleet, and obtained the positions of Engineering Officer and Senior Watch Officer prior to completing his duty aboard. In June, 1961 he returned to M.I.T. under the Navy's post- graduate school program and in September, 196i obtained = Master of Science Degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. ‘The author is a member of Pi Teu Signa, honorary Mechanical Engineering Fraternity, and the American Society of Naval Engineers. In June, 1964 he received the Brand Avard from the Society for having stood first in his class, course XIII-A, the post-graduate curricula entered into in 1961. He is married to the former Gretchen M. Raddatz of La Jolle, California, and presently has one daughter, age one year.