Learning Objectives Content Learning Resources/ Evaluation

Method/Strategy Visual Aids

1. The client will learn Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called -Explanation -Image of The client recalled
the concept of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack -Printed positive about 80% of the
the lungs. But TB bacteria can attack any part of the
tuberculosis body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. TB disease
Materials chest x-ray content
a. Etiology of can cause death if untreated. Once inhaled, the body’s result
tuberculosis immune system typically reacts by enfolding the -Image of a
bacteria, forming a tubercle that contains the bacteria positive
to help keep it from spreading. Most cases the bacteria
sputum
will die; in others however, the bacteria can survive,
become dormant and the infected individual may exam
develop active disease at a later date. -
descriptive
Latent TB infection report of
TB etiology
b. Difference In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and -Explanation -Table of The client recalled
between TB become infected, the body is able to fight the
-Printed the about 80% of the
infection and Materials difference content
bacteria to stop them from growing. The bacteria
disease and between
corresponding become inactive, but they remain alive in the body latent TB
signs and and can become active later. This is called latent TB infection
symptoms infection. People with latent TB infection: and active
Have no symptoms TB disease
>Don’t feel sick w/
>Can’t spread TB bacteria to others correspond
>Usually have a positive skin test reaction or positive TB ing
blood test diagnostic
>May develop TB disease if they do not receive requireme
treatment for latent TB infection nts
-narrative
Many people who have latent TB infection never description
of between
develop TB disease. In these people, the TB bacteria
TB
remain inactive for a lifetime without causing
infection
disease. But in other people, especially people who and TB
 have weak immune systems, the bacteria become disease
active, multiply, and cause TB disease.

TB infection

If the immune system can’t stop TB bacteria from

growing, the bacteria begin to multiply in the body
and cause TB disease. The bacteria attack the body
and destroy tissue. If this occurs in the lungs, the
bacteria can actually create a hole in the lung. Some
people develop TB disease soon after becoming
infected (within weeks) before their immune system
can fight the TB bacteria. Other people may get sick
years later, when their immune system becomes
weak for another reason.

Symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the

body the TB bacteria are growing. TB disease in the
lungs may cause symptoms such as:
- a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
- pain in the chest
- coughing up blood or sputum
- weakness or fatigue
- weight loss
- no appetite
- chills
- fever
- sweating at night

c. Risk factors of Babies and young children often have weak immune -Explanation -List of risk The client recalled
tuberculosis systems. People infected with HIV, the virus that -Printed factors and about 80% of the
 causes AIDS, have very weak immune systems. Materials relation to content
susceptibili
Other people can have weak immune systems,
ty of TB
especially people with any of these conditions:
infection/di
>Crowding sease
>Substance abuse
>Diabetes mellitus- People with a weak immune system,
as a result of chronic diseases such as diabetes, are at a
higher risk of progressing from latent to active TB
>Silicosis - Silica particles irritate the respiratory system,
causing immunogenic responses such as phagocytosis,
which results in high lymphatic vessel deposits.[8] It is
probably this interference and blockage
of macrophage function that increases the risk of
tuberculosis.
>Cancer of the head or neck
>Leukemia or Hodgkin’s disease
>Severe kidney disease
>Nutrition - Low body weight is associated with risk of
tuberculosis. A body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 increases
the risk by 2 to 3 times. An increase in body weight lowers
the risk

2. The client will -Explanation -list of The client recalled

enumerate the TB is spread through the air from one person to -Printed modes of about 80% of the
different modes of another. The bacteria are put into the air when a
Materials transmissio content
transmission of ns
person with TB disease of the lungs or throat
tuberculosis -list of The client
coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby prevention verbalized
may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. of understanding of
transmissio importance of
When a person breathes in TB bacteria, the bacteria n prevention of
can settle in the lungs and begin to grow. From transmission
there, they can move through the blood to other
 parts of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and
brain.

TB disease in the lungs or throat can be infectious.

This means that the bacteria can be spread to other
people. TB in other parts of the body, such as the
kidney or spine, is usually not infectious.

People with TB disease are most likely to spread it

to people they spend time with every day. This
includes family members, friends, and coworkers or
schoolmates.
Reducing Transmission of TB in households

Interventions:
1. Triage
Major risks for household infections are
usually through close contact with the
infectious case before diagnosis. Early
detection is still a major intervention for
reducing the risk of household TB
transmission. All patients should be
screened upon arrival for chronic cough (i.e.
>2-3 weeks), fever, weight loss, night
sweats, haemoptysis, or contact with a
person with TB.
2. Separation
Family members with TB should sleep alone
in an adequately ventilated room. Benefits
include reduced transmission of close
contacts.
3. Cough Etiquette and Respiratory Hygiene
Patients should be instructed to cover their
 mouths and nose when coughing, with
hands,
cloth such as handkerchief, clean rag,
tissues, or paper masks.
4. Houses should be adequately ventilated,
particularly rooms where people with
infectious TB spend considerable time
(natural ventilation may be sufficient to
provide adequate ventilation). Adequately
ventilated rooms are defined as a room with
at least 12 air changes per hour.

3. The client will -Explanation -narrative The client recalled

explain the Reactivation TB may occur if the individual's immune -Printed report of about 80% of the
prognosis of system becomes weakened and is no longer able to Materials TB content
tuberculosis contain the dormant bacteria. The bacteria then become reactivatio
active and make the person sick with TB. This is called n The client
TB disease. -narrative verbalized
report of understanding of
The greatest risk for developing reactivation TB disease
health importance of
is within the first two years following the initial infection.
maintenan maintenance of
Reactivation can also occur in people with HIV, diabetes
ce to health
mellitus, malnutrition, or those who take medications that prevent
weaken the immune system, such as steroids or cancer reactivatio
chemotherapy. It can also occur with aging and n
weakening of the immune system. Reactivation may also
occur for other, unknown reasons.