Formulae

Transformer

V2
V1
ts  (Tap changer)
RP  XQ
1
VS VR

V1 I 2 N2 N  N2
  Step up  1 Step down (Auto transformer)
V2 I1 N1  N 2 N2

Transmission line

m n m

i
m  D'
j1
ij
i
mn  D'
i 1 j1
ij

Li   2n *10 ln
-7
L  2 *10 ln
-7

I/n n I/n n n
n r'i  D ik n2
 r'i  (Dik  D ii )
k 1 i 1 k 1

(Inductance of composite conductor)

D 3 D D D
2 o
L  2 *10 -7 ln  2 *10 -7 ln 12 23 31
, C
r 3
r' d 2 3 D12D 23D13
ln
rd or 3 rd 2 or ...

(Inductance and capacitance for bundle conductors)

7
3 D12D 23D31 2 o
L  2 *10 ln , C= (Inductance and capacitance of 3-phase line)
r' 3D12D 23D13
ln
r
 ZY 
1 Z  VR 
VS  1 Z  VR  VS   2   (Medium  line)
 I   0 1   I  (Short line)  I     ZY  ZY   
 S   R   S   Y 1   1  I
  4  2   R 
 Z 
sinh ZY l  VR 
VS  
cosh ZY l
I    Y   (Long  line)
L
 surge impedance
 
C
 S   Y sinh ZY l cosh ZY l   I R 
 Z 
1 1
v ,  (Velocity of propagation and wave length)
LC f LC
Power Flow
n
Pi - jQ i n
*k
  YijV jk Pi  Re{Vi *k [Vi k Yii   YijV jk ]}
n Vi j 0 j 0

Ii  YiiVi   YijVj , k 1 i j i j
Vi  , n
Yii
Q i   Im{Vi *k [Vi k Yii   YijV jk ]}
j 0
i j
j 0
i j

(Gauss-Seidel method)

n
Pi cal   ViV jYij cos(ij  i   j )
n  Pj   J1 J 2    j 
Ii   YijVj | ij   j ,
j1
, Q     
n
 j  J 3 J 4  Vj 
Qi cal   ViV jYij sin(ij  i   j )
j1

j1

(Newton Raphson method)

i ij  Yij (Vi - Vj )  -i ji , Sij  Vi I*ij , S ji  Vj I*ji (Line flow)

Faults

Va  1 1 1  Va0 
V   1 a 2  
 b  a  Va1  (Symmetrical components)
Vc  1 a a 2  Va2 

 Z TL  3Z n 0 0 
Z 012   0 Z TL 0  (Transmission line impedance)
 0 0 Z TL 
E
If  (Symmetrical fault)
Z total  Z f
3E a
I f  I a  3I a0  (Single line to ground fault)
Z  Z  Z 0  3Z f
1 2

3 Ea
I f  3 I a1  (Line to line fault)
Z Z2 Zf
1

Z1
Z 2 ( Z 0  3Z f )
Z1 
Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
I f = 3I a0  3Ea , (Double line to ground fault)
Z 0  3Z f