Chapter 12 Vocab

12.1
circulatory system:​ the system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste around the body
heart:​ the muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body
blood vessel: ​a hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues
blood: ​the bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended
open circulatory system: ​a circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body
cavity
closed circulatory system: ​a circulatory system in which the circulating blood is contained
within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid
pulmonary artery: ​large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary
vein:​ blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart
aorta: ​an artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries
atrioventricular valve: ​a valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium
semilunar valve:​ a valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away
from the heart
pulmonary circulation:​ the path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart
systemic circulation: ​the path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the
heart
cardiac circulation: ​the movement of blood through the heart tissues
vasodilation: ​the widening of the blood vessels
vasoconstriction: ​the narrowing of the blood vessels

12.2
sinoatrial (SA)​ ​node:​ the modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate
the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract
atrioventricular (AV) node: ​the specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and
ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract
electrocardiogram (ECG): ​ a record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart
blood pressure:​ the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels
systolic pressure: ​the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles
contract and push blood from the heart
diastolic pressure: ​the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill
with blood
sphygmomanometer:​ a medical device used to measure blood pressure
cardiac output​: the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min
stroke volume: ​the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat
12.3
Arteriosclerosis​: general term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and
lose their elasticity
angioplasty:​ a surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery
coronary bypass:​ a surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries
aneurysm:​ a bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart
muscle or arterial wall
arrhythmia:​ an irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat
pacemaker:​ a device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat
congenital heart defect:​ a heart defect that is present from birth
ischemic stroke:​ a stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain
hemorrhagic stroke:​ a stroke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which
causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue
hemophilia:​ an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally
leukemia:​ cancer of the white blood cells
xenotransplant: ​a transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another
nanotechnology:​ technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules