Skew lines- are non-coplanar lines

Parallel lines- are coplanar lines that do not intersect.

Planes are parallel if and only if they do not intersect.

Two segments and/or rays are parallel if and only if the lines containing them are also parallel.

Transversal- is a line that intersects coplanar lines at different points.

n
2 1 l
3 4
6 5 m
78

Interior angles- are angles whose boundaries include the lines.

Interior angles: ∠3, ∠4, ∠5, ∠6
Exterior angles: ∠1, ∠2, ∠7, ∠8

Exterior angles- are angles that have only one of the lines as its lone boundary.

Alternate interior (exterior) angles- are interior (exterior) angles that do not belong on the
same side of the transversal. These angles must always exist as pairs.
Alternate interior angles: ∠3 and ∠5; ∠4 and ∠6
Alternate exterior angles: ∠1 and ∠7; ∠2 and ∠8

Corresponding angles- are pairs of angles, in which one is interior and the other is exterior.
They also belong to the same side of the transversal, and do not have the same vertex.
Corresponding angles: ∠1 and ∠5; ∠2 and ∠6; ∠3 and ∠7; ∠4 and ∠8

Postulate 12: When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of corresponding
angles are congruent. (refer to the previous example)
l ǁ m: ∠1 ≅ ∠5, ∠2 ≅ ∠6; ∠3 ≅ ∠7; ∠4 ≅ ∠8

Theorem 5-1: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles
formed are congruent. (refer to the previous example)
l ǁ m, n is a transversal of l and m: ∠3 ≅ ∠5, ∠4 ≅ ∠6

Theorem 5-2: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles
formed are congruent. (refer to the previous example)
l ǁ m, n is a transversal of l and m: ∠1 ≅ ∠7, ∠2 ≅ ∠8

Theorem 5-3: If a transversal cuts two parallel lines, then all pairs of interior angles on the same
side of the transversal are supplementary. (refer to the previous example)
l ǁ m, n is a transversal of l and m: ∠3 and ∠6 are supplementary, ∠4 and ∠5 are
supplementary.

n
1 l

5 m

Theorem 5-4: If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is also
perpendicular to the other.
m⊥n
Theorem 6-6: If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, then
the remaining pair of angles is also congruent.

An exterior angle of a convex polygon is an angle that is adjacent and forms a linear pair with
an interior angle of a polygon when any side of a polygon is extended.

Theorem 6-7: The measure of an exterior angle at a vertex of any polygon is the difference of
180° and the measure of an interior angle at the same vertex.

 Remote interior angles of an exterior angle of a triangle are the two interior angles
that are not adjacent to that exterior angle.

Theorem 6-8 (EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE THEOREM (EATT): The measure of an exterior
angle is equal to the sum of the measures of its remote interior angles.

Theorem 6-9: The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than any of the remote
interior angles.

Theorem 6-10: The sum of the interior angles of any polygon having n sides is 180 (n-2).

Theorem 6-11: The measure of one angle of a regular polygon is given by 180(n-2).
n

Theorem 6-12: The sum of the different measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360 ° .

Theorem 6-13: All the exterior angles of a regular polygon are congruent.

Theorem 6-14: The measure of one exterior angle of a regular n-sided polygon is 360° .
n

Triangle Classification
 According to its sides, a triangle is
equilateral - if all of its sides are congruent.
isosceles - if at least two sides are congruent.
scalene - if no two sides are congruent.
 According to its angles, a triangle is
equiangular - if all angles are congruent.
right - if one of its angle is a right angle.
acute - if all of its angles are acute.
obtuse - if one of its angles is an obtuse angle.

Correspondence
-vertices should be written in proper order such that the vertices that correspond to
another is in the same position in the naming of a triangle.
One-to-one correspondence
-a pair wherein there is no more than possible pairing aside from it.

 Corresponding points- vertices of the triangles.

 Corresponding angles- are pairs of angles whose vertices are paired in a given
correspondence between two triangles.
 Corresponding sides- are the pairs of sides whose endpoints are the vertices that are
paired in a given correspondence between two triangles.

 Triangles are congruent, if and only if, given a one-to-one correspondence between
the vertices o f a triangle satisfies the two conditions:
i. All pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.
ii. All pairs of corresponding sides are congruent.
  An included angle for the two sides of a triangle is an angle whose rays contain the two
indicated sides.
 The included side for two angles of a triangle is the side whose endpoints are the
vertices of the two indicated angles.

Theorem 7-1: Congruence of triangles is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

 The opposite side of an angle of a triangle is the side of a triangle that does not contain
the vertex of the angle.
 The opposite angle of a side of a triangle is the angle whose vertex is not one of the
endpoints of the side.

Postulate 15: The SSS POSTULATE. If three sides of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Postulate 16: The SAS POSTULATE. If two sides and the included angle of a triangle are
congruent to the corresponding pars of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Postulate 17: The ASA POSTULATE. If two angles and the included side of a triangle are
congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
Postulate 13: (converse of Postulate 12)

Theorem 5-5 to 5- 8: (converses of Theorems 5-1 to 5-4)

Postulate 14 (Parallel Postulate): Given a line and a point not on the line, there is only one line
that is parallel to the line and passes through the point.
p
l
1
m 2

3 n

Theorem 5-9: In a plane, if two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel to each
other.
lǁn

Polygon: (Greek words polus=many, gonos=angled) A B

-literally means many angles
-composed of at least three collinear points
*sides- segments formed by the points D C
*vertices- points of the polygon Polygon ABCD Not a polygon

Consecutive vertices- are vertices that are contained in one side of a polygon.

Consecutive sides- are sides that have a common endpoint.

Consecutive angles- are angles of a polygon that have a common side.

A polygon is convex if and only if each side lies on that edge of a half-plane containing the rest
of the polygon.

Convex Non-convex (concave)

Diagonal- is a line segment connecting two non-consecutive vertices of a polygon.

Theorem 6-1: The number of diagonals in a polygon with n sides is given by the formula
n(n-3).
2
 A polygon is equilateral if and only if all of its sides are congruent to one another.
 A polygon is equiangular if and only if all of its angles are equal to each other.
 A polygon is regular if and only if it is both equilateral and equiangular.

Theorem 6-2: The sum of the measure of the angles of a triangle is 180 °
m∠ 1+m∠2+ m∠3=180 °

Theorem 6-3: The measure of each angle in an equiangular triangle is 60 °

 Right triangle- a special type of triangle in which one of its angle is a right angle.

Theorem 6-4: The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.

Theorem 6-5: A triangle has at most one right or one obtuse angle.