B.M.A.S.

Engineering College, Agra-007

LABORATORY MANUAL

POWER SYSTEM LAB(EEE-751)

B.TECH 4TH – YEAR (7th SEM)

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
INDEX

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S.No Name of the Experiment Date of perform

EXPERIMENT NO.

Object:- To find out A,B,C,D, parameters, Hybrid parameter and image parameters of a
given transmission line
Instrument Used:-Transmission line model is consisting of four sections of
transmission on line operatable at 220V with current rating at 2A connected in π network. A
continuous variable power supply with two digital voltmeter and two digital ammeters
mounted on front panel fitted in ms sheet box complete with patch chords for
interconnections.
Note: Transmission line model consists of four sections and each section represents 50 km
long 400KV transmission line. Parameters of 50km ling 400KV Transmission line are taken
as :-
Series inductance = 80mH
Series Resistance = 2Ω
Shunt capacitance = 0.47μF
Leakage resistance (shunt conductance) = 470kmho
For actual 400KV transmission line range of parameter is-

l = Series inductance = 1.0 to 2.0mH/km

r = Series Resistance = 0.5 to 1.5Ω/km
c = Shunt capacitance = 0.008 to 0.01047μF/km
g = Leakage resistance (shunt conductance) = 3×10-8 to 5×10-8mho/km
THEORY- ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission
engineering where they will be truned as “generalized circuit parameters” ABCD parameters
are also called as “Transmission parameter”. It is conventional to designate the input port as
sending end and the output port as receiving end while representing ABCD parameters.
ABCD parameters equations are given as:-

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~
Transmission line
model

VS A B VR
= C D
IS IR

Assuming the receiving end open circuited.i.e.I2 = 0.

VS
A = --------------- Reverse Voltage ratio and is unitless
VR
IS
C = --------------- Transfer admittance. unit is mho.
VR
VS
B = --------------- Transfer impedance and expressed in ohm
IR
IS
D = --------------- Reverse current ratio and is unitless
IR

In hybrid parameter representation both short circuit and open circuit terminal conditions are
utilized hence this parameter representation
Is known as hybrid parameter representation.
Here:-
h11 h12
VS = h h IR
21 22
-IR C D VR

If receiving end is short circuited, i.e. VR = 0

VS
h11 = --------------- Input impedance and unit is ohms.
IS

VS
h21 = --------------- Forward current gain and is a unitless quantity.
IS

In a similar way for the sending end open circuited i.e. Is = 0

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VS
h12 = --------------- Reverse Voltage gain and has no unit
VR

IR
h22 = --------------- Output admittance and is expressed in mho.
VR

In a transmission line if the impedance at the sending end with Z 12 at receiving end Z11be and
simultaneously the impedance looking back from receiving end with Z11 at input port is Z12
then Z11 and Z12 are termed ads the Image impedance of the network.
We can conveniently express the image impedance in terms of ABCD constant as :-

AB
Z11 = √ -----------
CD

And
BD
Z12= √ -----------
AC

However image impedance so not completely define a network. We need another parameter
which we shall get from the voltage end current ration known as image transfer constant and
can be calculated as:-

1 V s Is BC
-1
σ = ---- in VR I R == tan h √ ------------
2 AD

Calculation and observations

For ABCD parameters

IS (IR =
0)

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~
Transmission line
model

S.NO VS IS VR A = V1/ V2 C= I1/ V2

IS (IR)

~
Transmission line
model

S.NO VS IS IR B = V1/ I2 D= I1/ I2

For Hybrid parameters:-

IS (IR)

~
Transmission line
model

S.NO VS IS IR h11 = V1/ I1 h21= I2/ I1

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IS (IR)

~
Transmission line
model

S.NO VR IR VS h12 = V1/ V2 h22= I2/ V2

Image parameters

AB
Z11 = √ -----------
CD

BD
Z12= √ -----------
AC
BC
tan h-1√ ------------
AD
Precautions:
1. All connection should be tight.
2. Keep care always from the practical panel board.

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Object:- To
i) Con
ii) Ope
iii) Calc
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Object:- To s
result with theor
Instrument Prepared by Omprakash

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Object:- To de
Instrument
THEORY- Fault Prepared by Omprakash

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Object:- To s
the result with th
Instrument
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%Impedance = 15/230 ×100 = 3.75%

For T/F-2
Full load current = 150 / 138 = 6.28 A
Full load short circuit voltage at 6.57 A = 11 V
%Impedance = 11/226 ×100 = 4.86 %

%Impedance of transformer on 100 MVA base

% Impedance on 100 MVA base = %Z × 100/MVA
For T/F-1 : % Impedance on 100 MVA base = 3.75 × 100/0.003 = 125000%
For T/F-2 : % Impedance on 100 MVA base = 4.86 × 100/0.0015 = 324000%

Line Impedance on 100MVA base

Line Impedance on 100MVA base = Line Impedance on 100 ×100/(KV)2
Line Impedance = 2+ 2= 4
Line Impedance on 100MVA base = 4× 100 ×100/(0..226)2 =391573.34
Sample I
As a sample we are considering the given design and fault at point f. considering 0
line impedance

125000 324000
Fault impedance = 125000 + 324000 = 449000

Formula Fault MVA = 100 × 100/ Fault impedance on 100 MVA base
Fault MVA = 100 × 100 /449000 = 0.0222717
Fault current at transformer II output
Formula I3 = Fault MVA × 1000/ √3 ×Volt in KV

I3 = 0.0222717 × 1000/1.723 × 0.138 = 93.18 A

Fault current at transformer I output
I2 = 0.0222717 × 1000/ 1.723 × 0.4 = 32.14 A Fault current at transformer I
input
Apply the voltage 40V at port 400V side of transformer I

Measured current values at These current value at 400V Theoretical values

40V shell be
I3 = 1.19A I3 = 1.19 ×10A I3 = 11.9A
I2 = 2.08A I2 = 2.08A ×10A I2 = 20.8A
I1 = 3.65A I1 = 3.65A × 10A I1 = 36.5A
Hence the practical values and theoretical values ate nearly same and little difference due to
lead impedance only
Circuit diagram:

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Sample II
As a sample we are considering the given design and fault at point f. considering 4
line impedance
125000
391573.32 324000
Fault impedance = 125000 + 391573.32 + 324000 = 1232146.00
Formula Fault MVA = 100 × 100/ Fault impedance on 100 MVA base
Fault MVA = 100 × 100 /1232146.00= 0.0081159
Fault current at transformer II output
Formula I3 = Fault MVA × 1000/√3Volt in KV

I3 = 0.0081159× 1000/ √3 ×0.138 = 1.18 A

Fault current at transformer I output
I2 = 0.0081159× 1000/ √3 ×0.226= 2.08 A
Fault current at transformer I input
I2 = = 0.0081159× 1000/ √3 ×0.4= 3.65 A
Apply the voltage 40V at port 400V side of transformer I

Measured current values at These current value at 230V Theoretical values

23V shell be
I3 = 1.18 A I3 = 1.18 A × 10 = 11.8A I3 = 11.8A
I2 = 2.08 A I2 = 2.08 A × 10 = 20.8 A I2 = 20.6A
I1 = 3.65 A I1 = 3.65 A × 10 = 36.5A I1 = 36A
Hence the practical values and theoretical values ate nearly same and verified

Precautions:
1. The voltage at 400V side of transformer I should not exceed 450V at any time.
2. The voltage at 238V side of transformer I should not exceed 250V at any time.
3. All connection should be tight.
4. Keep away from the practical panel board.

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Object:- To d
machine.
Instrument
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S.NO. V I W

CALCULATION:-

RESULT:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. All connection should be tight.
2. Apparatus should be of proper range.
3. Do not touch live terminals.
4. Reading should be taken carefully.
5. Applied voltage should be small (reduced) voltage.
6. Machine should be at rated speed.

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EXPERIMENT NO.

Object:- To measure the sub transient direct axis(Xd”) and sub transient quadrature axis
(Xq”) reactance of an alternator.
Instrument Used:-

S.NO Item Type Specifications Quantity

.
01. Ammeter MI (0-5/10) A 01
02. Ammeter MC (0-1/2) A 01
03. Voltmeter MI (0-75/150/300) Volt. 01
04. Synchronous 1.5KW,1500RPM 01
machine
05. Auto transformer Single-phase 0-260V,10A 01
05. Connecting PVC Coated 1/18 SWG L.S.
Wires

Theory: - Any two phases of a three phase machine are connected in series and a single
phase voltage is impressed across the rotor is stand still. The impressed voltage is adjusted to
pass sufficient current in the two series connected armature winding. Now the rotor position
is adjusted with hand to get maximum deflection of the ammeter placed in the field winding
circuit. Under this condition d-axis sub transient Zd” is given by-
V
Zd” = ----------
2Imax
Here V and Imax are the voltmeter and ammeter readings respectively. If thr wattmeter
records P watt then-
P
CosØ = --------------
VImax
Or SinØ = √ 1 – (P/VImax)2

D- axis sub transient reactance

Xd” = Zd” SineØ

V
Zd” = ---------- × SinØ = √ 1 – (P/VImax)2
2Imax

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If the rotor shaft is rotated by hand through half pale pitch ,then peak of the resultant
armature mmf coincides the q-axis. These conditions ate those for which Xq” has been
defined .
Under these conditions the instruments readings give.

Xq” = Zq” SineØ

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
S.NO. V I W

CALCULATION:-

RESULT:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. All connection should be tight.

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2. Apparatus should be of proper range.

3. Do not touch live terminals.
4. Reading should be taken carefully.
5. Applied voltage should be small (reduced) voltage gradually.

EXPERIMENT NO.

Object:- To test the breakdown voltage of the transformer oil.

Instrument Used:-Transformer oil testing Instrument or kit
THEORY- When a sample of oil is subjected to dialectic stress in a gap between two
spheres the materials of higher conductivity and higher spheres capacity are drawn into the
intense field between the spheres and causes a distortion of the fields resulting in local high
density and disruption begins at these points.
When testing transformer oil it is found often that one of more discharge occur
across the gap at comparatively low voltage due to the presence of water particles but that
the voltage can be raised to a vary much higher value before complete rupture occurs.
If particles of higher dielectric constant than the oil are drawn into the intense field,
they will cause excessive local stress which may result in dissociation of ionization of oil
and the gases of ionization may bridge the gap and causes complete rupture.
In standard specifications for ‘Insulating Oil’ the method of Appling the testing
voltage (which must be alternator of approximately sine waveform of frequency between 25
and100 Hz and with a peak factor of √2 ±5 % ) has been laid sown. The test has to be carried
out under standard conditions. The minimum dimensions of the test cell, diameter of the
electrode and the distance between them specified.
Voltage should be increased gradually under continues observation of the measuring
until the breakdown occurs. To set oils of high quality the distance between electrodes
should be adjusted to 2 mm. The equipment permit 310 KV /cm to be measured. For testing
oils of medium quality or inferior quality the spark gap should be adjusted to 4mm by means
of a distance gauges. The insulating material oil testing cup is equipped normally with two
calotte-shaped electrodes of 36 mm dia, radius of each sphere is 25mm.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS-

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OBSERVATIONS-

CALCULATION-

RESULT- Distance between electrodes = 2 mm , Breakdown Voltage = 42 KV

Or 4 mm, Breakdown Voltage = 42 KV

PRECAUTIONS-
1. Supply voltage should be constant.
2. All connection should be tight and right.
3. Connecting leads should have tight connection.
4. Earthing of pot should be compulsory

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EXPERIMENT NO.

Object:- To determine and measure the ZERO sequence reactance (X0) of synchronous
machine.
Instrument Used:-

S.NO Item Type Specifications Quantity

.
01. Ammeter MI (0-5/10) A 01
02. Ammeter MC (0-1/2) A 01
03. Voltmeter MI (0-75/150/300) Volt. 01
04. Synchronous 1.5KW,1500RPM 01
machine
05. Auto transformer Single-phase 0-260V,10A 01
05. Connecting PVC Coated 1/18 SWG L.S.
Wires

Theory: - The zero sequence impedance of a machine is impedance offered to the flow of
negative sequence current. It is defined as the ratio of fundamental component of reactive
armature voltage to the fundamental component of zero sequence armature current at rated
frequency.
Zero sequence reactance can be measured either by connecting all the three phase of stator
winding of synchronous machine in series of in parallels.
i) Series connection of all the three phases is possible, only when both the terminals of
each phase are accessible. For measuring zero sequence reactance, reduced single phase

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voltage is applied across the stator winding with three phases connected in series with the
field winding short circuited; the synchronous machine if desired may be run as an alternator
at rated speed, However, The magnitude of zero sequence reactance is not much affected by
the rotation of the machine. As such, test may be performed with the synchronous machine
stationary. Zero sequence reactance can then be found out by recording the current, applied
voltage and input power and proceeding as per the following-
Zero sequence impedance, Zo = E/3I

Zero sequence reactance, Xo = Zo [1 – (P/EI) 2]1/2

ii) Parallel circuit

Zero sequence impedance, Zo = 3 E/I

Zero sequence reactance, Xo = Zo [1 – (P/EI) 2]1/2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
S.NO. V I W

CALCULATION:-

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RESULT:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. All connection should be tight.
2. Apparatus should be of proper range.
3. Do not touch live terminals.
4. Reading should be taken carefully.
5. Applied voltage should be small (reduced) voltage gradually.
6. Machine should be at rated speed.

EXPERIMENT NO.

Object:- To study of IDMT Over current relay

Instrument Used:-

S.NO. Item Type Specifications Quantity

1. Ammeter MI (0-10) A 01
2. Voltmeter MI (0-300) Volt. 01
3. Autotransformer 1-Φ (0-260) Volt 01
4. . Connecting Wires PVC Coated 1/18 SWG L.S.
5. Lamp load 10A capacity 01
6. IDMT relay CDG -- 01

Theory: - Inverse definite minimum. time over current relay this type gives an inverse
time current characteristic at values of fault current and definite time characteristic at higher
values of fault current. Generally an inverse time characteristic is obtained if the value of
plug setting multiply is blow 10 for values for plug setting multiplier between 10-20 the
characteristic 10 to become a straight line that is towards the definite characteristic. It is
widely used for the protection of distribution lines such relays have a provision for current
and time settings.

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IDMT over current relay has been used extensively for protection of generators,
transformers and distribution network.
T (Required time of operation)
The time multiplier setting (TSM) = -------------------------------------
Tm (Obtain time from relay characteristics curve

Primary current fault current

PSM = ------------------------------, OR -------------------------
Primary setting current Plug setting

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
TSM = 1.00,PS =1.0A
Current (A) Time (measured) Time (Std.) PSM

TSM = 0.5,PS =1.0A

Current (A) Time (measured) Time (Std.) PSM

TSM = 0.9,PS =1.0A

Current (A) Time (measured) Time (Std.) PSM

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TSM = 0.7,PS =0.5A

Current (A) Time (measured) Time (Std.) PSM

CALCULATION:-

RESULT:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
7. All connection should be tight.
8. Apparatus should be of proper range.
9. Do not touch live terminals.
10. Reading should be taken carefully.
EXPERIMENT NO.

Object:- To determine the Xd & Xq of a 3-Φ salient pole synchronous machine using slip
test and the power angle curve.

Instrument Used:-

S.NO Item Type Specifications Quantity

.
01. Ammeter MI (0-5) A 01
02. Ammeter MI (0-10) A 01
03. Voltmeter MI (0-600) Volt. 01
04. Rheostat Wire Wound (0-1000) Ω, (0-300) Ω 03
05. Tachometer Digital (0-9999) rpm 01
06. Autotransformer 3-Φ (0-400/415) Volt 01

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07. Connecting Wires PVC Coated 1/18 SWG L.S.

Theory: - Direct-axis synchronous reactance and quadrature-axis synchronous reactance

are the steady state reactances of the synchronous machine. These reactance can be
measured by performing open-circuit & short-circuit tests and the slip test on a synchronous
machine.

Direct-axis synchronous reactance (Xd):- the direct-axis synchronous reactance

of synchronous machine in per unit is equal to the ratio of field current. Ifsc at rated armature
current from the short-circuit test to the field current, Ifo at rated voltage on the air gap line.
Direct-axis synchronous reactance,
Xd=Ifsc/Ifo per unit
Thus the direct-axis synchronous reactance can be found out by performing the open-circuit
& short-circuit tests on an alternator. Hence
Xd=

Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance (Xq) By Slip test:-

For the slip test, the alternator should be driven at a speed slightly less then synchronous
speed with its field circuit is open, 3-Φ balance reduced voltage of rated frequency is applied
to armature(stator) terminals of the synchronous machine. Applied voltage is to be adjusted
so that the current drawn by the stator winding is full load rated current under these
conditions of operation, the variation of the current drawn by the stator winding, and the
voltage across the field winding will be shown in fig. The wave shape of stator current and
stator voltage clearly indicate that these are changing between minimum and maximum
values. When the crest of the stator mmf wave coincides with the direct axis of the rotating
field, the induced emf in open field is zero, the voltage across the terminals will be
maximum and the current drawn by the stator winding is minimum as shown in fig.
Thus approximate value of direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd=Emax/IminΩ
When the crest of mmf wave coincides with the quadrature axis of the rotating field, the
included emf in the open-circuit, the field is maximum, the voltage across the stator
terminals will be minimum and the circuit drawn by the stator winding is maximum as
shown in fig.
Hence, approximate value of the quadrature-axis synchronous reactance, Xq is given
by
Xq=Emin/Imax
It may be noted that Xd is greater then the Xq for a synchronous machine. so
Xq=Xqs*Xd/Xds
=(Emin/Imax)*(Imin/Emax)*Xd

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-

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S.No. OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST SLIP TEST

Ifo Vo Ifsc Isc Imin Imax Vmin Vmax
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.

CALCULATION:-

RESULT:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. All connection should be tight.
2. Apparatus should be of proper range.
3. Do not touch live terminals.
4. Reading should be taken carefully.
5. Field winding of synchronous machine should be open.
6. Applied voltage should be small (reduced) voltage.
7. Machine should not be at rated speed.

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