Accepted Manuscript

Development of high-performance self-compacting concrete using waste recycled

concrete aggregates and rubber granules

Farhad Aslani, Guowei Ma, Dominic Law Yim Wan, Gojko Muselin

PII: S0959-6526(18)30380-9
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.074
Reference: JCLP 12021

To appear in: Journal of Cleaner Production

Received Date: 2 December 2017

Revised Date: 13 January 2018
Accepted Date: 7 February 2018

Please cite this article as: Aslani F, Ma G, Yim Wan DL, Muselin G, Development of high-performance
self-compacting concrete using waste recycled concrete aggregates and rubber granules, Journal of
Cleaner Production (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.074.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1 Development of high-performance self-compacting concrete using waste

2 recycled concrete aggregates and rubber granules

3 Farhad Aslani1*, Guowei Ma2, Dominic Law Yim Wan3, and Gojko Muselin4
1*
4 Senior Lecturer, School of Civil, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Western
5 Australia, WA 6009, Australia (corresponding author, e-mail: farhad.aslani@uwa.edu.au),

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2
6 Professor, School of Civil, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Western
7 Australia, WA 6009, Australia,
3,4
8 Master student, School of Civil, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Western

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9 Australia, WA 6009, Australia.
10

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11 Abstract

12 In recent decades, self-compacting concrete has slowly gained popularity since its inception

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13 due to its unique ability to fill formworks with congested steel reinforcement and with little to
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14 no use of mechanical compaction required. Due to the environmental impacts associated with

15 the natural aggregates in concrete production, a more sustainable approach in producing self-
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16 compacting concrete is to replace natural aggregates with that of recycled concrete aggregates

17 from common construction waste and demolitions. This form of concrete provides a
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18 sustainable alternative in minimising the environmental damages associated with the

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19 extraction and depletion of natural resources. This experimental research aims to develop

20 information about the fresh and hardened properties of different forms of self-compacting
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21 concrete by utilising recycled concrete aggregates in combination with recycled crumb rubber

22 or lightweight scoria aggregates. The fresh properties were investigated in accordance with
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23 the guideline provided by the European federation national representing of concrete using the
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24 slump flow, T500, and J-ring tests. Hardened properties include 7 and 28 day compressive and

25 tensile strengths, hardened density testing, and compressive stress-strain behaviour at 28

26 days. Optimal mix design of recycled concrete and crumb rubber aggregates self-compacting

27 concrete are assessed to optimise fresh and hardened properties. The proposed SCC mixes are

28 able to reduce amount of used cement to 40%. Aslo, as the percentage of recycled aggregate

29 replacement increased, developed SCC mixes flowability and passing ability decreased.

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30 Keywords: self-compacting concrete; recycled concrete aggregates; crumb rubber

31 aggregates; scoria aggregates.

32 INTRODUCTION

33 Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the world. As the population

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34 around the world continues to grow, so does the demand for new infrastructure. Concrete

35 consists of natural resources in the form of aggregates, and the increasing demand for

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36 concrete structures thus places a burden on the environment and the limited resources that are

37 available. As a result, there has been a focus on developing sustainable resources within the

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38 construction industry with emphasis on new innovative and non-conventional utilisation of

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39 recycled materials. Variations in infrastructure development and requirements result in the
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40 generation of construction and demolition waste: about 1,300 million tonnes of waste are

41 generated in Europe each year, of which about 40%, or 510 million tonnes, is construction
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42 and demolition waste (C&DW). The US produces about 325 million tonnes of C&DW, and

43 Japan about 77 million tonnes. Given that China and India are now producing and using over
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44 50% of the world’s concrete, their waste generation will also be significant as development
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45 continues (CSI, 2015).

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46 Recycled concrete aggregate (RA) accounts for ~6% to 8% of aggregate use in Europe, with

47 substantial differences between countries. The greatest users are the United Kingdom, the
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48 Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany. In 2000 an estimated ~5% of aggregate in

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49 the US was recycled (CSI, 2015). In Australia, RA has been the most common construction

50 and demolition waste used in concrete production both as coarse and fine aggregate. About

51 five million tonnes of recycled concrete and masonry are available in Australian markets

52 principally in Melbourne and Sydney, of which 500,000 tonnes is RA. The lower costs of RA

53 in comparison to natural aggregates (NA) could possibly offset the cost of the increase in

54 cement content (Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia 2008). Furthermore, RA provides

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55 a sustainable alternative in minimising the environmental damages associated with the

56 extraction and depletion of natural resources. RA sourced from demolition and construction

57 waste are composed of the original concrete, which consists of its original aggregates and a

58 surrounding hydrated cement paste. For this reason, generally the quality of RA are lower

59 than those of NA as indicated by its higher porosity, higher absorption, lower density, and

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60 lower mechanical strength (Moriconi, 2007; Gesoglu et al. 2015). In addition to the

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61 environmental benefits, using RA can also be economical, depending on the situation and

62 local conditions. The cost of sending waste to landfill can often be greater than the cost of

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63 sorting and selling concrete waste from a construction site to a recycler (or even paying a fee

64 for collection), particularly when landfill fees exist. The cost of using demolition materials in

65
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a new construction on the same site can also be less than that of new materials. Depending on
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66 the recycling methods used, particularly the extent to which materials need to be sorted and
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67 other materials removed, the costs of recycling machinery and processing may increase.

68 Some US states have estimated savings of up to 50% to 60% from using recycled aggregate
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69 compared to new aggregate. Recycling is less costly than disposal in Germany, Holland and
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70 Denmark. In countries without recycling infrastructure and abundant natural resources

71 recycling can be more expensive (CSI, 2015).

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72 In recent decades, the development of a highly workable form of concrete referred to as self-
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73 compacting concrete (SCC) has been slowly gaining popularity since inception (Aslani, 2013;
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74 Aslani, 2014; Aslani and Nejadi, 2012a,b,c,d,e). In comparison to conventional concrete,

75 SCC has higher binder contents in addition to various chemical admixtures and

76 supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) (Su et al., 2001). SCC is renowned for its

77 ability to flow with ease through congested reinforcement and self-compact under its own

78 weight with little to no mechanical vibration required (Aslani and Nejadi, 2013a,b; Aslani

79 and Maia, 2013; Aslani and Natoori, 2013; Aslani and Samali, 2014; Aslani and Bastami,

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80 2014; Aslani et al., 2014a,b). Although the benefits of SCC are favourable to that of

81 conventional concrete, the application of SCC within Australia remains limited due to the

82 high costs of materials associated with its production. By producing SCC with partial RA

83 replacement, there is an increased incentive for its use as it provides an innovative and

84 sustainable solution, in addition to offsetting some of its high production costs. Many

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85 researchers worldwide have investigated such mixtures to determine whether the desired

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86 fresh and hardened properties of SCC can still be produced.

87 Grdic et al. (2010), studied the properties of SCC prepared with recycled coarse aggregates

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88 (RCA). The RCA was obtained from crushed concrete and was substituted in to the mix

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89 design by 0%, 50% and 100% of natural coarse aggregates (NCA), without any prior
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90 saturation. RCA is once again shown to have higher water absorption due to residual cement

91 powder, hence more water had to be added into the mix. The quality of the crushed concrete
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92 in the RCA is noted to have a big influence on the SCC. As the RCA used in the experiment

93 had similar quality to the SCC being produced, minor losses in strength were observed. The
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94 experiment concluded that using RCA in SCC is justified, and as long as the quality of the
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95 RCA is high enough, high performance concretes can be obtained.

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96 Corinaldesi & Moriconi (2011) researched the use of both RCA and recycled fine aggregates

97 (RFA) in SCC. The RA was obtained from rubble from building demolition, with the
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98 maximum RCA size being 15 mm and the maximum RFA size being 6 mm. The study found
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99 that rubble powder produced better concrete flowability and flow-segregation resistance

100 when compared to fly ash and limestone powder as a mineral additive. Compressive strength

101 was negatively affected when RFA was used to replace sand, but remained unchanged when

102 RCA was used as a substitute for NCA.

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103 Fakitsas et al. (2011), studied the effectiveness of internal curing using saturated RA in SCC.

104 Before being used in the concrete mixture, all aggregates were submerged in water for 3 days

105 and then surface dried for 12 hours, as it is reported to result in an 80-90% degree of

106 saturation in no artificial aggregates. RA in SCC had shown to experience a higher 28-day

107 compressive strength than NA in SCC, and an even greater increase in 90-day strength. This

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108 is attributed to internal curing due to the water absorption and retention of RA.

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109 Gesoglu et al. (2015), explored the failure characteristics due to the use of RCA and RFA in

110 SCC. The RAs were saturated in water for 30 min to ensure a saturated surface dry condition

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111 prior to mixing. The RASCC showed to have a reduction in compressive strength, tensile

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112 strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. However, from the different RA mix
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113 designs, SCC with RCA recorded the highest strengths followed by RFA and then the design

114 incorporating both RCA+RFA yielding the worst results.

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115 Rajhans et al. (2015), applied a two-stage mixing approach to RA in SCC and observed the
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116 results. The study compared the normal mixing approach to a two-stage mixing approach,
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117 while substituting NCA with 0%, 50% and 100% RCA. Workability and mechanical strength

118 is seen to reduce with the increase of RA. However, the study showed that a two-stage
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119 mixing approach can be used to marginally improve the compressive strength, tensile

120 strength, flexural strength and MOE when compared to the normal mixing approach.
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121 Furthermore, with a need to create innovative and sustainable products, researchers
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122 worldwide have aimed to combine the benefits of SCC with various other forms of concrete.

123 In the 2013-14 financial year, 51 million equivalent passenger units of tyres have entered the

124 Australian waste stream which has led to a growing concern over the potential environmental,

125 health, and safety impacts that are associated (Hyder Consulting 2015). By combining the

126 benefits of SCC with that of rubberised concrete, there is a further incentive in promoting the

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127 use of waste recycled rubber tyres. This new product has developed into a new mixture called

128 self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC). SCRC is a type of SCC with partial

129 replacement of aggregate with waste crumb rubber aggregates (CR) manufactured from

130 recycled waste tyres. Despite a considerable amount of research into SCRC, its use in the

131 construction industry remains limited. There is a wide range of applications for SCRC which

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132 has found to be beneficial for roadway central reservations that offer combined protection

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133 and traffic noise reduction, improved thermal and acoustic insulation for small machinery

134 housing structures as well as improved thermal insulation for flooring buildings (Bignozzi

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135 and Sandrolini, 2006).

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136 Another newly developed form of SCC is one that has the benefit of a reduced concrete
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137 density provided by lightweight concrete. This new product had developed into a new

138 mixture referred to as lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC). LWSCC is a type of

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139 SCC with partial replacement of NA with a lightweight (LW) aggregate. By reducing the

140 weight of the concrete members, the load on the structure is reduced which can possibly
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141 reduce the size of concrete members and steel reinforcements that are required. Although
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142 SCC, SCRC, and LWSCC all have distinctive benefits that are superior to that of
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143 conventional concrete, their applications within Australia remain strictly limited. By utilising

144 RA in replacement of NA, this research aims to further promote the application of the three
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145 fore mentioned mixtures and provide information on their fresh and hardened properties.
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146 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE

147 Although there are many benefits in using self-compacting concrete, its widespread use

148 within Australia remains limited and requires more testing to develop an appropriate

149 guideline for production within Australia. The experimental study as outlined in this paper

150 aims to promote the use of sustainable forms of self-compacting concrete incorporating

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151 recycled concrete aggregates and develop information on its fresh and hardened mechanical

152 properties.

153 Self-compacting rubberised concrete is a new form of concrete that has gained significant

154 attention over the past decades as it incorporates recycled waste crumb rubber in replacement

of natural aggregates. Recycled concrete aggregates and crumb rubber aggregates both

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155

156 provide environmentally and economically friendly aggregates that can be used in concrete.

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157 There has been no research in Australia on how the combination of recycled concrete

158 aggregates and crumb rubber can be used in self-compacting concrete and how its properties

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159 are affected.

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160 Furthermore, this experimental study also aims to analyse the effects of fine recycled
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161 concrete aggregates with the combination of scoria in the production of lightweight self-

162 compacting concrete. Research is lacking in Australia for the use of lightweight aggregates
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163 such as scoria and its effects in SCC. This study aims to obtain a greater understanding of the
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164 effects on the fresh and mechanical properties of SCC with the use of RA and scoria
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165 simultaneously. Ultimately, the production of a sustainable, environmentally and

166 economically friendly SCC is the aim of this research. The aim is to reduce waste, reduce
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167 natural aggregate consumption in the concrete industry and promote the widespread use of

168 self-compacting concrete.

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169
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170 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

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171 Materials

172 Cement

173 In this experimental study, general purpose cement (GPC) in accordance with AS 3972

174 (2010) Type GP was used. The GPC was obtained from Cement Australia and contains up to

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175 7.5% limestone mineral addition. The chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the

176 cement used in the experiment are shown in Table 1. The chemical, physical and mechanical

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177 properties adhere to the limiting values or permissible limits specified in AS 2450.2,3, 4, 5, 7,

178 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14 (1994).

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179

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180
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181 Fly ash

182 Fly ash particles are of similar size to cement particles, however due to its spherical glassy
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183 shape it has shown to improve the workability of concrete (Taylor 2013). Grade 1 fly ash
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184 complying with the requirements of AS 3582.1 (2001) is used as a natural pozzolan in this
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185 experimental study from Cement Australia. The chemical and physical properties of fly ash

186 are given in Table 1. The chemical and physical properties adhere to the limiting values or
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187 permissible limits specified in AS 2350.2 (2006) and AS 3583.1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 13 (2016).
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188 Ground granulated blast furnace slag

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189 Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is another natural pozzolan that is used as a

190 supplementary cementitious material from Cement Australia. GGBFS can delay setting time

191 and strength gain is generally slower at early age however develop a higher overall strength

192 (Ries et al. 2003). GGBFS was obtained through BCG and complies with AS 3582.2 (2001).

193 The properties of GGBFS are shown in Table 1.

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194 Silica fumes

195 Silica Fume used in this experiment has been tested under ASTM C1240 and AS 3583

196 (1998). Silica Fume consist of spherical glass shaped particles much finer than cement

197 particles. The increase in surface area makes it highly reactive and can provide a high early

strength gain, low concrete permeability, and reduce the probability of bleeding to occur

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198

199 (Taylor 2013). The chemical and physical properties of Silica Fume are given in Table 1.

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200 Natural aggregates

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201 In this study, 10 mm and minus 4 mm natural crushed aggregates (less than 4 mm) were used

202 as coarse and fine natural aggregates respectively. Fine AFS 45-50 silica sand obtained from

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203 Rocla Quarry Products, Western Australia is used in this experiment. The sampling methods
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204 and testing of these aggregates were done according to AS 1141 (2011). Results are shown in

205 Table 2 and the particle grading distribution can be found in Fig.1.
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206 Recycled aggregates

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207 Recycled concrete aggregates are obtained locally within Australia and are composed of
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208 recycled aggregates from the demolition of concrete buildings and infrastructure. The

209 recycled aggregates come in two variants, fine dust with a nominal size of minus 4 mm, and
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210 coarse with a nominal size of 14 mm. The properties for both sizes of recycled concrete
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211 aggregate are presented in Table 3 and photographs of the aggregates can be found in Fig. 2.
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212 Rubber aggregates

213 The rubber aggregates used in this study was obtained from the mechanical grinding of end-

214 of-life tyres. The composition of the rubber aggregates consisted of 45% polymer, 40%

215 carbon black, and 15% organic materials by weight. Crumb rubber aggregates with a nominal

216 size of 10 mm (5-10 mm) were used and photographs of the aggregates can be found in Fig.

217 2. The properties of crumb rubber aggregates are presented in Table 3.

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218 Scoria aggregates

219 In this experimental study, scoria is a black volcanic rock used as a lightweight aggregate and

220 is light weight and porous. In this experiment, scoria is considered as a natural coarse

221 aggregate replacement with a nominal size 10 mm. The properties of scoria used are listed

below in Table 3 and photographs of the aggregates can be found in Fig. 2.

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222

223 Chemical admixtures

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224 In this experimental study, the superplasticiser (SP) used was MasterEase3000 which is

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225 manufactured by BASF and complies with AS 1478.1 (2000) Type SN chemical admixtures.

226 It is designed to lower the viscosity and yield stress of fresh concrete, thereby improving flow

227
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properties of concrete. High-range water reducer (HRWRA) used was MasterGlennium Sky
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228 8345 and satisfies Type HWR according to AS1478.1. MasterMatrix 362 was the viscosity

229 modifying admixture (VMA) used throughout this study and is required to control the
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230 stability and segregation resistance of SCC. MasterMatrix 362 adheres to AS1478 (2000) for
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231 Type SN admixtures.

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232 Mixture Proportions

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233 A control mixture at a 450 kg/m3 binder content, and a 0.45 water to binder ratio were

234 constant throughout this experimental study. The binder composition of the control mixes
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235 consisted of 40% cement, 32.5% Fly ash, 22.5% GGBFS, and 7.5% Silica Fumes. The binder
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236 composition is based on the authors’ pervious study, Aslani et al. (2018).

237 In this experimental study, three different series of self-compacting concrete mixtures

238 incorporating recycled aggregates were designed. Series I involved the replacement of fine

239 natural aggregates (NFA) and coarse natural aggregate (NCA) with 4 mm and 14 mm sized

240 recycled concrete aggregates (RA) respectively. RA were replaced at incremental percentage

241 volume proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of fine and coarse aggregate volume. Using

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242 such percentages are based on the authors’ pervious study, Aslani et al. (2018). The mixture

243 proportions of Series I are presented in Table 4. The mix ID RA10 denotes the mixture for

244 the first series with recycled aggregate replacement of 10%.

245 For Series II, crumb rubber (CR) replacement is kept constant at 20% of volume of coarse

aggregates. NFA are then replaced by RFA at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of fine

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246

247 aggregate volume respectively. The mixture proportions of Series II are presented in Table 5.

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248 The mix ID CR20RFA10 denotes the mixture from the second series with 20% of crumb

249 rubber (CR) coarse aggregate and 10% fine recycled concrete aggregate (RFA) replacement.

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250 Series III kept a constant coarse aggregate replacement consisting of 50% scoria lightweight

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251 aggregates (LW). NFA are then replaced by RFA at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of fine
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252 aggregate volume respectively. The mixture proportions of Series III are presented in Table

253 6. The mix ID LW50RA10 denotes the mixture from the third series with 50% scoria coarse
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254 lightweight aggregate (LW) and 10% fine recycled concrete aggregate (RFA) replacement.
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255 Sampling and Curing Conditions

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256 For hardened property tests, each mix required twelve Ø100x200 mm cylindrical moulds for

257 compressive and tensile strength tests, and a cylindrical moulds of dimensions Ø150x300 mm
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258 tested for stress-strain behaviour. The specimens were prepared by pouring the concrete
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259 directly into the moulds without compacting, demoulded after 24hrs, and allowed to cure
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260 until the testing age. The specimens are cured in a controlled humidifying room with a

261 temperature of 20 ± 2oC.

262 Sample’s Test Methods

263 In this experiment, the hardened properties of the concrete are assessed by its density,

264 compressive strength, tensile strength, and stress-strain behaviour. For compressive strength

265 tests, three ϕ100×200 mm cylindrical specimens were tested at 7 and 28 days. The testing

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266 procedure follows AS1012.14 (1991) and the cylinders were loaded at a rate of 0.2 kN/s until

267 failure. The three ϕ100×200 mm cylinders tested for compressive strength at 28 days were

268 weighed and its dimensions measured to obtain its hardened density in accordance with

269 AS1012.12.1 (1998).

A ϕ150×300 mm specimen was attached with a 60 mm vertical strain gauge to obtain the

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271 stress-strain behaviour as per AS.1012.17 (1997). The specimens were loaded at a rate of 1.5

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272 ± 0.5 MPa until failure. The splitting tensile test was conducted on three ϕ100×200 mm

273 cylindrical specimens at each testing age of 7 and 28 days in accordance with AS1012.10.

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274 Properties of Fresh Concrete

275
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The fresh properties of SCC are assessed through the tests specified under the guidelines and
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276 SCC criteria defined by EFNARC (EFNARC 2002 & 2005). These experimental tests assess

277 the flowability and passing ability. The slump flow test, T500 and J-ring test were conducted
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278 using an Abrams cone in accordance with AS1012.3.5 (2015). The slump flow diameter and
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279 the time to reach 500 mm (T500) were measured. In the J-ring test, the diameter and the J-ring
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280 height difference is measured.

281 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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282 Fresh Properties

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283 The fresh property test results for the slump flow test (diameter and T500) and J-Ring
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284 (diameter and step height) are presented in Table 7 and Fig. 3. Visual representations of the

285 aggregate distribution for all three series are presented in Fig. 4, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6 and are

286 results from the splitting tensile test.

287 Slump flow test results of Series I indicate that the addition of recycled aggregates has a

288 negative effect on the rheological properties of fresh SCC. The control mixture achieved the

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289 highest slump flow and J-ring flow diameter, 690 mm and 650 mm respectively. The addition

290 of 10% recycled aggregates showed no change in slump flow diameter. However, increasing

291 the recycled aggregate content to 20%, 30%, and 40% resulted in 6.8%, 8.7% and 10.1%

292 decrease in slump flow diameters respectively. All values of slump flow for the first series

293 satisfied the suggested range of values (600-700 mm) as outlined by the European Guidelines

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294 (2005). An increase in dosage of superplasticiser was necessary to counter act the decrease in

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295 workability and produce sufficient flow as the percentage replacement of recycled aggregates

296 is increased. Additionally, an increase in viscosity modifying admixture dosage was also

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297 necessary as the mixtures were highly susceptible to segregation due to the increase in

298 superplasticiser and the more porous nature of the recycled aggregates. Bandi et al. (2016)

299
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recently reported a similar observation being made with SCC mixtures containing recycled
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300 concrete aggregates.
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301 Unlike the slump flow results, recycled aggregates had a more significant impact on the J-

302 ring flow diameter and height results which indicates poor passing ability. Increasing the
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303 recycled aggregate content to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% resulted in J-ring diameters of 630
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304 mm, 560 mm, 530 mm, and 500 mm respectively. The RA40 mix demonstrated an increase
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305 in J-ring height step up to 35 mm. This significant decrease in passing ability can be

306 attributed to the size of the 14 mm RA aggregates in comparison to the 10 mm natural coarse
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307 aggregates which were replaced. Furthermore, a portion of fine sand was also replaced by 4
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308 mm recycled fine aggregates. Thus, the particle size grading within the mixture is increased,

309 and larger sized aggregates causing blockages whilst passing through reinforcements.

310 Series II and III fresh property results also indicate the negative influence of recycled

311 aggregates in SCC mixtures. These trends can be attributed to the same reasoning as for

312 Series I. Series II containing crumb rubber (SCRC), showed no significant difference in fresh

313 property results compared to mixtures without crumb rubber present (Series I) and satisfied

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314 European Guidelines (EFNARC 2005). Series III containing scoria (LWSCC), most slump

315 flow values except for LW50RA40 were within the suggested values (600-700 mm).

316 However, results are still considered as SCC under classification of SF1 and deemed

317 appropriate for limited applications.

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318 Hardened Properties

319 Compressive strength

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320 Compressive strength test results of all three series after 7 and 28 days of curing are presented

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321 in Table 8, and Fig. 7. Series I recorded the highest compressive strengths of all three series

322 and at all RA replacements. Results agree with past literature that as the content of RA

323
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increases in SCC mixtures, the compressive strength reduces (Kou et al. 2009, Carro-Lopez
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324 et al. 2015, Gesoglu et al. 2015). However, the addition of RA did not significantly

325 compromise its mechanical strength. The 28-day compressive strength results for Series I
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326 ranged from 47.74MPa at 10% to 43.82 MPa at 40% replacement.

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327 Generally, the quality of RA are less than those of NA due to the crushing processes
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328 experienced (Gesoglu et al. 2015). The type of original aggregate, the adhered mortar quality,

329 and the amount of mortar of the original concrete found in the RA determines the strength of
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330 the resulting mixture (Tuyan et al. 2013). There are two weak layers of interfacial transition
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331 zones (ITZ) in concrete containing RA; one that exists from the old concrete found in the RA
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332 aggregate itself and a new ITZ between the RA and the new surrounding mixture (Poon et al.

333 2004). The poor quality of RA which experienced crushing creates a weaker ITZ within the

334 concrete and thus resulting in a lower compressive strength than the parent concrete

335 (Corinaldesi & Moriconi 2011, Gesoglu et al. 2015).

336 SCRC mixtures in Series II produced the lowest compressive strengths of all three series.

337 This is in correlation with previous literature which indicate that CR aggregates contribute to

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338 a loss of compressive strength (Dong et al. 2013, Eldin and Senouci 1993). Aslani (2013)

339 discussed that the weak bond between the rubber aggregates and surrounding cement matrix

340 develops into a weak interfacial transition zone which causes the rubber particles to act as

341 voids and thus reducing its compressive strength.

All Series II mixtures containing RA showed higher strength results compared to the SCRC

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342

343 control mix and could possibly be accounted by a better quality RFA as opposed to the minus

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344 4 mm NFA and sand. The RFA aggregates used in this experimental study could possibly

345 have originated from a higher strength parent concrete than the control mixture. This increase

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346 in strength is also observed in Series III when only RFA are introduced as opposed to the

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347 replacement of both RFA and RCA in Series I. Tuyan et al. 2014 also observed an increase in
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348 compressive strength as the percentage replacement of RA is increased up to 40% and

349 concluded that the higher surface roughness of RA creates a stronger ITZ with the new
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350 surrounding cement matrix. Furthermore, the rougher and angular RA in replacement of sand

351 can lead to a better particle grading and interlocking of aggregates for the given mixture
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352 composition proposed in this study. Fakitsas et al. (2011) attributed the increase of
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353 compressive strength of RA experienced at later ages resulting from the internal curing due to
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354 the water absorption and retention of RA.

355 The addition of RA in LWSCC (Series III) did not significantly affect its compressive
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356 strength, but marginal increases in strength were obtained as more RA is introduced similar
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357 to results from Series II. Series III produced 28-day compressive strength test results ranging

358 from 38.36MPa at 10% replacement to 40.68MPa at 40% RA replacement. The marginal

359 increases obtained in Series III can be attributed to the same reasoning to that of Series II.

360 Splitting tensile strength

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361 Splitting tensile strength test results for all three series at 7 and 28 days are presented

362 alongside the compressive strength results in Table 8 and in Fig. 8. Results show that an

363 increase in tensile strength is observed when RA are added. In this study, 28 day splitting

364 tensile strength values were obtained ranging from 3.70 to 4.38MPa, 2.71 to 3.07MPa, and

365 3.27 to 3.89MPa for Series I, II, and III respectively. Overall splitting tensile strength results

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366 showed similar trends to that of compressive strength results, whereby Series I showed the

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367 highest results and the lowest being Series II. These trends can be attributed to the same

368 reasoning as for compressive strength.

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369

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370 Compressive stress- strain behaviour
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371 Fig. 9 presents the stress versus strain curve for Series I, II, and III. For this test, a 60 mm

372 vertical strain gauge is attached and the cylindrical specimen is loaded under compression
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373 until failure. It can be observed from each of the stress-strain graphs that an increase in RA
D

374 saw a decrease in peak compressive stress. The overall peak strain decreases as the
TE

375 percentage of RA is increased for each of the three series. Series I and III produced peak

376 strains in the range of 1500-2000 µε. Series II mixtures produced the lowest values of peak
EP

377 strain with values generally less than 1000 µε. Also, these results show increasing the coarse

378 recycled aggregate decreases the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity reduced by
C

379 20% for the worst case RA40 mix with 40% replacement.
AC

380 CONCLUSIONS

381 The demand for new infrastructure to accommodate the ever-growing population places a

382 burden on the environment to provide natural resources. As such there is an incentive to

383 promote new innovative and sustainable ways that utilises recycled concrete aggregates.

384 Previous research into the use of recycled concrete aggregates incorporated into the mix

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385 design of SCC. However, its widespread use in Australia remains strictly limited. This

386 experimental study aims to promote and develop information on the fresh and hardened

387 properties of SCC, SCRC, and LWSCC utilising local recycled aggregates. The following

388 conclusions can be drawn based on the experimental results documented as follows:

1. Self-compacting concretes using recycled concrete, crumb rubber and scoria

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389

390 aggregates have been developed. Also, the proposed mixes are able to reduce amount

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391 of used cement to 40% which mean all mixes just have 180 kg/m3 cement.

392 2. As the percentage of recycled aggregate replacement increases, the density of the

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393 concrete decreases. This is due to the density of the recycled aggregates being less

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394 dense than the natural aggregates.
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395 3. As the percentage of recycled aggregate replacement increases, the flowability and

396 passing ability decreases. This is evident when measuring the slump test diameter and
M

397 the J-Ring test diameter and height difference. To improve flowability with the

398 increase of recycled aggregates in SCC, more admixtures need to be used.

D

399 4. An increase in the percentage of coarse recycled aggregate shows a decrease in

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400 compressive strength. The worst sample being the RA40 mix with 40% replacement
EP

401 yielding a 13% decrease in compressive strength when compared to the control mix.

402 5. RFA substitution in SCRC and LWSCC mixtures showed improvements in

C

403 mechanical strength. This is due to the NFA being of a poorer quality to the RFA
AC

404 which originated from a stronger quality concrete.

405 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

406 This work was supported by School of Civil, Environmental & Mining Engineering,

407 University of Western Australia, Australia. The authors would like to express their sincere

408 gratitude and appreciation to BASF Australia.

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414 AS 1012.17. Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the static chord modulus of

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415 elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens. Standards Australia; 1997.

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417 consistency of concrete – Slump flow, T500 and J-Ring test. Standards Australia; 2015.

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419 and grout specimens. Standards Australia; 2014.

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425 AS 2758. 1—1998. Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes Part 1: Concrete
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TE

427 AS 3582. Supplementary cementitious materials for use with portland and blended
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EP

429 AS 3583. Methods of test for supplementary cementitious materials for use with Portland
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C

431 AS 3972. General purpose and blended cements. Standards Australia; 2010.
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458 strengths of self-compacting concrete with or without fibers,” Mag Concrete Res, 65(15),
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476 Aslani, F., Ma, G., Law Yim Wan, D. and Le V. (2018). Experimental investigation into
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479 ASTM C1240. Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
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481 Bandi, S. M., Patel, Y. J. and Vyas, V. H. (2016) ‘Study on Fresh and Hardened
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483 10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0505256. AN
484 Bignozzi, M. C. and Sandrolini, F. (2006) ‘Tyre rubber waste recycling in self-
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486 Carro-López, D., González-Fonteboa, B., de Brito, J., Martinez-Abella, F., Gonzalez-
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487 Taboada, I., & Silva, P. (2015). Study of the rheology of self-compacting concrete with
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489 Cement Concretes and Aggregates Australia (2008). Use of Recycled Aggregates in
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491 http://www.ccaa.com.au/imis_prod/documents/Library%20Documents/CCAA%20Report
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493 Corinaldesi, V. and Moriconi, G. (2011) ‘The role of industrial by-products in self-
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496 CSI, Cement Sustainability Initiative. (2015). Recycling Concrete report.

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497 http://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key-issues/sustainability-with-concrete/concrete-
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504 delines+for+Self-Compacting+Concrete#0.

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505 EFNARC, S., (2005). ERMCO The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete.
506 (May). Available at: www.efnarc.org/pdf/SCCGuidelinesMay2005.pdf

507 Eldin, Senouci, (1993). Rubber tyre particles as concrete aggregate, J. Mater. Civ.
508 Eng., 5 (1993), pp. 478-496

509 Gesoglu, M. et al. (2015) ‘Failure characteristics of self-compacting concretes made with
510 recycled aggregates’, Construction and Building Materials. Elsevier Ltd, 98, pp. 334–

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511 344. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.036.

512 Grdic, Z. J. et al. (2010) ‘Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse
513 recycled concrete aggregate’, Construction and Building Materials. Elsevier Ltd, 24(7),

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514 pp. 1129–1133. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.029.

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515 Fakitsas, C. G. et al. (2011) ‘The Effects of Recycled Concrete Aggregates on the
516 Compressive and Shear Strength of High Strength Self‐Consolidating Concrete’, Journal
517 of Materials in, 24(4), pp. 356–361. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000397.

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518 Kou, S. C., & Poon, C. S. (2009). Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with
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519 coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement and Concrete composites, 31(9),
520 622-627.

521 Moriconi, G., 2007, June. Recyclable materials in concrete technology: sustainability and
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522 durability. In Sustainable construction materials and technologies, Proc. Special Sessions
523 of First inter. conf. on sustainable construction materials and technologies, Coventry, UK
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524 (pp. 11-13).

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525 Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., & Lam, L. (2004). Effect of microstructure of ITZ on
526 compressive strength of concrete prepared with recycled aggregates. Construction and
527 Building Materials, 18(6), 461-468.
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528 Rajhans, P., Panda, S. K. and Nayak, S. (no date) ‘Properties of self-compacted recycled
529 aggregate concrete (scrac) with different two stage mixing approaches’, pp. 780–813.
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530 Ries, J.P., Crocker, D.A. & Sheetz, S.R., (2003). Guide for Structural Lightweight-
Aggregate Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 213. , pp.1–38.
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531

532 Su, N., Hsu, K.C. and Chai, H.W., 2001. A simple mix design method for self-
533 compacting concrete. Cement and concrete research, 31(12), pp.1799-1807.

534 Taylor, P. (2013). Curing Concrete. 1st ed. Florida: CRC Press.

535 Tuyan, M., Mardani-Aghabaglou, A., & Ramyar, K. (2014). Freeze–thaw resistance,
536 mechanical and transport properties of self-consolidating concrete incorporating coarse
537 recycled concrete aggregate. Materials & Design, 53, 983-991.

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538

539

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541

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545

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548
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Table 1 Properties of cement, fly ash, silica fumes and ground granulated blast furnace slag.
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549

General Purpose Cement Fly Ash

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties
M

CaO 63.40% CaO 3.30%

SiO2 20.10% SiO2 50.40%
Al2O3 4.60% Al2O3 31.50%
D

Fe2O3 2.80% Fe2O3 10.40%

SO3 2.70% SO3 0.10%
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MgO 1.30% MgO 1.10%

Na2O 0.60% Na2O 0.30%
Total Chloride 0.02% K2O 0.50%
Physical Properties SrO <0.1%
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Specific Gravity 3.0-3.2 t/m3 TiO2 1.90%

Fineness index 390 m2/kg P2O5 0.50%
Normal consistency 27% Mn2O3 0.20%
C

Setting time initial 120 min Total Alkali 0.60%

Setting time final 210 min Physical Properties
AC

Soundness 2 mm Relative Density 2.29

loss on ignition 3.80% Moisture <0.1%
Residue 45µm sieve 4.70% Loss on Ignition 1.10%
Mechanical Properties Sulphuric Anhydride 0.10%
Mortar Comp Str. Chloride Ion 0.00%
f'c 3 Days 38.6 MPa Chemical Composition 92.30%
f'c 7 Days 48.4 MPa Relative Water Requirement 93%
f'c 28 Days 58.5 MPa Strength index 102%
Shrinkage 28 days 640 µ strain

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Silica Fume

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties
S 0.40% Silicon as SiO2 98%

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SO3 2.40% Sodium as Na2O 0.33%
MgO 5.70% Potassium as K2O 0.17%
Al2O3 12.60% Available Alkali 0.40%
FeO 0.80% Chloride as Cl- 0.15%
MnO 0.10% Sulphuric Anhydride 0.83%
Cl 0.01% Sulphate as SO3 0.90%
Insoluble residue content 0.20% Physical Properties
Physical Properties Bulk Density 625 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 3.0-3.2 Relative Density 2.21

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Relative Water requirement 103% Pozzolanic Activity at 7days 111%
Relative Strength 100% Control Mix Strength 31.3 MPa
Temperature rise 18.8OC Moisture Content 1.10%
Fineness (passing 45µm) 98% Loss of Ignition 2.40%

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550
551
552

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553
554
555
556
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Table 2. Properties of natural aggregates and sand.
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557

Natural Crushed Aggregate 10 mm Natural Crushed Aggregate minus 4 mm

Sieve Size % passing Sieve Size % passing
M

13.2 mm 100% 4.75 mm 100%

9.5 mm 87% 2.36 mm 80%
6.7 mm 20% 1.18 mm 55%
D

4.75 mm 7% 600µm 39%

2.35 mm 4% 300µm 27%
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1.18 mm 3% 150µm 18%

600µm 2% 75µm 13%
300µm 2%
150µm 2% Apparent Particle Density 2.76 t/m3
EP

75µm 2% Particle Density Dry 2.65 t/m3

Particle Density SSD 2.69 t/m3
Moisture Content 0.5% Water Absorption 1.40%
C

Flakiness Index 24.0% Moisture Content 2.50%

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AFS 45-50 Silica Sand AFS 45-50 Silica Sand

Chemical Constituents Sieve Size % Retained
SiO2 99.86% 850µm 0%
Fe2O3 0.01% 600µm 0.30%
Al2O3 0.02% 425µm 11.90%
Cao 0.00% 300µm 40.80%
MgO 0.00% 212µm 31.60%
Na2O 0.00% 150µm 12.60%
K2o 0.00% 106µm 2.30%
TiO2 0.03% 75µm 0.20%
MnO <0.001%

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Loss on Ignition 0.01%
o
Water Content (@105 C) < 0.001%
AFS Number 47.50%
558
559
560

561

562

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563

564

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565

566

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567

568

569
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Table 3. Properties of recycled concrete aggregates, crumb rubber aggregates, and scoria aggregates.
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570

4 mm Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate 14 mm Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate

M

Sieve Size % passing Sieve Size % passing

6.70 mm 100 16.0 mm 100
4.75 mm 99 13.2 mm 60
2.36 mm 73 9.50 mm 32
D

1.18 mm 57 6.70 mm 8
600 µm 42 4.75 mm 3
TE

300 µm 36 2.36 mm 2
150 µm 19 1.18 mm 1
600 µm 1
EP

10 mm Crumb Rubber Aggregates 10 mm Scoria Aggregates

Chemical Constituents % Value Sieve Size % Retained
SiO2 22.00 850µm 0%
C

Al2O3 9.09 600µm 0.30%

Fe2O3 1.45
AC

425µm 11.90%
TiO2 2.57 300µm 40.80%
CaO 10.64 212µm 31.60%
MgO 1.35 150µm 12.60%
Na2O 1.10 106µm 2.30%
K2O 0.92 75µm 0.20%
SO3 15.38
P2O5 1.03
ZnO 34.50
571

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573

574

575

576

577

578

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579

580

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581

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582

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583 Table 4. Series I: Recycled concrete aggregates mix proportions.
584
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SCC: Recycled Aggregates Control RA10 RA20 RA30 RA40
Mix Proportion SCC
M

Binder (kg/m3)
GP Cement 180 180 180 180 180
Fly Ash 135 135 135 135 135
D

GGBFS 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25

Silica Fumes 33.75 33.75 33.75 33.75 33.75
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Total Cementitious Content 450 450 450 450 450

Water (l/m3) 202.5 202.5 202.5 202.5 202.5
Aggregates (kg/m3)
EP

Fine Silica Sand AS 45-50 362.64 326.38 290.11 253.85 217.58

Natural Aggregates minus 4 mm 554.42 498.98 443.54 388.09 332.65
Natural Aggregates 10 mm 758.88 682.99 607.11 531.22 455.33
C

Fine recycled aggregate 4 mm - 83.69 167.37 251.06 334.74

Coarse recycled aggregate 14 mm - 68.47 136.94 205.41 273.88
AC

Admixtures (l/m3)
Superplasticiser 3 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
High-range water reducer 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Viscosity modifying agent - - 0.4 0.4 0.4
585

586 Table 5. Series II: Recycled fine concrete aggregate (RFA) and crumb rubber aggregate (CR) mix
587 proportions.
588

SCC: Recycled Aggregates & Crumb Rubber Control CR20RFA10 CR20RFA20 CR20RFA30 CR20RFA40
Mix Proportion SCRC

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Binder (kg/m3)
GP Cement 180 180 180 180 180
Fly Ash 135 135 135 135 135
GGBFS 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25
Silica Fumes 33.75 33.75 33.75 33.75 33.75
Total Cementitious Content 450 450 450 450 450
3
Water (l/m ) 202.5 202.5 202.5 202.5 202.5
3
Aggregates (kg/m )

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Fine Silica Sand AS 45-50 362.64 326.38 290.11 253.85 217.58
Natural Aggregates minus 4 mm 554.42 498.98 443.54 388.09 332.65
Natural Aggregates 10 mm 607.11 607.11 607.11 607.11 607.11

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Fine recycled aggregate 4 mm - 83.69 167.37 251.06 334.74
Coarse recycled aggregate 14 mm - - - - -
Crumb Rubber 10 mm 65.62 65.62 65.62 65.62 65.62

SC
Admixtures (l/m3)
Superplasticiser 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
High-range water reducer 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

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Viscosity modifying agent 0.2 1 1.2 1.2 1.4
589 Table 6. Series III: Recycled fine concrete aggregate (RFA) and Scoria lightweight aggregate (LW)
590 mix proportions.
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591

SCC: Recycled Aggregates & Scoria Control LW50RFA10 LW50RFA20 LW50RFA30 LW50RFA40
M

Mix Proportion LWSCC

Binder (kg/m3)
GP Cement 180 180 180 180 180
D

Fly Ash 135 135 135 135 135

GGBFS 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25
TE

Silica Fumes 33.75 33.75 33.75 33.75 33.75

Total Cementitious Content 450 450 450 450 450
3
Water (l/m ) 202.5 202.5 202.5 202.5 202.5
EP

3
Aggregates (kg/m )
Fine Silica Sand AS 45-50 362.64 326.38 290.11 253.85 217.58
Asphalt minus 4 mm 554.42 498.98 443.54 388.09 332.65
C

Asphalt 10 mm 379.44 379.44 379.44 379.44 379.44

Fine recycled aggregate 4 mm - 83.69 167.37 251.06 334.74
AC

Coarse recycled aggregate 14 mm - - - - -

Scoria 10 mm 215.40 215.40 215.40 215.40 215.40
Admixtures (l/m3)
Superplasticiser 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
High-range water reducer 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Viscosity modifying agent 1.65 1 1 1 1
592

593

594

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595

596

597

598

599

600

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601

602

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603

604

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605

606
607 Table 7. Fresh properties test results.

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608

Slump flow J-ring T500 J-ring Height

Diameter Diameter Time (s) Difference
M

Mix (mm) (mm) (mm)

Control SCC 690 650 1.97 10
RA10 690 630 2.06 18
D

Series I RA20 650 560 2.37 25

RA30 620 530 2.04 32
TE

RA40 600 500 2.95 35

Control SCRC 600 550 2.1 30
CR20RA10 670 580 1.97 25
EP

Series II CR20RA20 620 530 2.01 30

CR20RA30 610 520 2.36 32
CR20RA40 650 540 2.4 34
C

Control LWSCC 660 610 2.14 20

LW50RA10 610 560 2.01 24
AC

Series III LW50RA20 700 630 2.08 18

LW50RA30 690 600 2.06 22
LW50RA40 560 440 3.22 40
609

610

611

612

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614

615

616

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617

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618

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D
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AC

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Table 8. SCRC hardened property tests results.

Hardened Compressive Strength (MPa) Tensile Strength (MPa)

PT
Density 7 Day 28 Day 7 Day 28 Day
Mix (kg/m3) ߤ ߪ ߤ ߪ ߤ ߪ ߤ ߪ

RI
Control SCC 2323.82 35.22 1.33 50.39 0.65 3.19 0.31 3.70 0.43
RA10 2326.42 34.18 0.36 47.74 1.91 3.22 0.22 4.38 0.12

SC
RA20 2333.21 32.60 0.56 46.06 1.05 3.22 0.12 3.98 0.48
RA30 2331.73 30.59 2.77 45.13 0.75 3.22 0.06 3.79 0.17
RA40 2337.47 34.43 0.39 43.82 1.12 3.23 0.05 3.80 0.09

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Control SCRC 2175.54 19.48 0.76 22.21 2.41 2.30 0.04 2.71 0.33

AN
CR20RA10 2229.99 20.94 1.30 28.63 1.93 2.56 0.26 3.02 0.31
CR20RA20 2240.69 22.63 2.94 28.01 3.78 2.56 0.14 2.75 0.21
CR20RA30 2207.59 19.42 2.28 24.03 1.1 2.3 0.1 2.97 0.22

M
CR20RA40 2219.53 21.81 3.13 27.13 3.69 2.7 0.09 3.07 0.50
Control LWSCC 2323.82 25.44 2.05 38.93 1.27 2.89 0.08 3.54 0.15

D
LW50RA10 2179.71 31.67 1.31 38.36 0.94 2.89 0.97 3.89 0.17
2191.88 28.98 4.91 39.85 1.89 3.02 0.2 3.43 0.33

TE
LW50RA20
LW50RA30 2162.80 30.92 0.27 37.68 2.71 2.78 0.56 3.27 0.36
LW50RA40 2179.44 33.76 0.33 40.68 2.41 3.08 0.38 3.34 0.48
EP
ߤ = mean (MPa)
ߪ = standard deviation (MPa)
C
AC

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1

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2
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3 Fig. 1. Grading curve of natural aggregates and sand.
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5
D

7
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9
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10

11
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12
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13

14

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15 (a)
16 (b)

17 (c)

18 (d)

19 Fig. 2. Aggregates a) 10 mm RA, b) minus 4 mm

20 RA, c) 10 mm Scoria and d) 10 mm CR.

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21

22
M

23
D

24
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25
EP

Slump Flow J-ring Slump flow J-ring

700 700
Diameter (mm)
C

600
Diameter (mm)

600
AC

500 500

400 400
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

%RA replacement in SCC (Series I) %RA replacement in SCRC (Series II)

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27 (a) (b)

Slump Flow J-ring

700

Diameter (mm)
600

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500

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400
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
%RA in LWSCC (Series III)

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28 (c)

29 Fig. 3. Slump test flow diameter and J-ring flow diameters of a) Series I, b) Series II, and c) Series III

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30 respectively.
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31
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32
D

33
TE

34

35
EP

36
C
AC

37

32
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
38 (a) (b)

PT
RI
39

SC
40 (c) (d)
41 Fig. 4. Aggregate distribution of Series I; a) RA10, b) RA20, c) RA30, and d) RA40.

U
42

43
AN
44

45
M

46

47
D

48
TE

49

50
C EP
AC

51
52 (a) (b)

33
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
53

RI
54 (c) (d)
55

SC
56 Fig. 5. Aggregate distribution of Series II; a) CR20RA10, b) CR20RA20, c) CR20RA30, and d)

57 CR20RA40.

58
U
AN
59

60
M

61

62
D

63
TE

64

65
EP

66

67
C
AC

68
69 (a) (b)

34
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
70

RI
71 (c) (d)
72

SC
73 Fig. 6. Aggregate distribution of Series III; a) LW50RA10, b) LW50RA20, c) LW50RA30, and d)

74 LW50RA40.

75
U
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC

35
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
76

7- Day 28-Day 7- Day 28-Day

60 35

Compressive Strength (MPa)

50 30
Compressive Strength (MPa)

25
40
20
30

PT
15
20
10
10 5

RI
0 0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
RA replacement % (Series I) RA replacement % (Series II)

SC
77 (a) (b)

U
7- Day 28-Day
45
AN
40
Compressive Strength (MPa)

35
30
25
M

20
15
10
D

5
0
TE

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

RA replacement % (Series III)
78
EP

79 (c)

80 Fig. 7. Compressive strength results at 7 and 28 days of a) Series I, b) Series II, and c) Series III.
C

81
AC

82

83

84

36
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

7- Day 28-Day 7- Day 28-Day

5 3.5
4.5
3

Tensile Strength (MPa)

Tensile Strength (MPa)

4
3.5 2.5
3
2
2.5
2 1.5
1.5 1

PT
1
0.5 0.5

0 0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

RI
RA replacement % (Series I) RA replacement % (Series II)
85
86 (a) (b)

SC
7- Day 28-Day
4.5
4
Tensile Strength (MPa)

U
3.5
3
AN
2.5
2
1.5
M

1
0.5
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
D

RA replacement % (Series III)

87
88 (c)
TE

89 Fig. 8. Tensile strength results at 7 and 28 days of a) Series I, b) Series II, and c) Series III.
EP

90

91
C
AC

92

93

94

95

96

37
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
97

98

SCRC Control CR20RA10

SCC Control RA10
CR20RA20 CR20RA40
RA20 RA30 CR20RA30
60 40
35

PT
50
30
Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)
40 25
30 20

RI
20 15
10
10
5

SC
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Strain x 10-6 (µε) Strain x 10-6 (µε)
99 (a) (b)

U
AN
LWSCC Control LW50RA10
LW50RA30 LW50RA40
45
40
M

35
Stress (MPa)

30
25
D

20
15
10
TE

5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Strain x 10-6 (µε)
EP

100 (c)

101 Fig. 9. Compressive stress- strain curves for a) Series I, b) Series II, and c) Series III.
C

102
AC

103

104

38