Module no.

7
Contents:
 Resistors in Parallel Connection
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Topic Objectives:

 To explain the meaning of parallel connection

 To show different ways resistors can be connected in
parallel
 To introduce the Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
 To apply KCL in dealing with parallel connections of
circuit
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
a
●
●a

E R1 R2 R3
R1 R2 R3 E

●
b ●
b
Resistor can be connected such that they branch out from a
single point (known as a node), and join up again somewhere
else in the circuit. This is known as a parallel connection.
DC PARALLEL CIRCUITS
“Two elements, branches, or circuits are in parallel if they
have two, and only two points in common.”
●

R1 R2
● ●

●
Parallel branch = current path
◦ If there is more than one current path (branch) between two
separate points (nodes) and if the voltage between those two
points also appears across each of those branches, then there
is a parallel circuit between those two points.
Circuit forms of parallel connection
A A A
+ ● + +
● ●

●
- - -
B
● B B
●

A
+ ●
● A
●
+

- -
B B
●
Assemble to form a parallel circuit
R2
A
+
R1
R3
-
B
R5
R4

Schematic Diagram for three parallel resistors

 VOLTAGE IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS

● ●

● ●

● ●

dc voltage source

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Circuit Analysis for Parallel Connection

IT I1 I2 I3 IN
+ + + +
VS +
_ R1 V1 R2 V2 R3 V3 RN VN
- - - -

Vs = V1 = V2 = V3 = …. = VN Parallel characteristic for

voltage

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + … + IN Using Ohm’s Law ( ex. Three resistor)

VS V1 V2 V3 1 1 1 1
= = =
RT R 1 + R2 + R3 RT R1 + R2 + R3
 Therefore, 1
General Equation
RT = 1 1 1 (for 3 or more resistors
R1 + R2 + R3 in parallel)

Special case: (2 resistors in parallel)

1
R1 R2
RT = 1 1 = Product over Sum
R1 + R2
R 1 + R2

Sample Exercises:
Ex.1 Determine the Equivalent Resistance of the circuit

RT 12Ω
R1 3Ω R2 6Ω R3 R4 R 6Ω
4Ω 5
 ● ●
Ex.2 IT I1 I2 Determine:
+ + a) RT
+ b) IT (current source)
R1 9Ω V1 R2
27V _ 18Ω V2 c) current through each
parallel branch
- - d) show that IT = I1+ I2

Ex.3
If a 12-V battery is applied across the circuit of example No.1,
Determine
a) IT
b) current through each parallel branch
c) show that IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
d) Derive the power equation for parallel circuit
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
- “The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node or
junction is equal to zero.”
I1 = 4A I2 = 2A In equation form:
node, system,
Complex network ΣIin = ΣIout
I3 = 10A where: Iin = input currents
I4 = 8A
Iout = output currents

- “The sum of the currents entering a junction must equal

the sum of the currents leaving the same junction.”
I1 + I4 = I2 + I3
ΣIin = ΣIout
4 + 8 = 2 + 10
12A = 12A
Node = commonly used to refer ‘junction’ of two or more branches
Ex.4 Determine I3 and I4 using KCL
I1 = 2A I4
I3
●a ●
b
I2 = 3A
I5 = 1A

Ex.5 Determine I1, I3, I4 and I5 using KCL

b
●
I1
I3
R1 R3 I5
a c
● ●
I = 5A R2 R4 R5

I4
I2 = 4A
●d
Ex.6 I2=3A
Determine I3 and I5
I4=1A
●a
I1=4A ●b
I3
I5
Ex.7
2mA Determine :
IT I1 I2 I3 a) I1 and I3
b) Current source IT
R1 6Ω R2 3Ω R3 1Ω
CURRENT DIVISION PRINCIPLE (CDP)
(For Parallel Circuit Application)
IT From Ohm’s Law:
●
I1 I2 I3 IN V
IT =
RT RT
R1 R2 R3
RN

●
since
V = I1R1 = I2R2 =…= IxRx
Therefore, any number of
Solving for the current current and
IR of any branch resistance
IT = x x
RT
Ix = (IT) RT
Rx General Equation
Special Case: Two Parallel Resistor
using product over sum
I2 RT = R1 R2
I1 R 1 + R2
RT
R1 Solving for I1 using CDP Let:
R2
Ix = I1
Ix = (IT) RT
Rx Rx = R 1
Therefore,
R1 R2
I1 = (IT) R1 + R2 I1 = (IT) R2 I2 = (IT) R1
R1+R2 R1+R2
R1
Ex.8 Determine I1 using Current Divider Principle
R1 1kΩ

I1
IT = 12mA R2 10kΩ 12mA

R3 22kΩ

Ex.9 Determine resistor R1 using KCL or CDP

R1

I = 27mA I1 = 21mA

R2

7Ω
 Module no.8
Contents:
 Series - Parallel Circuit
 Delta to Wye Transformation

Topic Objectives:

 To illustrate the series-parallel circuits combinations

 To use Kirchhoff’s Law and Ohm’s Law in solving for
the unknowns
 To introduce the technique of delta to wye transformation
SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS
A series-parallel configuration is one that is formed by a
combination of series-parallel elements.
R1 R3

IT
E R2 R4

To compute for RT: To compute for IT:

1. Always start with the last element Apply Ohm’s Law
R4 is in series with R3
E
2. The combination is in parallel with R2 IT =
RT
3. Finally, the result is in series with R1.
Sample Exercises:
Ex.1 Solve for RT, IT, and the voltage sharing of each resistor
2Ω 5Ω

10V 8Ω 10V 5Ω

(a) (b)
Ex.2 Solve for RT, IT, and the current sharing of each resistor

36V 36V
4Ω 6Ω 6Ω 6Ω
 6.6Ω Solve for
Ex.3 a) RT
b) IT
54V c) I4Ω and I6Ω
4Ω 6Ω d) Voltage across each
resistor and
e) PT, Power dissipated
by each resistor
Ex.4
IT
I2
8Ω Determine
15Ω a) I2
12V
b) V2Ω
2Ω
 4Ω
Ex.5
IT I2
8Ω Determine
15Ω a) I2
12V + b) V2Ω
2Ω V
-

Ex.6 +V1 -
3Ω I2
Determine
6Ω
a) V1
2Ω I4 + b) I2
24V 8Ω 12Ω V5 c) I4
-
d) V5
 +V1 -
Ex.7
9Ω
I3 I6 Determine
6Ω a) V1
12V 4Ω +
3Ω V6 b) I3
-
c) V4
+
V4 6Ω 3Ω d) I6
- e) V6

13Ω
Ex.8
Calculate for open and
6Ω 18Ω closed a-b terminals
b
a) RT
100V ◦a ◦b b) IT
18Ω 6Ω
WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION

The purpose of this problem is to find the potential

difference between the two terminals of the resistor
12KΩ.

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WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION
Situation often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors are
neither in series or parallel. (Ex. A bridge circuit)
R1 R2
1 3 1 3
R1 R2

R3
R3

2 4 2 4
WYE NETWORK TEE NETWORK

1 3 1 3
Ra Ra
Rc Rb Rc Rb

2 4 2 4
DELTA NETWORK PI NETWORK
THE CONVERSION

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 Ra
Ex.1
1 3
25Ω
10Ω 15Ω
Convert the delta-network
Rc Rb to its equivalent wye-network

2 4
DELTA NETWORK

Ex.2
10Ω 20Ω
1 3

Convert the tee-network

R3 40Ω to its equivalent delta-network

2 4
TEE NETWORK
 a
Ex.3 ●
IT
50Ω 30Ω
Determine Rab, IT
20Ω
DC
15Ω
120V

50Ω
14Ω

●
b
Ex.4
13Ω

Determine RT, IT
IT
24Ω 10Ω
DC
20Ω

100V
30Ω 50Ω
 30Ω
Ex.5
5Ω
Determine RT
10Ω 20Ω
DC

15Ω
5Ω

30Ω 40Ω
20Ω
Ex.6
10Ω Determine Vx

60Ω 50Ω +
DC
VX 80Ω
120V -