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1
Thevenin’s Theorem
y Any circuit with sources (dependent and/or
independent) and resistors can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit containing a single voltage source
and a single resistor.
y Thevenin’s theorem implies that we can replace
Thevenin s theorem implies that we can replace
arbitrarily complicated networks with simple networks
for purposes of analysis.
2
Implications
y We use Thevenin’s theorem to justify the concept of
input and output resistance for amplifier circuits.
y We model transducers as equivalent sources and
W d l d i l d
resistances.
y We model stereo speakers as an equivalent resistance.
We model stereo speakers as an equivalent resistance
3
Independent Sources (Thevenin)
RTh
Voc +
–
Circuit with independent Thevenin equivalent circuit
sources
4
No Independent Sources
RTh
Circuit without independent Thevenin equivalent circuit
sources
5
Small Signal Equivalent
Ib
+
1kΩ 50Ω 2kΩ
Vin + Vo
– 100IIb
–
6
Thevenin Equivalent @ Output
Ib
+
1kΩ 50Ω 2kΩ
Vin + Vo
– 100IIb
‐
RTh
Voc + Vo
–
–
7
Computing Thevenin Equivalent
y Basic steps to determining Thevenin equivalent are
y Find voc
y Find RTh (= voc / isc)
8
Thevenin/Norton Analysis
Thevenin/Norton Analysis
1. Pick a good breaking point in the circuit (cannot split a
dependent source and its control variable).
2. Thevenin: Compute the open circuit voltage, VOC.
Norton: Compute the short circuit current, ISC.
For case 3(b) both VOC=0 and ISC=0 [so skip step 2]
9
Thevenin/Norton Analysis
Thevenin/Norton Analysis
3. Compute the Thevenin equivalent resistance, R
3 Compute the Thevenin equivalent resistance RTh (or
impedance, ZTh).
((a) If there are only
) y independent sources, then short
p
circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit the
current sources (just like superposition).
(b) If th l dependent sources, then must
(b) If there are only d d t th t
use a test voltage or current source in order to calculate
RTh ((or ZTh)) = V Test//Itest
(c) If there are both independent and dependent
sources, then compute RTh (or ZTh) from VOC/ISC.
10
Thevenin/Norton Analysis
Thevenin/Norton Analysis
4. Thevenin: Replace circuit with V
4 Thevenin: Replace circuit with VOC in series with RTh, Z ZTh.
Norton: Replace circuit with ISC in parallel with RTh, ZTh.
Note: for 3(b) the equivalent network is merely RTh (or ZTh),
that is, no voltage (or current) source.
Only steps 2 & 4 differ from Thevenin & Norton!
y p 4
11
Thevenin AC Steady State
y Thevenin’s theorem also applies to AC steady state
analysis.
y An arbitrary linear circuit can be replaced by an
A bi li i i b l d b
equivalent source and impedance.
y The determination of source and impedance values is
essentially the same as for resistor circuits.
12
Independent Source(s)
ZTh
Voc +
–
Circuit with one or more Thevenin equivalent circuit
independent sources
13
No Independent Sources
ZTh
Circuit without independent Thevenin equivalent circuit
sources
14
Thévenin
é e Norton Equivalents
o to qu a e ts
Example
+ + a
5Ω 4Ω
+
20Ω v0 vab
_
25V
3A
_ _ b
5Ω 4Ω a
+
isc
_ 20Ω
3A
A
25V
b
8Ω a
+
32V
_
b
Drill Exercises
20Ω
_
+
a
160iΔ
iΔ
60Ω 4A 80Ω
40Ω
2ix
5Ω
a
ix
+
8A 1Ω
_
40V
b
10Ω
20Ω a
iΔ
Ω
5Ω
50Ω
40Ω
+ 10i
Δ
_
60Ω
16Ω 20Ω
a
+
iΔ 80Ω
_
40iΔ
b
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
RTh
Resistive network +
containing RL RL
‐
independent and V Th
dependent sources
2
⎛ VTh ⎞
p = i RL = ⎜⎜
2
⋅ RL
⎝ RTh + RL ⎠
p max ⇒
dp
=0 RL = RTh
dRL
19
Example
Find the maximum power
30Ω
a
delivered to RL
+
150Ω RL
‐
360V
20
Drill Exercise
‐ +
vф 4Ω
a
+
4Ω
4 4Ω
vф 4Ω
+ ‐
+ R
‐
100V _ 20V
Find the maximum power delivered to R
21