PART -A 4 1, a. What are rolled structural steel sections? What are the various types of rolled steel sections manufacturing? (06 Marks) Ans. Rolled Steel Sections : In the design process outlined earlies. One of the objectives and the primary emphasis on the selection of the appropriate cross-section for the individual members of the structure being designed. This selection will entail choosing a standard cross-sectional shape that is widely available rather than requiring the fabrication of a shape include those produced by hot rolling. In the manufacturing process, which takes places in a rolling mill molten steel is taken from the furnace and poured into a continuous casting system, where the steel solidifies but never allowed to cool completely. The hot steel passes through a series of rollers that squeeze the material into the designed cross- sectional shapes and ize. _ ‘The types of steel shapes rolled are described as follows. © Rolled steel I-Sections © Rolled steel channel-section. © Rolled steel T-sections © Rolled steel tube-sections © Rolled steel bars. © Rolled steel flats © Rolled steel plates © Rolled steel sheets © Rolled steel strips © Rolled steel angle sections, b. Explain briefly the necessity of partial safety factors and codes in structural design, (08 Marks) Ans, Partial safety factors for forces due to loading (y,) V, considered variability loading and © Possibility of inaccurate assessment of the load. © Uncertainly in the assessment of the effects of the load and ¢ Uncertainly in the assessment of the limit state being considered. Partial safety factor, applied for material, properties and imperfection dimensions of members, of takes accouint of the followings © The possibility of unfavourable deviation of material strength from the characteristic value material strength initially vary appreciably from their assumed values.© The method of analysis are often subject to appreciable error. © The possibility of unfavourable variation of member sizes. © The possibility of unfavourable reduction in member strength due to fabrication and tolerances. ‘© Uncertainly in the calculation of strength of the members. © Mode of failure(ductility/brittle) Codes Combination Limit State of Strength | Limit state of serviceability DL] LL] AL] WL | DL DLHLLACC [1s[is| - t DL+LL+CC+WL | 1.2} 1.2] - it 0.8 0.8 | 0.8 [Partial Safety for Material(Y,) Partial safety factor Resistance governed by yielding, (Y,.) [1.1 ii, Resistance of member to buckling, (Y.)| 1.1 iii, Resistance governed by ultimate, (Y.) [1.25 Bat [ Stress shop friction field friction Bolts friction type, (Y,.) _| 1.25 125 Bolts Bearing type(Y,) [125 : 125 Rinets(r) 125 125 [welds, (F,.) [2s 150 Methods of Analysis With the principle of virtual work and the upper and lower bound theorems, a structure can be analysed for its ultimate load by any of the following methods. © Static Method © Kinematic method Static Method of Plastic Analysis This consist of selecting the redundant forces. The free and redunant bending moment diagrams are drawn for the structure. A combined bending moment diagram is drawn in such a way that a mechanism is formed. The collapse load is found by working at the equilibrium equation. It is checked that the bending moment is not more than the fully plastic moment at any section. Kinematic Method of Plastic Analysis This consist of locating the possible places of plastic winges. This possible independent and combined mechanism are ascertained. The collapse load is found by applying the principle of virtual work, Limit State Method Limit state are the states beyond which the ‘structure no longer satisfies the specified performance requirements. All the relevant limit states as follows should be considered but usually it will be appropriate to design on the basis of strength and stability at the ultimate ‘ouuls and then checking for deflection under serviceability loading,¢. How plastic method of design from limit state method of design? (06 Marks) ‘Ans. Plastic method of analysis is used all the following condition should be satisfied unless adequate ductility of the structure and plastic rotation capacity of its members and connections are established for the design loading conditions. e The yield stress of the grade of the steel used should not exceed 450MPa. The section goes beyond yield stress where are limit state method, the sections are loaded upto yield value. ‘The stress strain relation of the steel sections are considered beyond the linear part i.c., non-linear part is consider in the design of plastic method, where as in the limit state method analysis the linear part of the relationship with factor of safety. The steel section are completely yield and turns out to be plastic hinges should be at least that of compact section, unless the members meet the strength requirement from elastic analysis. © Load of the steel section are based on complete yielded value, were as in case limit state method load is considered as per probabilistic analysis of loading with factor of safety applied for calculation. 2. a. Write a note on HSFG blot. ‘ (06 Marks) ‘Ans. The high strength bolted joints this transfer of forces is accomplished through the friction between the interfaces formed between load carrying element jointed as shown in figure below. Due to this friction the,ship in the joint, which is there in joints with ordinary bolts is eliminated. This friction is developed by applying a load. That is why these bolts are also known as friction type bolts. The joint using high strength friction bolts is called non-slip connection or ftiction-type connection. | el TT iy be | {| ler Elf ‘a b. Determine the safe load P that can be carried by the joint shown in figure. The thickness of the flange of I section is 9.1 mm and that of bracket plate 10 mm use M20 bolts of grade 4.6. (15 Marks) ° Ans, For Fe410, grade of steel, £,=410 MPa