Professional Documents
Culture Documents
U
9 3 9 3
2 2
1 2 r
w 9 9
cos
v
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
U
9 3 9 3
a b 2 U 2 CCL
2
dr
9 3
3, 2 9
6
2
1 a 1 1 a 1 1 2 2
2 2
tan dD
1 2
v C CD dr U C CD d r
1 b a 1 a 9 2 2 2 2 9 3
1
2
1 2 2
2 2
6t r / R U 2CCD d r
2 9 3
9t 2 r / R 2
2
According to Figure 2, total tangential lift dF can be
Where R is the length of the blade; λ is the ratio of the obtained by the formula (5-8)
tangential line speed W at r and the absolute wind speed U,
known as the linear speed ratio; λt is the tip speed ratio, the
d F d Lw d Dw d L sin d D cos
conversion formula is λ=λtr/R. λt was preset in design.
2
The inflow speed can be obtained from Figure 2 1 2 2
2 2
3
U 2CCL dr
2 9 3 2
2 2
2
9 3
1 b W 2 1 a U 2
2 2
v w2 u 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 9
2 2 U 2CCD dr
2 1 2 9 3
U 1 2 2 1
2 2
2 2
9 3
9 3
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
U U 2C CL CD d r
9 3 2 3 9 9 3
The sine and cosine expressions of the inflow angle are The total torque of the blade element can be obtained by
formula (9)
149
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
d M rd F U 2 C C L C D r d r x 2 t x
2 3 9 9 3 16 1 3 9t x
CM dx
9 0 2 2
t x
The wind turbine is composed by several blades; the total 9t x 3
torque formula can be obtained by integration. Let B is the 16 4 4 2 3t 3 3t 3 2 t 2
number of blades of the wind turbine, and x represents the 81 3t 2
relative chord length r/R. From formula (10), the integral 32 2 2 4
formula of wind turbine torque coefficient is ln 2 ln 2 6 9t 2
243 4 t 3
64 2 2 3 4 1 3t
1 B 2 2 2 2
2 2
arc cot 1 2 2 arctan
CM R U C 3 CL 9 CD 9 3 r d r 243 4 t 3 1 2 2
2
1 2 2
1
U 2 R 3 2
2
2 2
B 1 r C 2 2 2 2 r The torque coefficient CM changes only with the tip speed
R R 3
C CD d
9 9 3 R
L
0
ratio λt and lift drag ratio ζ. Some data have been showed in
B 1 C 2 2 2 2
2 2
Table 1. These data can be used as the reference value of the
x
0 R 3
C L t x CD t x dx actual wind turbine torque coefficient.
9 x 9 x 3
t t
References [3, 4, 5] have given the expression of the ideal TABLE I. THE THEORETICAL VALUE OF THE TORQUE COEFFICIENT OF
THE WIND TURBINE WITH IDEAL CHORD LENGTH
chord C
tip speed Lift drag Ratio, ζ
C 16 x ratio, λt
10 50 100 500 1000
R 9 B 2
2
2
2 2 2
t x CL CD t x 1 0.291 0.352 0.36 0.366 0.367
9t x 3 9t x 3
2 0.181 0.234 0.241 0.246 0.247
The ideal chord length derived form blade element - 3 0.116 0.166 0.173 0.178 0.179
momentum theory. By the definition of the ratio ζ of airfoil
4 0.078 0.127 0.133 0.138 0.139
lift to drag, ζ=CL/CD.
The wind turbine torque coefficient integral formula can 5 0.053 0.101 0.107 0.112 0.113
be obtained by the formula (11) and (12) 6 0.036 0.083 0.09 0.094 0.095
t x CL CD
t x
9t x 3 9t x 3
V. THE HIGHEST PERFORMANCE OF TORQUE
2
2 2 2 2
2
The highest performance of the torque appears only when
CL t x CD t x dx
3 9t x 9t x 3 the drag coefficient CD is equal to 0 in ideal fluid environment,
2 2 which is only the function of tip speed ratio. In formula (13),
x 2 CL t x CD Order CD = 0 or ζ→∞, the formula (13) can be integrated,
16 1 3 9 tx dx
9 0 2 2
t x C
L C
9t x
D
3 2 2
x
16 1 3
9 0
2 2 CM max dx
x t x
2
2
16 1 3 9t x t x
dx 9t x
9 0 2 2
t x 16
9t x 3 9t 2 2ln 9t 2 2 2ln 2
243t 3
IV. THE GENERAL PERFORMANCE OF THE WIND TURBINE The curve of the highest performance of the torque
TORQUE corresponding to the tip speed ratio was shown in Figure 3,
and the calculated values as shown in Table 2.
The general performance of the torque is torque
coefficient associated with lift drag ratio and tip speed ratio.
The coefficient can be obtained by integration of formula (13)
150
C M max high-speed wind turbine in steady operation state will be
0.4 smaller than 0.1.
0.3 Equation (15) may also be derived with the highest
C D =0
performance formula of power in reference [3], because the
0.2 torque coefficient is equal to the power coefficient divided by
the tip speed ratio. The rationality of the highest performance
0.1 formula of power was proved by the deducing process that the
0.0 t power coefficient approaches Betz limit if its tip speed ratio
0 2 4 6 8 10 approaches infinity, and thus the torque coefficient rationality
Figure 3. The highest performance curve of the torque coefficient only is obvious.
associated with the tip speed ratio
VI. CONCLUSIONS
TABLE II. THE THEORETICAL VALUES OF THE TORQUE COEFFICIENT (1) For the wind turbine in steady operation state, there is
ONLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE TIP SPEED RATIO a theoretical limit of the torque coefficient, 0.401, which is the
highest boundary that any actual wind turbine with any tip
tip speed ratio, λt torque highest performance, CMmax speed ratio can not be crossed.
1.0 0.368099 (2) For the wind turbine in steady operation state, the
2.0 0.247828 highest performance of the torque associated with the tip
speed ratio determined by the equation (15), which is lower
3.0 0.179360 boundary that any actual wind turbine with same tip speed
4.0 0.139320 ratio can not be crossed.
5.0 0.113534 (3) For the high-speed wind turbine which tip speed ratio
is greater than 6, the torque coefficient in steady operation
6.0 0.095660 state is unlikely to exceed 0.1.
7.0 0.082583 (4) As a theory reference value of the actual design, the
8.0 0.072617 actual wind turbine torque coefficient can be pre-estimate by
the formula (14) or Table 1.
9.0 0.064778
151