The Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

EMEC 3112 Fluid Mechanics Lab

Experiment #8

Minor losses

Done by : Mohammad Matar Marzooq Student ID: 120160553

Submitted to: Eng.Mohammed Mousa

Class No: 101

Submission date: 10 /12 /2018

List of Contents:
List of Contents…………………………………………………………………....….I

List of Figures………………………...…………………………………………...…II

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………...….III

Introduction……….………………………..……………………………………...….1

Equipments....……………………………………………………....………….…...…1

Objectives …………………………………………………….………….…….….......1

Procedures ….……………………………..……………………………...….…......…2

Results and Discussion ………………….……………….………..………..…….......3

Conclusions and Recommendations ………………………….….……….…….…...9

References………………………………………………………………………....…..9

Comments……………………………………………………..…………………....…9

I
List of Figure:
Fig (1): Energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus................................…….…….….1

II
List of Tables:
Table (1): Raw data for all fittings except gate valve …….………………………………………...……3

Table (2): Minor head losses of all fittings except gate valve…………….……………………….….4

Table (3) : Loss coefficient for all fittings except gate valve…………………………………………...5

Table (4) : Raw data for gate valve ……………………………………………………………………………..….6

Table (5) : Equivalent minor head loss and Loss coefficient for gate valve…………….………..7

III
Introduction
Minor (secondary) head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not
straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets
and outlets. The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the
energy losses in bends and fittings. A full description of the apparatus is given later in these
texts.

Equipments
1. Energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus (Figure 1).

2. Hydraulic bench.

3. Clamps for pressure tapping connection tubes.

Fig (1): Energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus

Objectives
To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings including bends, a
contraction, an enlargement and a gate valve.
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 Figure 1

The accessory is designed to be positioned on the side channels of the hydraulics

bench top
channel.
The following fittings are connected in a series configuration to allow direct
comparison:
Long bend.
Area enlargement.
Area contraction.
Elbow bend.
Short bend.
Valve fitting.
Mitre bend.
Flow rate through the circuit is controlled by a flow control valve.

2
Procedures
It is not possible to make measurements on all fittings simultaneously and, therefore, it is necessary
to run two separate tests.

Exercise A measures losses across all pipe fittings except the gate valve, which should be kept
fully open.
1. Adjust the flow from the bench control valve and, at a given flow rate, take height readings from
all of the manometers after the levels have steadied.

2. In order to determine the volume flow rate, you should carry out a timed volume collection
using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and measuring (with a
stopwatch) time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, which is read from the
sight glass. You should collect fluid for at least one minute to minimise timing errors.

3. Repeat this procedure to give a total of at least five sets of measurements over a flow range from
approximately 8 - 17 litres per minute.

Exercise B measures losses across the gate valve only.

1. Clamp off the connecting tubes to the mitre bend pressure tappings (to prevent air being drawn
into the system).
2. Start with the gate valve closed and open fully both the bench valve and the test rig flow control
valve. Now open the gate valve by approximately 50% of one turn (after taking up any backlash).
For each of at least 5 flow rates, measure pressure drop across the valve from the pressure gauge;
adjust the flow rate by use of the test rig flow control valve. Once measurements have started, do
not adjust the gate valve.

3. Determine the volume flow rate by timed collection.

4. Repeat this procedure for the gate valve opened by approximately 70% of one turn and then
approximately 80% of one turn.

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 Results and Discussion
Table (1): Raw data for all fittings except gate valve
Part (A) : Losses across all pipe fittings except the gate valve
Case No. 1 2 3 4 5

V (l) 40 33.5 30 20 20

t (s) 136 120 120 107 152

Qact. (m3/s) 0.00029412 3E-04 3E-04 2E-04 1E-04

Small dia. (m) 0.0183 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018

Large dia. (m) 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024

v (m/s) The largest 1.11822457 1.061 0.95 0.711 0.5

v (m/s) The smallest 0.65014275 0.019 0.017 0.013 0.009

v2/2g (m) 0.06373222 0.057 0.046 0.026 0.013

v2/2g (m) 0.02154361 2E-05 2E-05 9E-06 4E-06

(h1) (mm) 328 357 377 406 410

(h2) (mm) 349 376 393 414 412

Area
(∆h = h1 - h2) (mm) -21 -19 -16 -8 -2
Enlargement
Minor loss hm (m) 0.02118861 0.038 0.03 0.018 0.011

K 0.33246312 0.669 0.652 0.689 0.843

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 Area elargement
0.045
0.04
0.035
y = 0.5368x
0.03
0.025
hm
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
v^2/2g

Table (2): Area contraction

(h1) (mm) 345 374 391 413 411
(h2) (mm) 303 332 356 394 403

Area (∆h = h1 - h2) (mm) 42 42 35 19 8

Contraction Minor loss hm (m) - -
-0.0001886 -0.015 -0.011
0.007 0.005
- - -
K -0.0029595 -0.24
0.268 0.262 0.372

Area contraction
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
HM

-0.01 y = -0.159x
-0.012
-0.014
-0.016
-0.018
V^2/2G

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 Table (3): Long bend

(h1) (mm) 327 357 378 408 411

(h2) (mm) 326 355 376 406 409
Long bend
Minor loss hm (m) 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
K 0.01569065 0.035 0.043 0.078 0.157

Long bend
0.0025

y = 0.0337x
0.002

0.0015
HM

0.001

0.0005

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
V^2/2G

Table (4): Short bend

(h1) (mm) 304 333 356 394 402

Short (h2) (mm) 263 298 325 376 393
bend Minor loss hm (m) 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.018 0.009
K 0.64331666 0.61 0.673 0.699 0.706

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 Short bend
0.045
0.04 y = 0.6433x
0.035
0.03
0.025
hm

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
v^2/2g

Table (5): Elbow

(h1) (mm) 228 267 299 360 386

(h2) (mm) 168 216 253 334 372
Elbow
Minor loss hm (m) 0.06 0.051 0.046 0.026 0.014
K 0.94143902 0.888 0.999 1.01 1.098

Elbow
0.07

0.06 y = 0.9431x

0.05

0.04
hm

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
v^2/2g

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 Table (6): Mitre bend

(h1) (mm) 109 159 203 305 358

Mitre (h2) (mm) 32 87 140 271 340
bend Minor loss hm (m) 0.077 0.072 0.063 0.034 0.018
K 1.20818007 1.254 1.368 1.321 1.411

Mitre bend
0.09
0.08 y = 1.2662x
0.07
0.06
0.05
HM

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
V^2/2G

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 1.8
1.6 y = 5301.2x
1.4
1.2 y = 3968x
1
0.8
y = 2461.4x
0.6
0.4 y = 2690.8x
0.2 y = 216.17x
0
-0.2 0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003

-0.4 y = -836.42x
-0.6

Series2 Series3 Series4

Series5 Series6 Series7 Series8
Linear (Series2) Linear (Series3) Linear (Series4) Linear (Series6)
Linear (Series7) Linear (Series8)

Figure total

Calculation

Q= Volume / time = 36 *10^-3 / 60 =0.0006 m3 /s

V= Q /A =0.0006 / 2.263*10-4 = 2.651515 m/s

Minor Head Loss (m) = (H1 – H2) + ( V12/2g – V22/2g ) = 0.008982738 m

Loss Coefficients = Minor Head Loss (m) / V2/2g = 0.3044

Conclusions and Recommendations

The experiment we need to high accuracy to take the reading in all pipes at the same time or
high speed.

9
References
 Slides.

Comments
 The experience grows the sense of minor & major losses.

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