𝐱

Mathematical concurrence concerning

𝟕𝒏
ADITYA RAJ and SHOUMIK ADHIKARY

1. Introduction
𝑥
In this note, we present approximations for 𝑛 in the form of infinite sums where 𝑥 being 1 and being equal
7
to {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + }, consisting of mathematical constants that are Pi (π), the Golden Ratio (𝜑), the
Silver Ratio (𝛿𝑠 ), Euler’s number (e) and Archimedes Constant (√2). We also include a Pythagorean
relationship between transcendental numbers in 4th dimension.

We have,
𝑥 𝑥
≈ ⌊ ⌋ + 𝜋 − 3 ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (1)
7 7
Here we present the graph to show the accuracy and to prove our approximation. The abscissa ∀ the points
𝑥 𝑥
where the intesection of the lines represented by 7 and ⌊7⌋ + 𝜋 − 3 is approximately 𝑥 = {1, {𝑦: 𝑦|7 + 1, 𝑦 ∈
𝑁 + } }.

𝑥 𝑥
GRAPH 1: The above graph is for (red) and ⌊ ⌋ + 𝜋 − 3 (blue) where x = {1, {𝑦: 𝑦|7 + 1, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 + } }
7 7

𝑥 1 𝑥2 𝑥
≈ [⌊ ⌋ + (𝜋 − 3) {𝜋 − 3 + 2 ⌊ ⌋}] ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (2)
49 𝑥 7 7

𝑥 1 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑥
≈ 2 [⌊ ⌋ + (𝜋 − 3)3 + (3𝜋 − 9) ⌊ ⌋ {𝜋 − 3 + ⌊ ⌋}] ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (3)
343 𝑥 7 7 7
Thus, from the aforementioned approximations, we can conclude that,
𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑛
≈ {⌊ ⌋ + 𝜋 − 3} ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (4)
7𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 7
From (4), we get,
𝑥 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 ⌊ 7⌋ + 𝜋 − 4
≈ ∑ 𝑥( )( ) ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (5)
7𝑛 𝑖 𝑥
𝑛≥𝑖≥0

2. Relation with the coincidence 𝜋 ≈ 2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 3

𝜋 ≈ 2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 3 (6)

This approximation for 𝜋 is discovered empirically and is within 0.008%. Being correct to 3 decimal
places of 𝜋 i.e. 3.141854179…, this approximation contains 𝛿𝑠 and 𝜑.
Substituting the value of 𝜋 from (6) in (1), (2), and (3), we get,
𝑥 𝑥
≈ ⌊ ⌋ + 2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 6 ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (7)
7 7
𝑥 1 𝑥2 𝑥
≈ [⌊ ⌋ + (4𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 12) {𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 3 + ⌊ ⌋}] ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (8)
49 𝑥 7 7

𝑥 1 𝑥3 3 𝑥 𝑥
≈ 2 [⌊ ⌋ + (2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 6) + (2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 6) ⌊ ⌋ {2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 6 + ⌊ ⌋}] ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } }
343 𝑥 7 7 7
(9) (9)
Thus, from the aforementioned approximations, we can conclude that,
𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑛
≈ {⌊ ⌋ + 2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 6} ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (10)
7𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 7
From (9), we get,
𝑥 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 ⌊7⌋ + 2𝛿𝑠 √𝜑 − 7
≈ ∑ 𝑥( )( ) ↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (11)
7𝑛 𝑖 𝑥
𝑛≥𝑖≥0

𝑥
In (10), we relate the fraction 7𝑛 with 𝛿𝑠 and 𝜑, in an ideal summation.

3. Relation with other empirically discovered coincidences

3.1. Concerning √2

3 3 2
√2 ≈ { √ √(𝛿𝑠 )2 + (𝜑)2 +(𝜋)2 + (𝑒)2 } − (12)
99
This approximation for √2 is within 0.004%. Being correct to 3 decimal places i.e. 1.414195293 … and
correct to 4 decimal places when rounded to nearest ten thousandth place i.e. 1.4142. This empirically
discovered mathematical approximation contains 4 transcendental numbers in it that are 𝜋, e, 𝜑 and 𝛿𝑠 .

3.2. Concerning 𝜋 2

𝜑𝑖 1
𝜋 2 ≈ [{ ∑ (ln (𝜑 2𝑖 ))} − ln2 (𝜑)] − (14)
100
10≥𝑖≥01

This approximation for 𝜋 2 is within 0.004%. Being correct to 3 decimal places i.e. 3.141699024 … and
correct to 4 decimal places when the value of 𝜋 is rounded to nearest ten thousandth place i.e. 3.1416.
When compared to the approximation for 𝜋 given by Bhaskara II i.e. 3927/1250, it is correct to 4 decimal
places. This empirically discovered mathematical approximation sets a curious relation between 𝜋 and 𝜑.
On substituting the values of 𝜋 from (12) and (13) in (5), we obtain the following
2 𝑛
𝑥 2 4.5 2
𝜋 ⌊7⌋ + ((√2 − 99) ) − (𝑒)2 − (𝜑)2 − (𝛿𝑠 )2 − (2√𝜋)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛
≈ ∑ ( )
7 𝜋 𝑖 𝑥
𝑛≥𝑖≥0
{ }
↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (15)
𝑥
In the above curious approximation we relate with four mathematical constants that are 𝜋, e, 𝜑 and 𝛿𝑠 in
7𝑛
an ideal summation.
𝑗 𝑛
100𝜑
𝑥 2 2
(10√𝜋) ⌊7⌋ + ln (𝜑 2𝑗 ) − ln2 (𝜑) − (20√𝜋) − 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
≈ ∑ ∑ ( )
7𝑛 𝜋 𝑖 100𝑥
𝑛≥𝑖≥0 10≥𝑗≥01
[ { } ]
↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (16)
𝑥
In the above curious approximation we relate 7𝑛 with 𝜋 and 𝜑 in the form of double summation.

4. Pythagorean relationships
4.1. On substituting the value of 𝜋 from (12) in (1), we get

𝑥 𝑥 2 2 2
( − ⌊ ⌋ + 3) ≈ (√2 + ) − (𝛿𝑠 )2 − (𝜑)2 − (𝑒)2
7 7 99
↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (17)

From (13) we obtain an approximate Pythagorean relationship between transcendental numbers that are
e, 𝜑, √2 and 𝛿𝑠 in 4th dimension that is within 0.05%.
 FIGURE 1: A 4 dimensional cuboid

In the above figure of a 4th dimensional cuboid, if we assume that the length of AB is e units, the length of
2
BC is 𝜑 units, the length of CD is 𝛿𝑠 units and the length of DE is (√2 + 99) units, then the length of the
𝑥 𝑥
main diagonal EA would be (7 − ⌊7⌋ + 3) units that would be within 0.05%, where 𝑥 = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈
N + } }.
4.2. Here is an empirically discovered approximation for 𝜋

√√√√(𝛿 )2 + (𝜑)2 (1 − 1
𝜋≈ 𝑠 )+2 (18)
1070
( )
The above mentioned coincidence for pi is within 5.323 × 10−6 % . Being correct to 6 decimal places i.e.
3.141592486…, the coincidence in more accurate than a famous approximation for 𝜋 i.e. 355/113 which is
within 8.5 × 10−6 %.
On substituting the value of 𝜋 from (18) in (1), we get
8 2
1 −8 𝑥 𝑥
{(1 − ) ( − ⌊ ⌋ + 1) } ≈ (𝛿𝑠 )2 + (𝜑)2
1070 7 7

↔ x = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } (19)

From (19) we obtain an approximate Pythagorean relationship between transcendental numbers that are
e, 𝜑, √2 and 𝛿𝑠 in 2nd dimension that is within 2%.
 A

B C
FIGURE 2: A 2 dimensional right triangle

In the above figure of a 2 dimensional right triangle, if we assume that the length of AB is 𝜑 units and the
−8 𝑥 8
1 𝑥
length of BC is 𝛿𝑠 , then the length of the hypotenuse AC would be (1 − 1070) (7 − ⌊7⌋ + 1) units that
would be within 2%, where 𝑥 = {1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } }.

4. Conclusion
𝑥
In this manuscript we discussed phenomenon concerning 7𝑛 where 𝑛 = {z: z ∈ N + } and 𝑥 =
{1, {y: y|7 + 1, y ∈ N + } } using curious approximations containing transcendental numbers such as 𝜋, e, 𝜑
𝑥 𝑥
and 𝛿𝑠 . Ideally we have tried to modify the approximation 7 ≈ ⌊7⌋ + 𝜋 − 3 by inserting other mathematical
constants and based on the aforementioned approximations, we believe that we have succeeded in doing
so. Though, the coincidences mentioned don’t have any resemblance to what the original represent, as they
are, obviously, approximations, but when the value of 𝑥 increases and tends to infinity, the approximations
becomes equality and it becomes a clearer representation of what is the goal of the paper.
ADITYA RAJ

E-mail – roy123616@gmail.com
261, Raipur Road, C.G., India
SHOUMIK ADHIKARY

E-mail – sandipan.adhikary@gmail.com
Uttarayan, Vidya Nagar, Bilaspur, C.G., India