Professional Documents
Culture Documents
“CAPITAL BUDGETING ”
With reference to
“PARADEEP PHOSPHATES LTD”
BHUBANESHWAR
MIRACLE CITY
MUNJERU (V)
BHOGAPURAM (M)
VIZIANAGARAM (D.t)
2011-2013
1
DECLARATION
I also declare that this project is a result of my own effort and that it has
not been submitted to any other university for the Award of Any Degree.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A successful project can never be prepared by single effort or the person
to whom the project is assigned, but it also demand the help and guardianship
of some conversant persons who helps in the undersigned actively or passively
in the completion of successful project .
3
CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY 81
4
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
5
In general a project is an activity in which, we will spend money in
expectation of returns and which logically seems to lead itself to planning.
Financing and implementation as a unit, is a specific activity with a specific
point and a specific ending point intended to accomplish a specific
objective.
Capital budgeting has its origins in the natural resource and infrastructure
sectors. The current demand for infrastructure and capital investments is
being fueled by deregulation in the power, telecommunications, and
transportation sectors, by the globalization of product markets and the
need for manufacturing scale, and by the privatization of government –
owned entities in developed and developing countries.
6
1.2 Importance of investment decisions:-
Capital investments, representing the growing edge of a business, are
deemed to be very important for three inter- related reasons.
7
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:-
1.5 METHODOLOGY:-
The information for the study is obtained from two sources namely.
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary Sources
Primary Sources:
8
collectively; some of the information has been verified or supplemented
with personal observation. These sources include.
Secondary Sources:
This data is from the number of books and records of the company, the
annual reports published by the company and other magazines. The
secondary data is obtained from the following.
a. Collection of required data from annual records, monthly
records, internal Published book or profile of “PARADEEP
PHOSPHATES LTD”.
b. Other books and Journals and magazines
1.6 Limitations:-
Though the project was completed successfully with a few limitations may .
a) Since the procedure and polices of the company will not allow to
disclose confidential financial information, the project has to be
completed with the available data given to us.
9
c) The study is carried basing on the information and documents
provided by the organization and based on the interaction with
the various employees of the respective departments.
The concept of Capital Budgeting being a very sensitive area of finance has
outreached the attention of many researchers .A number of studies has been
conducted on the subject. However briefing such studies will highlight the
importance of the present study. It should safeguard to avoid the wrong
choice of the project and investment to be made. It is necessary for the
management to give proper attention to capital budgeting.
The reason for the popularity of Payback period in the order of significance
were stated to be its, simplicity to use and understand, its emphasis on the
early recovery of investment and focus on risk. It was also found that one
third of companies always insisted on the computations of Payback periods
for all projects. For about two-third companies standard Payback period
ranged between three and five years.
The reason for the secondary role of Discounted Cash Flow techniques in
India included difficulty in understanding and using these techniques, due
to lack of qualified professional and unwillingness of top management to
use Discounted Cash Flow techniques.
10
were very frequent in the company and it was not considered necessary to
use Discounted Cash Flow technique for evaluating such projects.
The answers of the above questions are based on a survey of twenty firms
varying on several dimensions like industry category, size, financial
performance and capital intensity. From these firms, executives,
responsible for capital investment evaluation and capital budget
preparation were interviewed
11
CHAPTER-2
INDUSTRY PROFILE
12
established as pedestal fertilizer units to have self sufficiency in the
production of food grains. Afterwards, the industry gained impetus in its
growth due to green revolution in late sixties, followed by seventies and
eighties when fertilizer industry witnessed an incredible boom in the
fertilizer production.
The Indian fertilizer industry has succeeded in meeting almost fully the
demand of all chemical fertilizers except for MOP. The industry had a very
humble beginning in 1906, when the first manufacturing unit of Single
Super Phosphate (SSP) was set up in Ranipet near Chennai with an annual
capacity of 6000 MT. The Fertilizer & Chemicals Travancore of India Ltd.
(FACT) at Cochin in Kerala and the Fertilizers Corporation of India (FCI) in
Sindri in Bihar were the first large sized -fertilizer plants set up in the
forties and fifties with a view to establish an industrial base to achieve self-
sufficiency in food grains. Subsequently, green revolution in the late sixties
gave an impetus to the growth of fertilizer industry in India. The seventies
and eighties then witnessed a significant addition to the fertilizer
production capacity.
13
investments in this industry. Presently public, private and coop. sector
share 45, 33 and 22 percent of capacity, respectively, whereas their share in
P2O5 capacity is 26, 64 and 10 per cent respectively. New proposals to
government for setting-up fresh capacities in country are mainly from
Public and Cooperative sectors.
The sector experienced a faster growth rate and presently India is the third
largest fertilizer producer.
15
4.86 million tons, most of it is confined to nitrogen resulting from the
commissioning of the expansions, new plants or joint ventures abroad.
Production of N is expected to increase from 9.7 million tons in 1997-98 to
25.0 million tons in 2007-08. The Group estimated that the available
phosphate supply will increase from 2.8 million tons of P2O5 in 1997-98
and reach 7 million tons in 2007-08. The demand for N, P2O5, K2O has also
been estimated up to 2006-2007 (terminal year of tenth plan) at 16.35, 6.65
and 2.60 million tonnes, respectively.
16
2.6 Fertilizer subsidy:
as subsidy.
Production along with escalation in price of raw material and plant cost, the
subsidy amount swelled to huge proportions over the years. In an attempt
to reduce the burden of subsidy, the government has increased urea price
by 10 % w.e.f February 2005. As a result, domestic urea prices have risen
from Rs3320/t (US$ 83/t) to Rs3660/t (US$ 91/t) for bagged deliveries to
farmers. The average subsidy pattern of urea is around US$ 84/t. prior to
decontrol of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers (in the year 1992) subsidy
was available to all domestic and imported fertilizers. The fertilizer subsidy
increased from US$ 418 million in 1999-00 to US$ 2446 million in 2004-
17
2005. However, the subsidy bill after the decontrol of phosphatic and
potassic fertilizer declined and remained below 1990-91 level.
The union budget for 2000-01 raised urea prices by 15 percent; DAP by 7
percent and that of MOP by 15 percent. This move enabled the Government
of India (GOI) to prune the subsidy bill to some extent. However, there was
no increase in urea price in the union budget for 2001-02.
In the long term policy, the subsidy withdrawal in a phased manner has
been proposed. However, modality to phase out the subsidy has not been
clearly mentioned.
18
2.7 Import of DAP
DAP
YEAR
Production Imports Consumption
.
( c) Chart showing import of DAP from 1997-2008
19
2.8 Public Sector Companies in INDIAN Fertilizer Market
20
Private Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market
21
The production of nitrogenous fertilizer in the private sector has been
increasing in the past few years. The private sector had only 13% share in
the production in 1960-61. The private sector has always retained a higher
share in the production of phosphatic fertilizer production
22
CHAPTER-3
COMPANY PROFILE
Later again the Government of India divested 74% of its own stake in favor
of a strategic partner – M/s. Zuari Maroc Phosphates Limited (ZMPL)
effective from 28th February 2002. The ZMPL is a (50:50) joint venture of
Zuari Industries Limited (ZIL), of the K.K Birla Group and the Maroc
Phosphor S.A (A wholly owned subsidiary of the fertilizer giant OCP of
Morocco). At present ZMPL holds 80.45% of the company‟s shares and rest
with the Government of India.
23
3.2 Plant Capacities and Product Profile
Plant Advantages
Navratna Brand of
Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP)
NPKS : 20:20:0:13
NPK : 12:32:16
NPK : 10:26:26
NPKS : 15:15:15:9
Sulphuric Acid
Ammonia
Gypsum in Bulk and Bags
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3.4 Plant Assets
Port Facility
3.1 Km long pipe rack and 3.4 Km long conveyor gallery for
transport of liquid and solid cargo directly from the ship to the
storage tanks and silos respectively in the plant.
25
Storage Facilities
Ammonia - 50,000 MT
Phosphoric Acid - 60,000 MT
Sulphuric Acid - 36,000 MT
Rock Phosphate - 60,000 MT
Sulphur - 45,000 MT
Finished Product - 60,000 MT
Imported Fertilizers - 25,000 MT
Bagging Plant
Eight Stitching lines for bagging
Three Platforms for simultaneous loading into wagons
Additional loading facilities for trucks
Bulk loading facilities for gypsum
Platform for dispatch of bagged imported fertilizers & gypsum
The effluent treatment plant at PPL Plant site is one of the largest of its kind
in India with a capacity to handle approximately 200 m3/hr of effluent.
26
The ETP is equipped with a 2050 m3 capacity equalization basin to contain
the effluent from all the plants.
PPL is a zero effluent plant since 2002. PPL has adopted an environmental
policy committed to continuous improvement in environmental standards
and protection, prevention of pollution and conservation of resources in the
plant and its surrounding areas. It has taken major steps in achieving its
environmental objectives with the help of an Effluent Treatment Plant which
is one of the largest in the Indian Fertilizer Industry. Comprehensive
revamping of Sulphuric Acid and Phosphoric Acid Plants, separation of acid
and storm water drains, and construction of storage yards, reuse of sulphur
muck and a state-of-the-art Alkali Scrubber in the Sulphuric Acid Plant are
additional features .
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multi-tasking ability of every employee through various training
programmes . The Company has on its role 932 qualified and competent
employees consisting of 509 executives and 423 non-executives. Of these,
809 employees have been posted at the Corporate Office & factory site and
123 in various marketing offices spread throughout the country. Frequently
high production and dispatch records have been set, testifying the diligence
of a motivated employee force with accountability.
These projects are located within our market areas where fertilizer
consumption has been very low. The State Government machineries have
been associated with such activities and are actively involved in these
projects with a slogan of “Serving Farmers, Saving Farming”. Various
promotional and developmental activities include farmer training
programmes, demonstration of usage of hybrid seeds and balanced
nutrition, soil testing campaigns, crop diversification, dealers and retailers
training programmes. For soil testing PPL has both a mobile testing unit and
laboratory facilities in the plant.
28
For producing DAP and Complex fertilizer of NPK, PPL manufactures its
intermediate raw materials. The main units are:
Supported with
Bagging Plant with Railway Siding and Platform
Silo and Storage Tanks for storing different raw materials and
products
Captive Power Plant
Off-sites & Utilities
Effluent Treatment Plant
PPL has built a modern township for its employees at Paradeep. Highlights
of the township are
29
CHAPTER-4
CAPITAL BUDGETING
4.1 MEANING
DEFINITION:
R.M.LYNCH has defined capital Budgeting as “Capital Budgeting
consists of employment of available capital for the purpose of
maximizing the long term profitability of the firm”.
30
Capital Budgeting consists of planning and the development of available
capital for the purpose of maximizing the long-term profitability of the
firm.
The importance of capital Budgeting can be well understood from the fact
that an unsound investment decision may prove to be fatal to the very
existence of the concern. The need, significance or importance of capital
budgeting arises mainly due to the following.
1. Large Investments
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2. Long-term commitment of Funds
Capital expenditure involves not only large amounts of funds but also funds
for long-term or more or less on permanent basis. The long-term
commitment of funds increases the financial risk involved in the investment
decision.
3. Irreversible Nature
The capital expenditure decisions are of irreversible nature. Once the
decisions for acquiring a permanent asset is taken, it became very difficult
to dispose of these assets without incurring heavy losses.
6. National Importance
An investment decision through taken by individual concerns is of national
importance because it determines employment, economic activities and
economic growth.
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7. Effect on cost structure
By taking a capital expenditure decision, a firm commits itself to a sizeable
amount of fixed cost in terms of interest, supervisors salary, insurance,
building rent etc. If the investment turns out to be unsuccessful in future or
produces less than anticipated profits, the firm will have to bear the burden
of fixed cost.
9. Cost control
In capital budgeting there is a regular comparison of budgeted and actual
expenditures. Therefore cost control is facilitated through capital
budgeting.
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1. Project generation
2. Project screening
Each proposal is then subject to a preliminary screening process in order to
assess whether it is technically feasible, resources required are available,
and expected returns are adequate to compensate for the risks involved.
3. Project evaluation
4. Project selection
After evaluation the next step is the selection and the approval of the best
proposal. In actual practice all capital budgeting decision are made at
multiple levels and are finally approved by top management.
After the selection of project funds are allocated for them and a capital
budget is prepared. It is the duties of the top management or capital
budgeting committee to ensure that funds are spend in accordance with
allocation made in the capital budget.
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6. Performance review
Most of the large firms prepare two different budgets each year.
1. OPERATING BUDGET
Operating budget shows planned operations for the forthcoming period and
includes sales, production, production cost, and selling and distribution
overhead budgets. Capital budgets deals exclusively with major investment
proposals.
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4.5 OBJECTIVES OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BUDGET
The capital expenditure budget primarily ensures that only such projects
are taken in hand which are either expected to increase or maintain the rate
of return on capital employed. Each proposed project is appraised and only
essential project or projects likely to increase the profitability of the
organization are included in the budget. In order to control expenditure on
each project, the following procedure is adopted.
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5. In case project cost is expected to increase; a supplementary
sanction for the same is obtained.
6. In financial books the total expenditure incurred on all projects is
separately recorded.
1. Tactical Decision
2. Strategic Decision
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4.8 KINDS OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROPOSALS
A firm may have several investment proposals for its consideration. It may
adopt one of them, some of them or all of them depending upon whether
they are independent, contingent or dependent or mutually exclusive.
1. INDEPENDENT PROPOSALS
These are proposals which do not compete with one another in a way that
acceptance of one precludes the possibility of acceptance of another. In
case of such proposals the firm may straight away “accept or reject” a
proposals on the basis of minimum return on investment required. All these
proposals which give a higher return than a certain desired rate of return
are accepted and the rest are rejected.
These proposals which compete with each other in a way that the
acceptance of one precludes the acceptance of other or others. Two or more
mutually exclusive proposals cannot both or all be accepted. Some
techniques have to be used for selecting the better or the best one. Once
this is done, other alternative automatically gets eliminated.
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4. REPLACEMENT PROPOSALS
These aim at improving operating efficiency and reducing costs. These are
called cost reduction decisions.
5. EXPANSION PROPOSALS
6. DIVERSIFICATION PROPOSALS
The following are the four important factors which are generally taken in to
account while making a capital investment decision.
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1. The Amount of Investment
In case a firm has unlimited funds for investment it can accept all capital
investment proposals which give a rate of return higher than the minimum
acceptable or cut-off rate.
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1. TRADITIONAL METHODS (NON DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW)
a. Payback Period Method
b. Average rate of Return Method
Annual cash inflow is the annual earning (profit depreciation and after
taxes) before
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b. When annual cash inflow is not constant
If the annual cash inflows are unequal the payback period can be found out
by adding up the cash inflows until the total is equal to the initial cash
outlay of the project.
DISADVANTAGES
1. This method does not take in to consideration the cash
inflows beyond the payback period.
2. It does not take in to consideration the time value of
money. It considers the same amount received in the
second year and third year as equal.
3. It gives over emphasis for liquidity.
ACCEPTANCE RULE
The following are the Payback [P.B.Rules]
Accept P.B<cut-off rate
Reject P.B>cut-off rate
May Accept P.B<cut-off rate
Cut-off rate
Cut-off rate is the rate below which a project would not be accepted. If ten
percentage is the desired rate of return, the cut-off rate is 10%.The cut-off
point may also be in terms of period. If the management desires that the
42
investment in the project should be recouped in three years, the period of
three years would be taken as the cut-off period. A project incapable of
generating necessary cash to pay for the initial investment in the project
with-in three years will not be accepted.
This method otherwise called the Rate of Return Method, takes in to account
the earnings expected from the investment over the entire life time of the
asset. The various projects are ranked in order of the rate of returns. The
project with the higher rate of return is accepted. Average Rate of Return is
found out by dividing the average income after depreciation and taxes, i.e.
the accounting profit, by the Average Investment.
Where;
Average Annual Earnings is the total of anticipated annual earnings after
depreciation and tax (accounting profit) divided by the number of years.
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ii. If there is scrap value
Total Investment-Scrap Value
+ Scrap Value
2
DISADVANTAGES
1. Like the payback period method this method also ignores the time
value of money. The averaging technique gives equal weight to
profits occurring at different periods.
2. This averaging technique ignores the fluctuations in profits of
various years.
3. It makes use of the accounting profits, not cash flows, in
evaluating the project.
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1. DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODS
The payback period method and the Average rate of Return Method do not
take in to consideration the time value of money. They give equal weight to
the present and the future flow of incomes. The discounted cash flow
methods are based on the concept that a rupee earned today is more worth
than a rupee earned tomorrow. These methods take in to consideration the
profitability and also the time value of money.
The Net Present Value Method (NPV) gives consideration to the time value of
money. It views that the cash flows of different years differ in value and
they become comparable only when the present equivalent values of these
cash flows of different periods are ascertained. For this the net cash inflows
of various periods are discounted using the required rate of return, which is
a predetermined rate .If the present value of expected cash inflows exceeds
the initial cost of the project, the project is accepted.
NPV = Present value of cash inflows-Present value of initial
investment
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4. Subtract the present value of cash outflow (cost of investment)
from the present value of cash inflows to arrive at the net present
value.
5. If the net present value is negative i.e., the present value cash
outflow is more than the present value of cash inflow the project
proposals will be rejected .If net present value is zero or positive
the proposal can be accepted.
6. If the projects are ranked the project with the maximum positive
net present value should be chosen.
The Internal Rate of Return for an investment proposal is that discount rate
which equates the present value of cash inflows with the present value of
cash outflows of the investment. The Internal Rate of Return is compared
with a required rate of return. If the Internal Rate of Return of the
investment proposal is more than the required rate of return the project is
rejected. If more than one project is proposed, the one which gives the
highest internal rate must be accepted.
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It can be calculated by the following formula
P1-Q
IRR = L+ xD
P1-P2
Where,
L = Lower rate of discount
P1 = Present value of cash inflows at lower rate of discount
P2 = Present value at higher discount rate
Q = Initial Investment
D = Difference in rate
DISADVANTAGES
1. Difficult to calculate.
2. This method presumes that the earnings are reinvested at the rate
earned by the investment which is not always true.
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III. PROFITABILITY INDEX METHOD
This is also called Benefit-Cost ratio. This is slight modification of the Net
Present Value Method. The present value of cash inflows and cash outflows
are calculated as under the NPV method. The Profitability Index is the ratio
of the present value of future cash inflow to the present value of the cash
outflow, i.e., initial cost of the project.
If the Profitability index is equal to or more than one proposal the proposal
will be accepted. If there are more than one investment proposals, the one
with the highest profitability index will be preferred.
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4.12 Project Planning:
Project planning is spread over a period of time and is not a one shot
activity. The important stages in the life of a project are:
1. It‟s Identification
2. It‟s initial formulation
3. It‟s evaluation (Whether to select or to project)
4. It‟s final formulation
5. It‟s implementation
6. It‟s completion and operation
The time taken for the entire process is the gestation period of the project.
The process of identification of a project begins when we are seriously
trying to overcome certain problems. They may be non- utilization to
overcome available funds. Plant capacity, expansion etc
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5. Building
6. Production capacity.
7. Work Schedule
1. Cost of land
2. Cost of Building
3. Cost of plant and machinery
4. Engineering know how fee
5. Expenses on training Erection supervision
6. Miscellaneous fixed assets
7. Preliminary expenses
8. Pre-operative expenses
9. Provision for contingencies
4.13 RISK AND UNCERTAINITY IN CAPITAL BUDGETING
Production cost.
Depreciation.
Rate of Taxation
50
Future demand of the product, etc.
There are many factors financial as well as non financial which influence
the capital expenditure decisions and the profitability of the proposal yet,
there are many other factors which have to be taken into consideration
while taking a capital expenditure decisions. They are
1. URGENCY
Sometime an investment is to be made due to urgency for the survival of
the firm or to avoid heavy losses. In such circumstances, proper evaluation
cannot be made though profitability tests. Examples of each urgency are
breakdown of some plant and machinery fire accidents etc.
2. DEGREE OF UNCERTAINTY
Profitability is directly related to risk, higher the profits, greater is the risk
or uncertainty.
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INTANGIBLE FACTORS
1. AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS
2. FUTURE EARNINGS
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4.16 OBJECTIVES CONTROL OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
Evaluation of performance.
53
LEASE FINANCING
Lease finance is an agreement for the use of an asset for a specified rental.
The owner of the asset is called the lesser and the user the lesser
1) Operating leases
2) Financial leases
Operating leases are short-term no-cancel able leases where the risk of
obsolescence in borne by the lesser
Financial leases are long-term non-cancelable leases where any risk in the
use of asset is borne by the lessee and he enjoys the return too.
Preliminary budget estimates for the year following the budget year.
GENERAL GUIDELINES:-
2) New schemes
4) Township
6) EDP schemes
CONTINUING SCHEMES
These schemes include all such schemes which are under implementation of
which funds prevision has been made in the current year /prevision is
required in the budget year.
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NEW SCHEMES
This scheme includes all such schemes, which are proposed to be initiated
in the budget year and for which under provisions is required in the budget
year. Normally, such schemes are included in the five-year plan of the
company approved by the planning commission.
This includes item of plant and machinery etc for which funds required in
the budget year and the following year. All item included in M&R should
result in cost reduction/quality improvement/rebottle
necking/replacement/productivity, improvement and welfare. The M&R
items are to be submitted in the following main characteristics accompanied
with full justification on the agenda of facilities increased output and
production, quality requirements bottlenecks.
1. Replacement / modernization.
2. Balancing facilities (essentially to increase production).
3. Operational requirements including material handling
4. Quality/testing facilities.
5. Welfare
6. Minor works.
TOWNSHIP
Township budget is divided into two parts.
55
Funds required under each schemes should be backed up with full data on
number on quarter/scope of work to be completed against the funds
requirements phasing of budgeted funds for current year, budget year and
following year etc, should be given similar information on number of
quarter/scope of work already completed, expenditure incurred till last
year, satisfaction level it is to be added in the above back up information
for each scheme.
Continuing schemes.
The schemes should fall in any of the above cartages giving details on
physical and financial progress etc.
EDP SCHEMES
BUYING OR PROCURING
56
LEASING VS BUYING
The pros and cons of leasing and buying are to be examined thoroughly
before deciding the method of procurement i.e. leasing or buying.
57
CHAPTER-5
FINANCING OF PROJECT
Project financing is considered right from the time of the conception of the
project. The proposal of the project progress working capital, so, in general
a project is considered as a „mini firm‟ is a part and parcel of the
organization.
Loan Financing
Security Financing
Internal Financing
Loan Financing:
(a). Short- Term Loans & Credits
Short – Term Loans & Credits are raised by a firm for meeting its working
capital requirements. These are generally for a short period not exceeding
the accounting period i.e., one – year.
Term loans are given by the financial institutions and banks, which form the
primary source of long term debt for both private as well as the Government
organizations. Term loans are generally employed to finance the acquisition
of fixed assets that are generally repayable in less than 10 years. In addition
to short- term loans, company will raise medium term and long term loans.
i) Equity Capital:
59
ii) Preference Capital:
Debentures:
Debentures are an alternative to the term loans and are instruments for
raising the debt finance. Debenture holders are the creditors of a company
and the company and the company have the obligations to pay the interest
and principal at specified times. Debentures provide more flexibility, with
respect to maturity, interest rate, security and repayment Debentures may
be fixed rate of interest or floating rate or may be zero rates. Debentures &
Ownership Securities help the management of the company to reduce the
cost of capital.
A new company can raise finance only through external sources such as
shares, debentures, loans and public deposits. For existing company they
need to raise funds through internal source. Such as retained earnings
depreciation as a source of funds. Some other innovative source of finance
Venture Capital
Seed Capital
Bridge Finance
Lease Financing
Euro- Issues
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CHAPTER-6
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT
61
6.2 FINANCE DEPARTMENT COMPRISES OF
Pay roll section takes care of all the financial issues of employees in co-
ordination with Administrative & Personnel Department. Its functions
includes management of salaries, TA/DA, loans & advances, misc payment
related to employees, Perk/There allowance payments etc. Here records of
each employee are maintained regarding basic pay, leave encashment,
medical, salary, increments, promotion based perks, etc.
RAW MATERIALS
Different types of Raw Materials that are required at PPL, PARADEEP Unit are
as follows :
1. Sulphuric Acid
2. Phosphoric Acid
3. Ammonia
4. Potash
5. MAP
6. Urea
7. Filler
62
Raw Material section in F & A department does the accounting of above
mentioned raw-material which includes receipt of raw- material are
purchased, monthly consumption as per the production department and
payment to the suppliers.
MISCELLANEOUS ACCOUNTS
Miscellaneous bills includes rates contracts for service contract for air
conditioner, water coolers, weighing machines, franking machines, knitting
of chairs, etc. Others miscellaneous bills includes telephone rentals, STD
calls, local calls, teleprinters , fax, service bills, advertisement bills,
electricity bills, printing and block making bills, bills of travel agents, bills
of canteen purchases, etc. Annual Contracts and Hiring of taxi, motors, etc.
is also included in this.
WORKS BILLS
Work bills section is entrusted with the task of checking and authentication
of APF received from various departments such as Civil, Plant, and
Township etc. They have to keep record and maintain account. They have to
verify with respect to measurements, Tax provisions like TDS and other
deductions like EMD, Security and penalty etc.
63
PURCHASE BILLS
FINANCIAL CONCURRENCE
Books and budget deal with revenue budget compilation, monitoring and
control, reconciliation of inter unit accounts, maintenance of books of
accounts and submission of monthly / quarterly / annual reports, COP
processing and attending internal / statutory / tax auditors.
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CHAPTER-7
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
% Capacity
utilization 182 178 142 168 167
65
7.3 Balance Sheet (2006-2007 to 2010-2011)
(In lacs)
Particulars 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11
Sources of Funds:
Auth share capital 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000
Paid up capital 57545 57545 57545 57545 57545
Reserve and surplus --- --- --- 10791 28500
Secured loan 13619 2785 85072 104307 113987
Current Assets
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7.4 Profit and Loss Statement(2006-2011)
(In Lacs)
Working results 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11
Sales 119793 120663 94368 119831 128297
Subsidy 86276 124527 417077 178583 222170
Other Income 652 3487 49530 18153 12597
Total 206721 248677 560975 316927 363064
Cost Of Sales(including prior
period adj but excluding Dep
187719 230047 484485 288612 327032
and Interest)
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CHAPTER-8
EVALUATION OF PROJECT USING CAPITAL BUDGETING
TECHNIQUES
Project Estimate: Ventured into the market and got a quote for 300 Cr.
The first and the foremost step in the evaluation of a project is the budget
estimate of the project. And here the estimate of the project is 300 crores.
This includes:-
1. Extension of Bagging Plant.
2. Conveyor System for extended portion of Bagging plant.
3. Shed for covering extended Bagging Plant.
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4. Railway siding modification.
5. Shed for covering extended portion of Bagging plant.
The second step in the evaluation of the project is to find the funds to
install or to establish a project.
In this project we have funding of 75% from a bank at 11% rate of interest
P.a. providing with long term loans and the rest 25% from Internal
generation. With a moratorium of one year and repayment schedule of 5
years.
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Step4: Repayment Schedule of the Long Term Loan (LTL):
The fourth step in the evaluation of the project is preparing the repayment
schedule of the Long Term Loan (LTL). And here the project repayment
schedule is.
REPAYMENT SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM LOAN
11% (Rs in Crores)
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(Rs in
REPAYMENT OF LONG TERM LOAN(LTL) crores)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
Interest Repaid 6.88 32.90 29.15 22.55 15.95 9.35 2.85
Principal Repaid 0 12.5 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 47.50
Total 6.88 45.40 89.15 82.55 75.95 69.35 50.35
In terms of cost
Cost Elements of Asset p.a
Interest on Loan 11% Tax 32.445%
Depreciation as Per
Insurance 2% IT Act 15%
Salary and Wages 3%
Contract Labour 2%
Repairs and Maintenance 3%
Chemicals 5%
Packing cost 0.50%
Power, Fuel and Water 5%
Depreciation 5.25%
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(Rs in
PROFITABILITY STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT Crores)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Incremental Sales 1534.50 1534.50 1534.50 1534.50 1534.50
EXPENDITURE
Raw Materials 1227.60 1227.60 1227.60 1227.60 1227.60
Interest On Loan 13.75 22.55 15.95 9.35 2.85
Insurance 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.10
Salary and Wages 10.66 10.66 10.66 10.66 10.66
Contract labor 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.10
Repairs and maintenance 10.66 10.66 10.66 10.66 10.66
Chemicals 17.76 17.76 17.76 17.76 17.76
Packaging Cost 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78
Power, Fuel and Water 17.76 17.76 17.76 17.76 17.76
Computation of tax:
COMPUTATION OF TAX
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Profit Before Tax(PBT) 201.69 192.89 199.49 206.09 212.59
Add:Depreciation(As Per
Companies Act) 18.65 18.65 18.65 18.65 18.65
TOTAL 220.34 211.54 218.14 224.74 231.24
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STEP6: Valuation of the Asset:
The sixth step in the evaluation of the project is the valuation of the project
at different times or at different periods at different years to come in the
future.
The seventh step in the evaluation of the project is the preparation of the
Cash Flow Statement. And we need the cash flows to find out the Payback
Period and the Internal Rate of Return of the project
Cash In Flow
Incremental Profit After Tax 140.93 134.55 139.33 144.11 148.82
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Step8: To Find the Viability of the Project by Using Different
Techniques Of Capital Budgeting:
It was estimated that the cash in-flows will start from 2015-2016
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(a) Cash Outlay : 355.18 Cr
= 2.2 years
It is assumed that the profit earning of the project will start from 2015-
2016.
We should increase this period with same exception as there may be any
additional factor and other cause so rounding of 2.2 to 3 years will be right,
so that it will give more assistance to the calculation.
And here we have got a pay-back period of 2.2 years. So, the project can be
considered
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2. Evaluation of the Project Using Internal Rate of Return Method:
It was estimated that the cash in-flows will start from 2015-2016
Cost of the Project- 355.18 Cr
Present
Values of
Sl. No Years Cash Inflows DCF (24%) Inflows
1 2015-16 140.93 .806 113.58
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Discount rate taken as 26% (in crores)
Present
Values of
Sl. No Years Cash Inflows DCF (26%) Inflows
1 2015-16 140.93 .787 110.91
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Discount rate taken as 28% (in crores)
Present
Values of
Sl. No Years Cash Inflows DCF (28%) Inflows
1 2015-16 140.93 .781 110.06
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Calculation of Internal Rate of Return
A-B
= 26+
355.18 - 349.123 X (28-26)
(355.18-349.123) + (366.412- X 2
355.18)
= 26 + 6.07 X 2
6.07+11.232
= 26 + 0.350 X 2
= 26.70
In this calculation, is done on the basis of trail and errors. By taking various
percentage of (DCF).So that an appropriate percentage of Internal Rate of
Return can be judge out.
Suggestion:
Any project which has an Internal Rate of Return Between 16% to 20% is
considered as a good project…
And here for this project the Internal Rate of Return is 26.70%. So, the
project can be considered.
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CHAPTER-9
FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
9.1 FINDINGS:
1 It was found that the payback Period of the project is 2 year and 2
months.
2 The Payback Period shows that the initial investment can be recovered
within a short period of time.
3 The investment is ideal because normally an investment should be
recoverable within 5 years.
4. The Internal Rate of Return shows 26.70 % This also ensures a
profitable investment.
9.2 SUGGESTIONS:
1. The company may fix the time period for the capital asset for
replacement.
2. The company may effectively use the available resources for attaining
maximum profit.
3. The company has to analyze the proposal for expansion or creating
additional capacity.
4. The company may plan and control its capital expenditure.
5. The company has to ensure that the funds must be invested in long
term project or not.
6. The company may evaluate the estimation of cost and benefit in terms
of cash flows.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Web Sites:
URL: http://www.Paradeepphosphates.com
URL: http://www.google.com
URL: http://www.Wikipedia.com
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