1-D Kinematics Practice Packet PDF

Overview
Temperature and Heat

Click to edit Master title style
A. Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
B. Thermometer and Temperature Scales
C. Thermal Expansion
D. Calorimetry
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1
Temperature
temperature
Click to of
-measure edit
the Master
degree title style
of hotness or coldness
-measure of the average
Kinetic energy of a
substance
thermometer
-device used to measure
temperature.
2
Temperature
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Click
-If C isto edit inMaster
initially thermal title style
equilibrium with both A
and B, then A & B are in
thermal equilibrium with
each other
3
Temperature
Thermal Equlibrium
Click to editare
-Two systems Master title
said to be style
in thermal
equilibrium if and only if they have the
same temperature

-What a thermometer measures is the temperature of
the thermometer and the system under consideration,
at thermal equilibrium and NOT necessarily the
temperature of the system under consideration,
4
Temperature
Conversions
0F = 1.8 x 0C + 32
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
K = 0C + 273.15
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C
5
*lowest possible temperature, which is called absolute zero, though it cannot be
reached by any actual physical device
Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion

The length of an object changes when its temperature
changes:
L   LO T
Where:
L change
Click toinedit
length
Master subtitle style
 T change in temperature
LO initial length
 coefficient of linear expansion
-NOTE: This is NOT an exact relationship!!! 6
Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion

L   LO T
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:

1
C
  
C  1
7
Thermal Expansion
8
Thermal Expansion
9
Thermal Expansion
a) A bimetallic strip bends

as the temperature
changes because the two
metals have different
expansion coefficients
b) A bimetallic strip used in
a thermostat to break or
make electrical contact
? steel & brass 10

A surveyor uses a steel in measuring
tape that is exactly 50m long at a
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temperature of 20 ᴼC . What is the
style
length on a hot summer day when the
temperature is 35 ᴼC?
αClick
steel =12
to x 10
edit -6/K subtitle style
Master
50.009 m
11
Thermal Expansion
When an object undergoes thermal expansion,

any holes in the object expands as well.
12
Thermal Expansion
Volume Expansion
Click to editV
Master
  VO title
T style
Where:
VClick
change in Master
to edit volume subtitle style
 T change in temperature
VO initial volume
 coefficient of volume expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:

1
C
 
C  1
13
  3
Example
A small plastic container, called

the coolant reservoir, catches
the radiator fluid that overflows
when an automobile engine
becomes hot. The radiator is
made of copper and the coolant
has an expansion coefficient of
4.0x10-4 Click to. If
(Co)-1 edit Master
the radiatorsubtitle style
is filled to its 15-quart capacity
when the engine is cold (6oC),how
much overflow will spill into the
reservoir when the coolant
reaches its operating Vspill  0.45021 quarts
14
temperature (92ᴼC)?
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
Suppose that a rod with length L and cross
Click to edit Master title
sectional area A is held at a constant
style
length while the temperature is reduced to
(negative delta T), causing a tensile stress.
Click to
 edit
L  Master subtitle
L  style

 L   L 
 0
 O  thermal  O  tension
F
 T   0
AY
 T Y
F
Thermal stress :  15
A
The beam is mounted between two concrete
o
supports when the temperature is 23 C. What
compressional stress must the concrete supports
apply to each end of the beam, if they are to keep
the beam from expanding when the temperature
rises to 42oC? (neglect expansion of
concrete)Y to =2x10
Clicksteel 11
edit Master subtitle style
16
Heat and Temperature Change
Heat is energy transferred from one body

to another by thermal interaction
The heat that flows from hot
to cold originates in the
internal energy of the hot
substance.
It is not correct to say that a

substance contains heat.
17
Types :
Click to edit
1. sensible heat Master title style
–temp change
2. Latent heat - phase change

18
1. Sensible Heat
-the heat that must be supplied or removed
to change the temperature of a substance
SOLIDS
AND
Q  mc T  CT
LIQUIDS
specific heat heat capacity

capacity
Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)

19
Unit for Heat Capacity: J / Co
20
Sensible Heat
GASES
The value of the specific heat of a gas depends
on whether the pressure or volume is held
constant.
This distinction is not important for solids.
OTHER UNITS
1 kcal = 4186 joules

1 cal = 4.186 joules 21
In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can

generate
Click to 8.0x10 5J of heat.
edit Master titleThis heat is
style
removed from the body by a variety of
means, including the body’s own
temperature-regulating mechanisms.
Click to edit Master subtitle style If
the heat were not removed, how much
would the body temperature increase?
22
Heat and Phase Change
2. Latent Heat
-The heat that must be supplied or removed to
change the phase of a mass m of a substance
Q  mL
specific latent heat or
heat of transformation
SI Unit for specific Latent Heat : J / kg

23
Latent Heat
24
Latent Heat
During a phase change, the temperature of the
mixture does not change (provided the system
is in thermal equilibrium).
25
Latent Heat
26
o
Ice at 0 C is placed in a Styrofoam cup
o
containing 0.32 kg of lemonade
Click to edit Master title style at 27 C.
The specific heat capacity of lemonade
is virtually the same as that of water.
After the ice and lemonade reach and
equilibrium temperature, some ice still
remains. Assume that mass of the cup
is so small that it absorbs a negligible
amount of heat. Determine the mass of
the ice (kg) used. 27
Calorimetry
If there is no heat loss to the surroundings,

the heat lost by the hotter object equals the
Click
heat to edit
gained by theMaster title style
cooler ones.
28

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Overview

Temperature and Heat

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Linear Thermal Expansion

Linear Thermal Expansion

Click to edit Master title style

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

a) A bimetallic strip bends

? steel & brass 10

When an object undergoes thermal expansion,

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:

A small plastic container, called

Heat is energy transferred from one body

It is not correct to say that a

2. Latent heat - phase change

specific heat heat capacity

Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

1 kcal = 4186 joules

In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can

SI Unit for specific Latent Heat : J / kg

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

If there is no heat loss to the surroundings,

Click to edit Master subtitle style

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