Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Benítez, Ramírez y Villegas. Sensores de Temperatura.

Spectral analysis of the ECG Signal

Benítez Arrieta Angélica María, Ramírez García Ana María y Villegas Fajardo Juliana
angelica.benitez089@gmail.com, anamariar317@gmail.com, julianavllgs@gmail.com
Manuela Beltrán University
Biomedical Engineering
Bogotá D.C Colombia
 design, robotics, and much more [3]. Some of the
Abstract— functions that there are going to use by us are:

For: the “for” function means the additions of the

I. INTRODUCTION
The electrocardiograph is a record of electrical potentials, that
is, it can determinate the activity generated by the heart or
bioelectrical activity of each of the muscles cells that there are
in the heart, which generates a rhythmic contraction in the heart
[1]. Likewise people can simulate this ECG signal using an
addition of sine signals, it could be do in a Matlab software. In
this practice it will be determinate an ECG signal with Matlab.
Then it will be implemented Discrete Fourier Transform, it
means to know the spectral and width of the signal; with this
we know the frequencies of the signal [2]. Also, the signal could
be affected by no Gaussian noise, it means an addition of a
signal with different frequencies that tend to 0.
Matlab is a software, it is a math environment where can a
visualization of numeric analysis, matrix calculus, signal
processing and graphics here people can do conditional, created
different kind of things and data processing. To determinate the
signal we did an addition with a “for” of 20 sines everyone with
different frequencies, and amplitude [3]. According with that
the objectives for this practice are:
- Identify the principal characteristics of Matlab and
how it can helps us with the creation of a simulate
ECG signal.
- Recognize what is the meaning of Discrete Fourier
Transform and what is the intention of doing this in
ECG signal.
- Analyze why is important to know the data
processing in a electrocardiograph and what
information it has.
II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- Matlab: is a tool when people can resolve
mathematics problems with different equations.
Also, it is used for machine learning, signal
processing, image processing, computer vision,
communications, computational finance, control
sines with different frequencies and amplitudes,
this with the purpose of create an ECG signal. So,
it is necessary to delimitate how many times the
function is going to work and then it can finish.
Fftshift: It shifts the DC (zero frequency
component) to the center of the signal or
image.
Fft: it calculates the discrete Fourier transform
(DFT) of X using a fast Fourier transform
algorithm.
Xlswrite: it writes the matrix A in the first
spreadsheet of the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
book filename from cell A1 [4].
- Sampling Theorem: It is the conversion of a
signal in continuous time to a signal in discrete
time. Periodic samples of that continuous signal
are obtained every T seconds or it shows that the
exact reconstruction of a continuous periodic
signal in baseband from its samples is
mathematically possible if the signal is
bandlimited and the sampling rate is more than
double its bandwidth [5].
- Discrete Fourier Transform: is a mathematical
transformation used to transform signals between
the time (or spatial) domain and the frequency
domain. In a discrete signal the Fourier transform
can be simplified for the calculation of a discrete
set of complex amplitudes, called coefficients of
the Fourier series. They represent the frequency
spectrum of the original time-domain signal [2].
III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

.
Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Benítez, Ramírez y Villegas. Sensores de Temperatura.
IV. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PRACTICE
1. Explain what happens when the sampling frequency is
well below the frequency of the signal to be sampled.
When the sampling frequency is very low with respect to
the frequency of the signal, it will not be captured and all
the samples can’t be obtained, which means that the bio
signal can’t be observed and analyzed well.
2. Explain what happens when the sampling frequency is
half the frequency of the signal to be sampled.
When the sampling frequency is half with respect to the
frequency of the signal, it will not be captured and all the
samples can’t be obtained, which means that the bio
signal can’t be observed and analyzed well.
3. Justify what sampling frequency you would choose
for an ECG, EEG, EMG, plethysmography, electro-
oculage, and visual evoked potentials (P300) signal.
Taking into account the Nyquist-Shannon Sampling
Theorem which states that:
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 ∗ 𝐹𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
For each bio signal the sampling frequency would be:
 ECG: Taking into account that the signal has a
frequency between 0.5 and 3 Hz, in order to
calculate the sampling frequency, it is necessary
to take the highest frequency for which this is:
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 ∗ 3𝐻𝑧
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 6𝐻𝑧
 EEG: For this one must take into account that
this has different types of waves which are:
o Alpha waves with a frequency of 8-13Hz
o Beta waves with a frequency of 14-60Hz
o Theta waves with a frequency of 4-7 Hz
o Delta waves with a frequency of 0-4 Hz
When taking into account that the highest
sampling frequency is taken, it is
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 ∗ 60𝐻𝑧
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 120𝐻𝑧
 EMG:
The frequency of the signal is in the range of 7-
20 Hz where by the sampling signal is:
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 ∗ 20𝐻𝑧
𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 40𝐻𝑧
 Plethysmography:
 Electrooculage:
 Visual Eviked Potentials (P300) signal:
2
V. CAUSES OF ERROR
VI. APLICATION
VII. CONCLUTIONS
To summary, in the practice an ECG signal was created
based on addition of sine signals with different
frequencies. It was doing in 5 parts one of each part of
ECG signal. Then the discrete Fourier transform was
determinate in order to transform the signal, this used to
transform signals between the time (or spatial) domain
and the frequency domain. Also we know that the main
frequency of the noise and original signal transform
represents the maximum frequency with deferments
amplitudes, to add, the spectral frequency represents the
distribution of the amplitudes for each frequency. After
the transform the unit are V2/Hz in the “y” axis and Hz in
the “x” axis.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] P. P. Macfarlane, «What is an electrocardiogram
(ECG)?,» HEART MATTERS, 2010. [En línea].
Available:
https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-
matters-magazine/medical/tests/electrocardiogram-ecg.
[2] L. L. d. A. d. F. Aplicado, «Transformada de Fourier,»
2010. [En línea]. Available:
http://www4.ujaen.es/~jmalmira/transformada_fourier_
almira.pdf.
[3] MathWorks, «Descripción de Matlab,» 2018. [En línea].
Available:
https://la.mathworks.com/help/matlab/learn_matlab/pro
duct-description.html.
[4] MathWorks, «Scripts y funciones,» 2018. [En línea].
Available:
https://la.mathworks.com/help/matlab/learn_matlab/scri
pts-and-functions.html.
[5] D. L. J. M. Mendoza, «Teorema del Muestreo,»
Procesamiento Digital de Señales, 2012. [En línea].
Available:
http://www.dicis.ugto.mx/profesores/ljavier/documentos
/lec01%20-%20teorema%20de%20muestreo.pdf.