Copper Tubes

The Institute of Plumbing Australia acknowledges the assistance of the Australian Copper Industry in
the preparation of this technical publication.
The preparation of this publication has been sponsored by —
The Australian copper tube manufacturers —
Crane Enfield Metals Pty. Ltd.,
Metal Manufacturers Ltd.,
and the Australian Copper Producers through —
The Copper & Brass Information Centre.
This publication describes standards of good plumbing practice. Readers are reminded that when
designing plumbing systems it is necessary to comply with local legal requirements and by-laws.
THE INSTITUTE OF PLUMBING AUSTRALIA Inc.

P O Box 2005
MARMION
WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6020
www.plumbing.org.au
COPPER AND BRASS INFORMATION CENTRE

323-339 CASTLEREAGH STREET
SYDNEY, N.S.W. 2000
Whilst every care has been taken with the preparation of the information contained in this publication, the author,
publishers and distributors do not accept any responsibility for any errors it may contain.
ISBN: (Electronic Book). 978-0-9807837-2-8

CABIC BOOK No. 213/76
DECEMBER 1976.
Revised September 1985
Converted to electronic format by Robert Pearshouse 2010. © BARRIE SMITH 1976
FOREWORD
Plumbing, once a highly skilled hand craft, used rather limited types of materials, applied to
low rise buildings, has developed into a highly complicated industry. Tradesmen and designers
alike must possess a sound knowledge of the wide range of materials and component parts that
are available together with an understanding of the conditions of use imposed by various
authorities.
It often comes as a surprise for the student, tradesman and technician to find that rule of
thumb methods of design are no longer acceptable. Plumbing today, is not an isolated service
which is installed without any regard for other important building services but is just one
service which must be planned and co-ordinated with the services of other disciplines.
Plumbing has become an engineering science and endeavours must be made to develop technical
competence in keeping with current developments of the building services industry.
This book brings together information to enable the selection and sizing of copper tubes for
water piping systems.
The two main sections of the book look at probable simultaneous design flows and the pressure
lost by piping these flows to outlets.
The S.I. unit system of measurement has been used exclusively throughout the textbook.
It is hoped that this book will become indispensable to plumbing design engineers and
technicians and that plumbing contractors, teachers, students and tradesmen will find it to be
a most useful textbook.
Finally I wish to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. C.R. Dudgeon, other engineers and
manufacturers and thank them for the co-operation and assistance so willingly given.
B.G. SMITH
August, 1976.
1
CONTENTS
PAGE NUMBER
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. 7
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
1.1 Function of water supply systems.................................................................. 9
.1 Function of cold water systems
.2 Function of hot water systems
1.2 The water supply system ............................................................................... 9
.1 Why engineer the piping systems?
.2 Design for flows
.3 Piping materials
1.3 The composition of water ............................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 2 WATER FLOW
2.1 Water flow in pipes ........................................................................................ 10
.1 Laminar flow
.2 Turbulent flow
.3 The effect of viscosity on water flow
2.2 Velocity of water flows ................................................................................. 10
2.3 Flow velocity and waterhammer.................................................................... 11
2.4 Noise vibrations generated by high velocity water flows……………………… 11
3
PAGE NUMBER
2.5 Flow of water from pipes ............................................................................. 12
2.6 Comparison of flows from pipes.................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES
3.1 Water system pressures ................................................................................. 15
.1 Pressures at taps
.2 Pressures in watermains
.3 Pressures required within buildings
3.2 Friction pressure loss ..................................................................................... 15
3.3 Pressure losses of the system ........................................................................ 16
3.4 Pressure losses due to flow of water in copper tubes ................................. 16
— Domestic cold water systems
— Domestic hot water systems
— Chilled water systems
— Heating water systems
3.5 Pressure losses due to fittings and valves .................................................... 17
.1 Fittings and valves, equivalent length method ................................ 17
.2 Fittings and valves, velocity pressure loss method.......................... 18
3.6 Pressures required at float and tank filling valves ....................................... 19
.1 Float valves
.2 Tank filling valves
3.7 Flows and pressure losses through water meters ........................................ 19
.1 Requirements, types and pressure losses
.2 Hot water meters
4
PAGE NUMBER
3.8 Conversion of pressures ............................................................................... 20
.1 Conversion of pressure in metres head to pressure in kilopascals
.2 Conversion of pressure in kilopascals to pressure in metres head
Pipe Sizing Data for Domestic Cold Water Systems, Tables 2 to 7 (Green Pages)… 21
Pipe Sizing Data for Domestic Hot Water Systems Tables 8 to 13 (Buff Pages) .. 29
Pipe Sizing Data for Chilled Water Systems Tables 14 to 19 (Blue Pages) ............ 37
Pipe Sizing Data for Heating Water Systems Tables 20 to 25 (Yellow Pages) ....... 45
CHAPTER 4 COLD AND HOT WATER PIPE SIZING
4.1 Flow of water from taps ............................................................................... 74
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS SECTION
4.2 Assessment of probable simultaneous water flow in commercial

industrial and institutional buildings………………………………………….. 74
4.3 The capacity of water storage tanks for office buildings ........................... 75
4.4 The British empirical method of flow diversity .......................................... 75
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS SECTION

4.5 Watermain to water meter pipe sizing data ................................................. 76
4.6 Water services for town houses and villa homes ......................................... 76
4.7 Assessment of probable simultaneous flows for home units, flats,

town houses and villa homes ....................................................................... 76
4.8 Distribution of flows in pipework risers within home units and flats........ 77
HOT WATER SECTION

4.9 Temperatures of water associated with hot water pipework systems ....... 78
4.10 Availability of hot water at outlet taps ...................................................... 78
4.11 Hot water piping dead leg lengths ............................................................... 78
5
PAGE NUMBER
4.12 Water flow from secondary hot water return circulating pumps............. 79
4.13 Water flow from primary hot water circulating pumps ............................ 79
4.14 Sizing of battery type hot water heating coils ........................................... 80
4.15 Natural hot water circulation in secondary circulation pipes .................... 81
.1 Principles of flow
.2 Density of water at various temperatures
.3 Circulating pressure
.4 Friction loss data
CHAPTER 5 COPPER TUBE SELECTION
5.1 Copper tube type to be used in private water services............................... 97
5.2 Fabricated pulled bends in copper tubes..................................................... 97
5.3 Fabricated tees in copper tubes ................................................................... 97
5.4 Copper tube condition ................................................................................. 97
5.5 Standard lengths of hard drawn copper tubes............................................ 97
5.6 Standard lengths of annealed coiled copper tube....................................... 97
5.7 Manufacturing standard of copper tubes .................................................... 98
5.8 Identification of copper tubes...................................................................... 98
CHAPTER 6 PIPE SIZES REQUIRED BY AUTHORITIES

6.1 Sizes of cold water pipes.............................................................................. 101
6.2 Sizes of hot water pipes ............................................................................... 101
6
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No. DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

1 Water flow conversion data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 to 7 Pipe sizing data for domestic cold water systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22t027
8 to 13 Pipe sizing data for domestic hot water systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30t035
14 to 19 Pipe sizing data for chilled water systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38t043
20 to 25 Pipe sizing data for heating water systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46t051
26 Pressure loss data - fittings equivalent length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
27 Pressure loss data - valves equivalent length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
28 Pipe sizing tabulation sheet - fittings & valves equivalent method. 55
29 Pressure loss data - elbows , 90 ° sharp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
30 Pressure loss data - bends, 90 ° long radius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
31 Pressure loss data - tees, branch flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
32 Pressure loss data - tees, line f low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
33 Pressure loss data - reducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
34 Pressure loss data - tank outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
35 Pressure loss data - water service connection to waterma in . . . . . . 62
36 Pressure loss data - stop taps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
37 Pressure loss data - gate valves .. '. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
38 Pressure loss data - globe valves and lift check valves. . . . . . . . . . . 65
39 Pressure loss data - swing check valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
40 Pressure loss data - angle valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
41 Pipe sizing tabulation sheet- fittings & valves pressure loss method 68
42 Float valve data - flo ws and pressure losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
43 Tank filling valve data - flows and pressure losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
44 Water meter data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
45 F lows and pressure losses through water meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
46 Pressure conversion data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
47 Cold & hot water flows to taps and sanitary fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . 83
48 Probable simultaneous flow data - loading units to litres/sec. . . . . 84
49 Probable simultaneous flow example - the loading unit method . . 85
50 Example of an authority 's application form for water services . . . . 86
51 Probable simultaneous flow data - British Code of Practice 342 . . 87
52 Probable sim ultaneous flow example-British Code of Practice 342
method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
53 Watermain to water meter pipe sizing data - distance not exceeding
30 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
54 Watermain to water meter pipe sizing data -distance exceeding 30m 90
55 Watermain to water meter pipe sizing methods for town houses and
villa homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
56 Probable simultaneous flow data-cold & hot water to dwelling units 92
57 Probable simultaneous flow example - distribution of flows to dwell-
ing units, one riser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
58 Probablesimultaneousflowexample- distribution of flows to dwell-
ing units, two risers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
59 Probable simultaneous flow example - distribution of flows to dwell-
ing units, two risers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
60 Density of water at various temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
61 Copper tube data - tube dimensions, mass, bursting pressures. . . . 99
62 Copper tube data - bore area, litres per metre of tube, metres of
tube per litre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
63 Pipe sizing tabulation sheet - Blank Work Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
The following tabulation lists and defines the letter symbols used in this book.
A area in square metres. m2

a area in square millimeters. mm2
°C degrees Celsius.
CP circulating pressure in metres head. m
CW cold water.
D internal diameter of copper tube in metres. m
Do outside diameter of copper tube in metres. m
d internal diameter of copper tube in millimeters. mm
f friction factor (DARCY-WEISBACH) for water flow in pipes.
g gravitational acceleration in metres per second, second. = 9.8m/s2
H height in metres. m
h time in hours.
HWF hot water flow.
HWR hot water return.
K lost head factor for fittings and valves.
kg/m mass of copper tube in kilograms per metre of tube.
kg/m3 kilograms per cubic metre.
kPa pressure in kilopascals.
l/s flow in litres per second. This is equal to Q l
L.U. loading units used to obtain flow diversity.
L length in metres. m
m length or distance measurement in metres.
mm length or distance measurement in millimetres.
m head. pressure in metres head.
m/IOOm pressure loss in metres head per 100 metres of copper tube.
m/s rate of flow in metres per second. (Velocity)
O.D. outside diameter of copper tube in millimeters. mm
Pa.s absolute viscoscity of water in Pascals multiplied by seconds.
This is equal to the symbol in the British system kg/ms,. kilograms per metre second.
(pi) dimensionless parameter, pi equals circumference divided by diameter.
pw velocity of pressure wave propagation in metres per second. m/s
Q flow in cubic metres per second. m3 /s
Ql flow in litres per second. l/s
r.p.m. motor speed in revolutions per minute.
t1 temperature of stored water before heating. °C
t2 temperature of secondary hot water. °C
t3 temperature of primary hot water return. °C
t4 temperature of primary hot water flow. °C
V flow velocity in metres per second. m/s
w Watts per hour.
kW kilowatts per hour.
W/m Watts emitted per hour per metre run of pipework.
W/m 2 Watts emitted per hour from one square metre of heating surface.
WC water closet.
CHAPTER 1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
1.1 FUNCTION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
.1 Function of Cold Water Systems

The function of a cold water supply system is to provide the required volume of water, having suitable bacteriological, chemical
and physical characteristics, at all times, in all seasons, at satisfactory pressures, to all taps and sanitary fixtures within the
building.
.2 Function of Hot Water Systems

The function of a hot water supply system is to provide at each hot water tap an adequate supply of water, at the required
temperature, without undue delays, at all times, at satisfactory pressures, while minimising the possibility of waste of heat and
water.
1.2 THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
.1 Why Engineer the Piping Systems?

It is necessary to provide piping, storage tanks and water heating of sufficient capacity to satisfy probable simultaneous flows
extending over the peak demand periods. There should not be wasteful excess in pipe sizes, equipment capacity, pipework
installation or system running costs.
.2 Design for Flows

Proper design of the water piping systems in a building is essential in order that taps and sanitary fixtures may function properly.
The amount of either cold or hot water used in any building is variable depending on the type of building, the number of
occupants in the building and the time of day.
.3 Piping Materials
The kinds of piping most commonly used in water supply systems of a building include, copper tube, stainless steel tube,
galvanised steel pipe, cast iron pipe, plastic pipe, and asbestos cement pressure pipe. The only piping that is considered herein is
copper tube.
1.3 THE COMPOSITION OF WATER
Water when pure is a colourless, odourless liquid with a molecular composition of two atoms of hydrogen combined with one
atom of oxygen. A litre of water at a temperature of 4°C has a mass of 1 kilogram.
Pure water has a freezing point of 0°C and a boiling point of 100°C, both at normal atmospheric pressure. (1 atmosphere =
101.325 kPa). Between these temperatures at atmospheric pressure water exists as a liquid. Water is virtually incompressible and an
increase in pressure of 100 kPa only causes a decrease in volume of 0.000 002 per cent. Water is a very poor conductor of heat.
9
2.1 WATER FLOW IN PIPES
Two types of steady flow exist. They are laminar flow and turbulent flow. Different laws govern the two types.
Each type of flow is categorised by a Reynolds Number. The physical characteristics of the water, the velocity of flow and
the internal diameter of the pipe are three factors combined for consideration in terms of Reynolds Number, a
dimensionless quantity.
Formula: Reynolds Number = Velocity (m/s) x Internal pipe diameter (m) x Density (kg/m3)
Absolute viscosity of water (Pa.s)
Reynolds Numbers are calculated to permit the working out of expressions for evaluating friction co-efficients. Friction
co-efficients are used in expressions to determine pressure losses.
.1 Laminar Flow
In laminar flow the fluid particles move along straight parallel paths in layers. The viscosity of the fluid is dominant and this
suppresses any tendency to turbulent conditions. The upper limit of laminar flow is represented by a Reynolds Number of
2000. Flows above Reynolds 2000 to 4000 are classified as critical. Natural circulation of water in a piping system is an
example of laminar flow.
.2 Turbulent Flow
In turbulent flow the particles of the fluid move in a haphazard fashion in all directions. It is impossible to trace the motion
of an individual particle. Flows above Reynolds Number 4000 are turbulent. Water flows for almost all water plumbing
applications are turbulent.
.3 The Effect of Viscosity on Water Flow

Viscosity is that property which determines the amount of a fluid's resistance to a shearing force. Viscosity is due primarily
to interaction between fluid molecules. Viscosities of liquids decrease with temperature increases but are not affected
appreciably by pressure changes. Cold water is more viscous than hot water, therefore with cold water a greater pressure
drop results when comparing flows of equal velocity, through pipes of the same diameter.
2.2 VELOCITY OF WATER FLOWS
The velocities recommended for water flows in piping depend on two conditions.
a. The service for which the pipe is to be used.
b. The effects of erosion.
RECOMMENDED WATER VELOCITIES.

Service Velocity Range m/s.
Mains pressure water service pipelines 1 to 2.1
Gravity flow pipelines from upper level storage tanks.
Top two floors only 0.1 to 0.4
Gravity flow pipelines from upper level storage tanks.
Below top two floors 1 to 1.5
Pump suction pipelines 1.2 to 2.1
Pump delivery pipelines 1.5 to 2.7
Sludge and drain pipelines 1.2 to 2.1
The design of the water piping system is greatly influenced by the selected flow velocities. The recommended maximum
velocities are based on established permissible sound levels of moving water and entrained air, and on the effects of erosion.
Erosion in water piping systems is the impingement on the inside surface of tube of rapidly moving water containing air
bubbles or suspended solids. In some cases this may mean complete deterioration of the tube or pipe walls, particularly on
the bottom surface and at bends and elbows.
Since erosion is a function of time, water velocity and suspended materials in the water, the selection of a design water
velocity is a matter of judgement.
10
2.3 FLOW VELOCITY AND WATERHAMMER
Waterhammer (or pressure surge) is created any time there is a change in the flow velocity, irrespective of the cause of such velocity
change.
For most practical purposes the magnitude of the pressure increase due to waterhammer is a function of the velocity of the pressure
wave and of the rate of change of the flow velocity. The velocity of the pressure wave (which is the same as the velocity of sound in the
water contained in the pipe) depends only on the physical properties of the water and on those of the pipe material. For all commercially
available pipes the velocity of the pressure wave propogation has a value between 915 m/s and 1220 m/s.
If the flow velocity changes suddenly (e.g. by the instant closing of a tap) the pressure change at the point where the velocity change
is created (i.e. at the tap) would follow the law:
m head. = pwxV
Where:
m head. = additional increase of pressure in metres head of water, m
pw = velocity of pressure wave propagation, m/s
V = flow velocity in metres per second, m/s
g = gravitational acceleration 9.8 m/s2
The formula may be approximated, where the value of "pw" is not much different from 980 m/s., by the formula:
m head. = 100 x V
Example.
If the flow velocity in a water pipe is 3 m/s and a tap is quickly closed on that pipeline, the resultant additional pressure
due to waterhammer would be:
m head. = 100 x V
= 100 x 3
= 300 m head.
The water pressure generated by waterhammer may cause straight pipe lengths to vibrate. If pipes are in close contact with walls and
are not rigidly fixed at sufficiently short intervals, they may strike against walls with a succession of blows.
It is common for waterhammer to be generated from foot action taps, solenoid valves in clothes and dish washing machines, the
quick closing of spring ball type fire hydrants and stop taps.
The bursting pressures of copper tubes in annealed condition are given in TABLE 61. Calculated pressures resulting from waterhammer
within copper tubes can be compared with bursting pressures given in TABLE 61.
2.4 NOISE VIBRATIONS GENERATED BY HIGH VELOCITY WATER FLOWS
Noise arising from high water flow velocities must be kept to a minimum and this can be achieved by:
a. Limiting the velocity of water flow by increasing the pipe size.
b. Installation of pressure reducing, pressure limiting or pressure ratio valves in pipelines, in areas
which have relatively high water pressures.
c. The use of smooth bore pipes.
d. The removal of internal burrs and protrusions from the pipes.
e. The use of large radius bends.
f. The use of swept tees rather than right angled tees.
g. Tapered reducers to avoid abrupt changes in the diameter of the pipe.
h. Full bore taps, valves and fittings with a minimum of directional change in the water flow pattern.
i. Limiting centrifugal pump motor speeds to 1440 r.p.m.
11
2.5 FLOW OF WATER FROM PIPES
The amount of water a pipe will transmit or convey in a given time depends on:
a. It's cross sectional area, and
b. The speed at which the water is passing through it, i.e. it's velocity.
The velocity or rate of flow is expressed in metres per second.
The formula for calculating the quantity of water passing through a pipe is:
Q = AxV
where:
Q = flow in cubic metres per second. m3/s
A = area of internal cross section of pipe in square metres. m2
V = flow velocity in metres per second. m/s
The formula for calculating the velocity of water flowing in a pipe is:
V = Q
Example 1.
What is the flow in a type B, 50 mm nominal size copper tube (internal diameter 48.36mm)
when the velocity is 1.5 metres per second?
Q = AxV
= πxD 2
xV
= 0.7854 x 0.048 362 x 1.5
= 0.7854 x 0.002 339 x 1.5
Q = 0.002 76 cubic metres of water per second
To convert cubic metres of water to litres multiply by 103
= 0.002 76 x 103
= 2.76 litres per second
Example 2.
What is the velocity of water flow in the same copper tube when the desired flow is 2.76
litres per second?
V = Q
-3
Q = 2.76 x 10
= 0.002 76 cubic metres per second
V = 0.002 76
π x D2
4
= 0.002 76
0.7854 x 0.048 362
V = 1 . 5 metres per second.
12
2.6 COMPARISON OF FLOWS FROM PIPES
The flow of water from a pipe depends on the square of the diameter, so that if it is desired to compare the flows from two pipes under the
same head pressure, it is only necessary to square the internal diameters and compare the results.
Example 1.
What is the volumetric content of 32 diameter (nominal size) copper tube as compared with that of 50 and 65 (nominal size) copper
tubes?
The internal diameters of the copper tubes are those stated in the Australian Standard 1432, type B which are:
Nominal Tube Internal Diameter Square of Comparison

Size Type B tube Internal
Diameters
32mm 29.31mm 859.076mm2 1
50mm 48.36mm 2338.690mm2 2.72
65mm 61.06mm 3728.324mm2 4.34
Therefore, 1 metre of 50mm tube holds approximately 1.7 times more water than a 32mm tube. 1 metre of 65mm tube holds
approximately 3.3 times more water than a 32mm tube.
For equal velocity flows, the delivery will be in the same proportions.
Data relating to conversion of water flows, litres per second to litres per minute is given in TABLE 1.
13
TABLE 1
Description
Topic No. WATER FLOW CONVERSION DATA
2.6 LITRES FLOW PER LITRES FLOW PER
SECOND TO PER MINUTE MINUTE TO PER SECOND
Litres/ Litres/ Litres/ Litres/ Litres/ Litres/ Litres/ Litres/
to to to to
Second Minute Second Minute Minute Second Minute Second
0.01 0.60 3.7 222 0.5 0.008 50 0.83
0.02 1.20 3.8 228 1 0.017 55 0.92
0.03 1.80 3.9 234 1.5 0.025 60 1.00
0.04 2.40 4 240 2 0.033 65 1.08
0.05 3.00 4.1 246 2.5 0.042 70 1.17
0.06 3.60 4.2 252 3 0.050 75 1.25
0.07 4.20 4.3 258 3.5 0.058 80 1.33
0.08 4.80 4.4 264 4 0.067 85 1.42
0,09 5.40 4.5 270 4.5 0.075 90 1.50
0.10 6 4.6 276 5 0.083 95 1.58
0.20 12 4.7 282 5.5 0.092 100 1.67
0.30 18 4.8 288 6 0.100
0.40 24 4.9 294 6.5 0.108 200 3.33
0.50 30 5 300 7 0.117
0.60 36 5.1 306 7.5 0.125 300 5.00
0.70 42 5.2 312 8 0.133
0.80 48 5.3 318 8.5 0.142 400 6.67
0.90 54 5.4 324 9 0.150
1 60 5.5 330 9.5 0.158 500 8.33
1.1 66 5.6 336 10 0.167
1.2 72 5.7 342 10.5 0.175 600 10.00
1.3 78 5.8 348 11 0.183
1.4 84 5.9 354 11.5 0.192 700 11.67
1.5 90 6 360 12 0.200
1.6 96 6.1 366 12.5 0.208 800 13.33
1.7 102 6.2 372 13 0.217
1.8 108 6.3 378 13.5 0.225 900 15.00
1.9 114 6.4 384 14 0.233
2 120 6.5 390 14.5 0.242 1000 16.67
2.1 126 6.6 396 15 0.250
2.2 132 6.7 402 15.5 0.258 1100 18.33
2.3 138 6.8 408 16 0.267
2.4 144 6.9 414 16.5 0.275 1200 20.00
2.5 150 7 420 17 0.283
2.6 156 7.1 426 17.5 0.292 1300 21.67
2.7 162 7.2 432 18 0.300
2.8 168 7.3 438 18.5 0.308
2.9 174 7.4 444 19 0.317
3 180 7.5 450 19.5 0.325
3.1 186 7.6 456 20 0.333
3.2 192 7.7 462 25 0.42
3.3 198' 7.8 468 30 0.5
3.4 204 7.9 474 35 0.58
3.5 210 8 480 40 0.67
3.6 216 8.5 510 45 0.75
3.1 WATER SYSTEM PRESSURES
.1 Pressures at Taps
The water pressures that are required at taps and sanitary fixtures to give satisfactory performance to the user are:
Cold& Hot Water
Taps or Sanitary Fixtures Flow Pressure. m head.
Basin 5.500
Spring loaded basin taps 8.500
Sink 3.500
Bath 3.500
Shower 8.500
Domestic dish washing machine 10.500 minimum
Domestic clothes washing machine 7.000 minimum
Water closet cistern 10.500
Urinal cistern 5.500
Garden hose taps 30.000
Urinal and water closet flushometers 3.000 minimum
High pressure hose down points for mortuaries 52.000 to 70.000
autopsy rooms, animal compounds and cages
The flow pressure is the pressure in metres head in the pipe at the entrance to the tap concerned.
.2 Pressures in Watermains
Most water distribution authorities endeavour to maintain a minimum pressure of 15 metres at ground level for each
property at all times. However, although authorities will quote expected maximum and minimum pressure heads
that could occur in their watermains, usually no guarantees are given in excess of 15 metres pressure.
When considering the pressure available to assist pumped systems in high rise home units, flats and office buildings,
the designer would be advised to adopt the figure of 15 metres as the available source pressure. For low rise
development, the expected minimum pressure could be adopted as the available source pressure.
The expected maximum and minimum pressures in the watermains may be reduced due to low hydraulic gradients
during very hot periods of the year. Large water draw-offs could also be expected due to adjacent high density
housing and demands of other high rise buildings.
The expected minimum pressure would be the figure against which the total system pressure losses should be
compared in all systems except those having booster pumps or pressure sets.
.3 Pressures Required Within Buildings

Water distribution authorities and local government authorities have jurisdiction over minimum and maximum water
pressures at taps and outlets within buildings.
With mains pressure and gravity supply water services, local government authorities usually require that
pressures do not exceed 52 metres, at taps or outlets.
In the case of mains pressure supply for home units, flats, hotels and motels, a minimum pressure of 1 5 metres
head is required by local government authorities at top floor taps or outlets.
Most water distribution authorities require that in the case of high rise home units, flats, hotels and motels that a
pressure of 6 metres be available at the highest taps and outlets. This distance is measured from the top water level of
the storage tank.
3.2 FRICTION PRESSURE LOSS

Some pressure is lost when water is passed through a piping system.
The pressure which is lost in the system can be attributed to the kinematic viscosity of the water, tube wall
roughness height and the velocity or speed of the water flowing in the tubes.
Kinematic viscosity is equal to the viscosity of the water in Pa.s (pascals x seconds) divided by the density of the
water in kg/m3 .
To properly design a water service the designer must evaluate not only the pipe friction pressure loss but the loss
through valves and fittings. In addition to these friction pressure losses the use of diversity in reducing the water
quantity and tube size should be1 considered.
The loss of pressure due to friction in a pipework system depends on the following factors. Varying any one of
these factors influences the total pressure loss.
15
a. Pressure available from authorities' watermains, pressure created from pumps and pressure
derived from the outlet distance below storage tanks.
b. Difference in elevation between the pressure source and the discharge outlet. Static pressure
gains in gravity systems can be used up as friction loss.
c. Surface roughness of the tube internal wall and the internal diameter of the tube. The rougher
the surface, the greater the friction pressure loss.
d. Viscosity and density of the water. Kinematic viscosity of liquids decrease with temperature
increases and this results in reduced friction pressure loss.
e. Velocity of water flow. This has an effect on pressure loss in that the faster the fluid is moved
within the pipeline the greater the pressure loss.
f. The introduction into the pipeline of bends, tees, reducers and valves results in additional
pressure loss.
g. The length of the pipeline. Pressure loss increases for long pipelines that do not have the pipe
diameter increased for reasons of reducing total friction pressure loss.
It is sometimes thought that to arrive at the total friction pressure loss, losses occurring in every pipe in the system
are subtracted from the minimum available water pressure. This is not the case, and only those losses occurring
between the watermain and the farthest main demand branch, which would be regarded as the main pipe run, are
considered.
3.3 PRESSURE LOSSES OF THE SYSTEM
The design of a water piping system is limited by the pressure lost. Piping must be sized so as to provide the required
flow at an acceptable pressure loss within the available pressure.
The minimum pressure required is to include all losses in the system, such as flow pressures at open ends, pipe and
fittings friction losses, vertical height loss and water meter pressure loss. Total system pressure losses must be less
than the minimum watermain pressure to have design water flow.
The cost of increasing the pipe size of a small pipe to reduce friction losses is normally not too great. Smaller pipes
can be economically sized at lower friction loss values (increasing the pipe size) than for larger pipes.
Vertical height of taps above watermains or pumps, must be regarded as a pressure loss and be subtracted from the
source pressure. However, where pressure gains occur, say where the taps are lower than the watermain or in gravity
pipelines from tanks, then those gains may be used up as friction losses provided water flow velocities are
acceptable. This can be achieved by selecting smaller diameter pipes.
3.4 PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO FLOW OF WATER IN COPPER TUBES
Pipe sizing data has been computed for the flow of water through copper tubes that conform to the Australian
Standard 1432, type B, sizes 10mm through to 150mm diameter. This is presented in TABLES 2 through 25.
The data is divided into four sections:
a. Domestic cold water systems, TABLES 2 to 7

b. Domestic hot water systems, TABLES 8 to 13
c. Chilled water systems, TABLES 14 to 19
d. Heating water systems, TABLES 20 to 25
The data is expressed as:
Q l = flow in litres per second. l/s
V = flow velocity in metres per second, m/s
m head. = Friction head loss (metres head loss for 100 metres of pipeline)
16
Velocity flow rates have been determined from the formula:
Q = AxV
or V = Q
where:
Q = flow in cubic metres per second. m3/s
A = area of internal cross section of pipe in square metres m2
Pressure losses in metres head have been determined from the Darcy-Weisbach formula:
lost head m = 8x10 1 1 x f x Q l2

π 2
x g x d5
where:
lost head m = friction head loss (metres head loss per 100 metres of pipeline).
f = friction factor
Q l = flow in litres per second. l /s
d = internal tube diameter in millimetres mm
A standard friction factor "f" cannot be used in the formula as the friction factor varies with a change in:
a. Internal tube diameter
b. Tube internal surface roughness
c. Flow velocity
d. Water viscosity
e. Water density
Friction factors have been evaluated for each of the flows used in the pressure loss tables but are not
presented herein.
3.5 PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO FITTINGS AND VALVES
Two methods can be used to determine the resultant pressure losses due to water flows through fittings
and valves. Namely, the "fittings and valves, equivalent length method" and the "fittings and valves,
velocity pressure loss method"
.1 Fittings and Valves, Equivalent Length Method

Data relating to a length of copper tube which would have the same friction pressure loss as fittings
and valves is given in TABLES 26 and 27. These tube lengths have been calculated from the flow of
water through A.S.1432, type B, copper tube at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. To find the equivalent length
of tube where the flow velocity differs from 1.5 m/s the actual pressure loss due to the fitting or
valve should be calculated by the formula, lost head m = K x V2 and that pressure loss divided by the actual
pressure loss per metre run of tube. 2g
Example 1.
Let us assume the following in a mains pressure water service which has a vertical height of 6 metres:
Section 1 Is to provide a flow of 2.40 litres per second and is comprised of:
20 metres of copper tube
2 x 25 mm main taps
1 main tap breeching set including main tap elbows 6 bends
1 x 40mm water meter
1 meter tap
17
Section 2 Is to provide a flow of 1.50 litres per second and is comprised of:
40 metres of copper tube
10 bends
4 line flow tees
1 tee with reduction on flow
1 stop tap
Section 3 Is to provide a flow flow of 0.22 litres per second and is comprised of:
6 metres ot copper tube
8 elbows
1 tee with reduction on flow
1 stop tap
1 bib tap over kitchen sink
The pressure required after the tap is 15 m head.
It is usual in pipe sizing to calculate the friction pressure loss working back from the outlet end. In this case,
section 3, 2 and then 1.
The method adopted is to assume a tube size which is considered satisfactory to carry the probable
simultaneous flow. Data relating to equivalent length of tube for fittings and valves can be found in TABLES 26
and 27.
Pressure loss per 100 metres of tube and velocity of water flow for the assumed tube size can be found in
TABLES 2 through 7.
The total pressure loss in metres head due to water flow through the main piping circuit can be compared to that
pressure which the designer is prepared to lose and yet will still provide satisfactory performance at the taps and
sanitary fixtures. If it is found that the assumed tube size consumes too much pressure then another size must be
selected and the total pressure loss for each section of pipework recalculated. Example 1 is set out in tabulated
form in TABLE 28.
The total pressure loss in Table 28 is found by multiplying pipe section equivalent length plus pipe section
length by pressure loss per 100 metres of tube over 100. For section 1, (54.710 x 3.718) = 2.030m head
100
loss.
.2 Fittings and Valves, Velocity Pressure Loss Method

Data giving the actual pressure loss in metres head for fittings and valves is presented in TABLES 29 through 34
and 36 through 40.
This information has been developed from the formula:
lost head m = K x V2 which is recommended by the Hydraulic Institute of United States of

2g America.
where:
lost head m = pressure loss in metres head. m
K = lost head factor for fittings and valves.
Example 2.
The information given in example 1 is repeated in a tabulated form in TABLE 41 to illustrate the method.
Data relating to K factors, water flow through fittings and valves and pressure losses expressed in metres
head for water flows through fittings and valves are given in TABLES 29 to 34 and 36 to 40. K factors stated
in these tables have been taken from "Pipe Friction Manual" published by the Hydraulic Institute of United
States of America.
18
3.6 PRESSURES REQUIRED AT FLOAT AND TANK FILLING VALVES
.1 Float Valves
These are used for filling cisterns and both cold and hot water tanks. The sizes available in "Philmac" brand
"Universal" valves are 15 mm, 20 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm and 50 mm. Float valves can be installed inside or above
water storage tanks.
TABLE 42 sets out water discharge data from float valves in litres per second. Discharges are directly related to water
pressure at the inlet of valves, e.g. to obtain a flow of 0.76 litres per second through a 20 mm diameter universal
float valve an inlet pressure of approximately 12 metres head would be required.
The selected float valve inlet pressure must be counted as a pressure loss when determining the total pressure loss for
the pipework system.
.2 Tank Filling Valves

These combine mechanical and hydraulic actuation resulting in high capacity with positive shut off from 0.7m
head to 211m head pressure. The sizes available in "Philmac" brand "Servo" valves are 40 mm, 50 mm and 80
mm. This type of valve can be installed either inside or above the tank. If installed above, then an important
height saving can be effected with the tank.
TABLE 43 sets out water discharge data from tank filling valves in litres per second. Discharges are directly
related to water pressure at the inlet of valves, e.g. a flow of 22 litres per second through a 50 mm diameter
valve would require an inlet pressure of 28 metres head.
"Servo" valves will pass large volumes of water with low inlet pressures, e.g. with an inlet pressure of 1.2
metres head a 40 mm diameter valve will pass 1.9 litres of water per second.
Again, the selected inlet pressure must be counted as a pressure loss when determining the total pressure loss for the
pipework system.
3.7 FLOWS AND PRESSURE LOSSES THROUGH WATER METERS
.1 Requirements, Types and Pressure Losses

Water meters are designed to register the amount of water that passes through taps at each property. They are
required to be fitted into all water services and should be situated to comply with the water distribution authorities'
requirements.
Water meters remain the property of the water distribution authority and are given free of charge to plumbing
contractors who are responsible for installation.
The most common type of water meter is the magnetic drive, rotary piston, positive displacement type. In this the
register is operated by magnetic coupling and the register mechanism is completely removed from the water
chamber. This type of water meter is available in the following sizes, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 50mm and
80mm diameters. Data on the general technical features of "Emmco' water meters is set out in TABLE 44.
Pressure losses in metres head resulting from water flows through water meters have been tabulated and are
presented in TABLE 45.
Pressure loss due to flow of water through meters is considerable, e.g. the pressure loss at maximum continuous flow
through a 40mm meter is 6 metres head. This would need to be subtracted from the available source pressure.
The maximum continuous flow of water through a 40mm meter would be 2.97 litres per second and this should be
related to the required probable simultaneous flow.
.2 Hot Water Meters

Positive displacement, magnetic drive water meters are suitable for use with water up to 60°C although special
pistons can be fitted to enable meters to operate up to 82°C. Hot water meters are usually 20mm size.
Water meters are useful as a means of recording the amount of hot water used by individual home units and flats
when the supply originates from a central source and the fuel used is gas or electricity. The gas or electricity
account is proportioned against the consumption recorded by the hot water meter.
In some cases hot water meters are provided free of charge to the plumbing contractor by the gas or electricity
authority but in other cases hot water meters must be purchased by the plumbing contractor.
19
3.8 CONVERSION OF PRESSURES
.1 Conversion of Pressure in Metres Head to Pressure in Kilopascals

Formula:
kPa = m head x 9.81
where: kPa = kilopascals
m head = metres head
Tabulated conversion data is given in TABLE 46.
Example 1
Convert 50 metres head pressure to pressure in kilopascals.
kPa = m head x 9.81
= 50 x 9.81
= 490.5 kPa
.2 Conversion of Pressure in Kilopascals to Pressure in Metres Head

Formula:
Tabulated conversion data is given in TABLE 46.
Example 2
Convert 200 kilopascals pressure to pressure in metres head.
m head = kPa
9.81
=
200
9.81
= 20.387 m head.
20
PIPE SIZING DATA
for
DOMESTIC COLD WATER SYSTEMS
TABLES 2 to 7 following, present velocity and pressure loss data for water at temperature
of 15°C, flowing through copper tubes conforming to the Australian Standard 1432, type B.
This data was computed by Mr. C. R. Dudgeon of the School of Civil Engineering, University
of New South Wales.
Some factors used in the computations are:
1. Diameter of the copper tube Internal diameter of the tube.
2. Tube wall roughness height = 0.003 millimetres.
3. Temperature of water 15° Celsius.
4. Kinematic viscosity of water = 1.14 x 10- 6 metres squared per second.
Head loss values shown crossed should not be considered accurate. These flows do not have a
Reynolds Number above 4000 and therefore do not meet turbulent flow conditions on
which the computations are based.
21
TABLE 2
Topic No. Description WATER AT 15 "c. THROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A.S. 1432 COPPER TUBES,
DATA TYPE B.
NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL

FLOW 10 mm 15 mm 18 mm 20 mm 25 mm
Q~ ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
9.52 mm 12.70 mm 15.88 mm 19.05 mm 25.40 mm
0.01 to 0.50
Velocity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head
Loss Loss Loss Loss Loss
LITRES PER SEC. m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m
0.01 0.215 1.:}47· 0.108 0.33~ 0.066 0.129 / 0.044 0.057 / 0.024 0.017 /
0.02 0.429 IA. 923 0.215 <}.-872 0.133 0.2~.8 0.088 0.11,.3 0.048 0.034 /
0.03 0.644 10.808 0.323 1/1.961 0.199 0.,588 0.132 O.pO 0.072 0.0 5,1
0.04 0.859 17.733 0.430 3.460 0.266 ;1.0 45 0.176 9:3 72 0.097 0.0~8
0.05 1.074 26.098 0.538 5.071 0.332 1/ 1.629 0.220 / 0.582 0.121 0.~ 30
0.06 1.288 35.841 0.645 6.943 0.399 2.~25 0.264 1/ 0.838 0.145 \:1.187
0.07 1.503 46.916 0.753 9.065 0.465 2.900 0.308 1.095 0.169 /0 .254
0.08 1.718 59.287 0.860 11.428 0 .532 3.651 0.352 1.377 0.193 1/ 0.33 2
0 .09 1.933 72.924 0.968 14.028 0.598 4.476 0.396 1.686 0.217 0.409
0.10 2.147 87.804 1.076 16.858 0.665 5.373 0.440 2.022 0.242 0.490
0.11 2.362 103.905 1.183 19.914 0.731 6.340 0.484 2.384 0.266 0.577
0.12 2.577 121.209 1.291 23 .193 0.798 7.377 0.528 2.772 0.290 0.670
0.13 2.792 139.701 1.398 26.690 0.864 8.481 0.572 3.184 0.314 0.769
0.14 3.006 159.366 1.506 30.404 0.931 9.653 0.616 3.622 0.338 0.874
0.15 3.221 180.193 1.613 34.330 0.997 10.891 0.660 4.084 0.362 0.985
0.16 1.721 38.467 1.064 12.195 0.704 4.570 0.386 1.101
0.17 1.829 42.812 1.130 13.562 0.748 5.080 0.411 1.223
0.18 1.936 47.363 1.196 14. 994 0.792 5.613 0.435 1.351
0.19 2.044 52.119 1.263 16.489 0.836 6.170 0.459 1.484
0.20 2.151 57.078 1.329 18.046 0.880 6.750 0.483 1.622
0.21 2.259 62.237 1.396 19 .666 0.924 7.352 0.507 1.766
0.22 2.366 67.596 1.462 21.347 0.968 7.977 0.531 1.915
0.23 2.474 73 .154 1.529 23 .089 1.012 8.624 0.556 2.069
0.24 2.581 78.908 1.595 24.892 1.056 9.294 0.580 2.229
0.25 2.689 84.857 1.662 26.755 1.100 9.986 0.604 2.393
0.26 2.797 91.002 1.728 28.677 1.144 10.699 0.628 2.563
0.27 2.904 97.339 1.795 30.659 1.188 11.434 0.652 2.738
0.28 3.012 103.869 1.861 32.700 1.232 12.191 0.676 2.918
0.29 3.119 110.591 1.928 34.800 1.276 12.970 0.700 3.103
0.30 3.227 117.502 1.994 36.958 1.320 13.769 0.725 3.292
0.31 2.061 39.174 1.364 14.590 0.749 3.487
0.32 2.127 41.448 1.408 15.432 0.773 3. 6 87
0 .33 2.194 43.779 1.452 16 .295 0.797 3.892
0.34 2.260 46.168 1.496 17.179 0.821 4.101
0.35 2.327 48.613 1.540 18.083 0.845 4.316
0.36 2.393 51.115 1.584 19.009 0.869 4.535
0.37 2.459 53.674 '1. 628 19.954 0.894 4.759
0.38 2.526 56 .289 1.672 20 .921 0.918 4.987
0.39 2.592 58.959 1.716 21 .907 0.942 5.221
0.40 2.659 61 .686 1.760 22 .914 0.966 5.459
0.41 2.725 64.468 1.804 23 .941 0.990 5.702
0.42 2.792 67.306 1.848 24 .989 1.01 4 5.949
0.43 2.858 70 .199 1.892 26.056 1.039 6.201
0.44 2.925 73.147 1.936 27.144 1.0 63 6.458
0.45 2.991 76 .150 1.980 28.251 1.087 6. 720
0.46 3.058 79.207 2.024 29.3 78 1. 111 6. 98 6
0.47 3.124 8 2.319 2.068 30.5 25 1.1 35 7.2 56
0.48 3. 19 1 85.486 2. 112 31.692 1.1 59 7.531
0 .49 3.257 88.706 2.156 32.878 1.183 7 l'l1 1
0 "0 3.324 9 1.98 1 2.200 34 .084 1.208 8.095
22
TABLE 3
Topic No. Description WATER AT 15 °C, THROUGH

DATA TYPE B.

Q2 ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0.
9.52 mm 12.70 mm 15.88 mm 19.05 mm 25.40 mm
0.51 to 1.00
Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head
L1TRES PER SEC. m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/1 00 m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m
0.51 2.244 35.309 1.232 8.384
0.52 2.288 36.554 1.256 8.677
0.53 2.332 37.819 1.280 8.975
0.54 2.376 39.102 1.304 9.277
0.55 2.420 40 .405 1.328 9.584
0.56 2.464 41 .728 1.353 9.895
0.5 7 2.508 43.069 1.377 10.211
0. 58 2.552 44.43 0 1.401 10.531
0. 59 2.596 45.810 1.425 10.855
0.60 2. 640 47. 209 1.449 11 .184
0.6 1 2. 68 4 48 .626 1.473 1 1.517
0. 6 2 2. 728 50.06 3 1.497 11.854
0.6 3 2.772 5 1.519 1.522 12 .196
0 .6 4 2.816 52.994 1.546 12.543
0.65 2.860 54.487 1.570 12.893
0.66 2.90 4 56.000 1.594 13.248
0. 67 2.948 57.5 3 1 1.618 13.607
0.68 2.99 2 59.081 1.642 13. 9 71
0. 69 3.036 60.649 1.667 14.338
0. 70 3.08 0 62.237 1.691 14.710
0.7 1 3. 12 4 63.843 1. 715 15.087
0 .72 3. 168 65.467 1.739 15.467
0 .7 3 3.2 12 67.110 1.763 15.852
0.74 3.256 68.772 1.787 16.241
0.75 3.300 70.488 1.811 16 .635
0.76 1.836 17.032
0.77 1.860 17.434
0.78 1.884 17.840
0.79 1.908 18.250
0.80 1.932 18.665
0.81 1.956 19.083
0.82 1.981 19.506
0.83 2.005 19.933
0.84 2.029 20.364
0.85 2.053 20.799
0.86 2.077 21.238
0.87 2.101 21.682
0.88 2.125 22.130
0.89 2.150 22.581
0.90 2.174 23.037
0.91 2.198 23.497
0 .92 2.222 23.961
0.93 2.246 24.430
0.94 2.270 24.902
0.95 2.295 25.378
0.96 2.319 25.859
0.97 2.343 26.343
0 .98 2.367 26.832
099 2.391 ?7 ':I?o;
100 2.415 27.821
23
TABLE 4
Topic No. Descri ption WATER AT 15 °C, T H ROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZING .- A.S. 1432 COPPER TUBES,
DATA TYPE B.
NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMIN A L

._-
Q~ ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. AC TUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
31 .75 mm 38.10 mm 44.45 mm 50.80 mm 63.50 m m
0.05 to 2.50 "-
Ve loc ity Head Veloc ity Head Velo cit y Head Velocity Head Velo city Head
LITRES PER SEC. m/s m/l00 m m/s m!100m m/s m/l00m m/ s m/ l 00 m m/ s m/ l 00m
1---- -
0.05 0.074 O.O~ 0.050 0.0% 0 .036 0.008 / 0.027 0.004/ / 0.017 O.OO~
0.10 0.148 1 ~153 0.100 ~.0 5 7 0.072 0 .9 2 5 0.054 0.013 0.034 0 .0,li3
0.15 0.222 0.310 0.150 0.123 0.108 ~. 568 0.082 ~.0 28 0.051 (}:O09
0.20 0.296 0.510 0.200 0.202 0.1 44 0.093 0. 109 0.048 0.068 1/ 0.0 16
0.25 0.371 0.751 0.250 0.296 0.180 0.137 0.136 0.070 0.085 0.023
0.30 0.445 1.031 0.300 0.407 0.216 0.187 0.163 0.096 0.102 0.032
0.35 0.519 1.349 0.350 0.532 0.253 0.244 0.191 0.126 0.120 0.042
0.40 0.593 1.705 0.401 0.671 0.289 0.308 0.218 0.158 0.137 0.052
0.45 0.667 2.096 0.451 0.824 0.325 0.378 0.245 0.194 0.154 0.064
-
0.50 0.741 2.523 0.501 0.991 0.361 0.455 0.272 0.233 0.171 0.077
0.55 0.815 2.984 0.551 1.172 0.397 0.537 0 .299 0.275 0.188 0.091
0.60 0.889 3.479 0.601 1.365 0.433 0.626 0.327 0.320 0.205 0.106
0.65 0.963 4.008 0.651 1.572 0.469 0.720 0.354 0.369 0. 222 0.122
0.70 1.037 4.569 0.701 1.791 0.505 0.820 0.381 0.420 0.2 39 0.1 39
0.75 1.112 5.163 0.751 2.023 0.541 0.926 0.408 0.474 0.256 0.156
0 .80 1.186 5.789 0.801 2.267 0.517 1.037 0.436 0.530 0.273 0.175
0.85 1.260 6.447 0.851 2.524 0.613 1.154 0.463 0.590 0.29 0 0.195
0.90 1.334 7.137 0.901 2.792 0.649 1.277 0.490 0.653 0. 307 0.215
0.95 1.408 7.857 0.951 3.073 0.685 1.405 0.517 0.718 0.324 0.236
1.00 1.482 8.609 1.001 3.366 0.721 1.538 0.544 0.786 0.342 0.259
1.05 1.556 9.391 1.051 3.670 0.758 1.676 0.572 0.856 " - 0.359 0:282
1.10 1.630 10.203 1.101 3.986 0.794 1.820 0.599 0.929 0.376 0 .306
1.15 1.704 11.046 1.151 4.314 0.830 1.969 0.626 1.005 0.393 0.3 31
1.20 1.179 11 .919 1.202 4.653 0.866 2.124 0.653 1.084 0.410 0.356
1.25 1.853 12.821 1.252 5.004 0.902 2.283 0.681 1.165 0.42 7 0.383
1.30 1.927 13.753 1.302 5.366 0.938 2.448 0.708 1.249 0.4 4 4 0.410
1.35 2.001 14.715 1.352 5.739 0.974 2.617 0.735 1.335 0.46 1 0.439
1.40 2.075 15.706 1.402 6.123 1.010 2.792 0.762 1.424 0.478 0.468
1.45 2.149 16.725 1.452 6.519 1.046 2.972 0.789 1.515 0.495 0.498
- -- --
1.50 2.223 17 .774 1.502 6.926 1.082 3. 157 0.8 17- 1.609 0.51 2 0.528
1.55 2.297 18.852 1.552 7.344 1. 118 3.34 7 0.844 1.706 0.529 0.56 0
1.60 2.371 19.958 1.602 7.773 1.1 5 4 3.54 1 0.8 7 1 1.805 0.546 0.592
1.65 2.445 21.105 1.652 8. 21 2 1.190 3.741 0.898 1.90 6 0.563 0.625
1.70 2.520 22.268 1.702 8. 66 3 1.226 3.945 0,926 2.01 0 0.581 0.659
1.75 2.59 4 23.460 1.752 9.125 1.2 63 4.155 0.953 2.117 0.598 0.694
1.80 2. 668 24.680 1.802 9.59 7 1.299 4.3 6 9 0.980 2.2 25 0.615 0.729
1.85 2.742 25.928 1.852 10.080 1.335 4.588 1.007 2.337 0.632 0.766
1.90 2.8 16 27 .204 1.902 10.573 1.371 4. 812 1.034 2.450 0.649 0. 803
1.95 2.890 28 .508 1.952 11. 07 8 1.407 5.0 41 1.062 2.566 0.666 0.841
2.00 2.9 64 29.840 2.003 11.5 93 1.443 5.274 1.089 2.685 0.683 0.879
1.479
-- --- I - - -.
2.05 3.038 31 .200 2.053 12.1 18 5.512 1.116 2.806 0.700 0.919
2.10 3. 112 32.587 2.1 03 12.654 1.515 5.755 1.143 2.929 0.717 0.959
2 .15 3.18 7 34.001 2.153 13.20 1 1.551 6.003 1.171 3.054 0.734 1.000
2.20 3.261 35.443 2.2 03 13.7 65 1.587 6.255 1.198 3.182 0.751 1.042
2.25 2.253 14.333 1.623 6.512 1.225 3.313 0.768 1.084
2.30 2. 303 14.91 1 1.659 6.773 1.252 3.445 0.785 1.127
2 .35 2.353 15.499 1.695 7. 04 0 1.279 3.580 0.803 1.171
f - - -, - - ;--
2,40 2.403 16.098 1.731 7.31 0- - f - 1.307 3.718 0.820 1.216
- f - - - -- - . 1-. - - ----
2,45 :J 4.I),? 16.706 1.768 7.58 6 1.334 3.857 0.837 1.261
250 2 .503 17 .3 26 1 Rn 4 7.866 1 .?{; 1 3.999 nRti,4 1.307
24
TABLE 5
-_.
.---_.
Topic No. Descri pt ion WATER AT 15 °C, THROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A.S. 1432 COPPER TUBES ,
DATA TYPE B.
-- -- - - - - - r --
FLOW 32mm 40 mm 45 mm 50 mm 65 mm
Q~ -- -- ---- - - - -- - - - f-- --
ACTUA L 0.0. .ACT UA L 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0.
31 .75 mm 38.10 mm 44 .45 mm 50.80 mm 63.50 mm
2.60 to 7.50 - - - -- --- - - -- -- -- - - - - - - -- - r - -- -
Velocity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head -V~~oc i t y 1 Head Velocity Head
LITRES PER SEC. m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/ s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m
-- -- - - -
2.6 0 2.603 18.594 1.876 1.415 4.290 0.888 1.402
-- f -. 8.440
2.70 2.703 19.904 1.948 9.032 1.470 4.590 0.922 1.500
2.80 2.804 21.254 2.020 9.647 1.524 4.899 0.956 1.600
2.90 2.904 22.645 2.092 10 .276 1.579 5.218 0.990 1.704
3.00 3.004 24.075 2.164 10 .922 1.633 5.545 1.025 1.810
3.10 3.104 25 .546 2.236 11.587 1.688 5.881 1.059 1.919
r----
3.20 3.204 27.056 2 .309 12.269 1.742 6.226 1.093 2.031
3.30 3.304 28.60~_ 2.38 1 12.968 1.797 6.584 1.127 2.146
f------
3.40 2.453 f--~3. 6 84 1.851 6.947 1.161 2.264
-- 1.905
3.50 2.525 14.420 7.318 1.195 2.384
.. -
3.60 2.597 15.173 1.960 1--.7.6 99 1.229 2.508
. - -- f ---- --- -- - - f----- - -
3.70 2.669 15.942 2.014 8.088 1.264 2.634
f--------- - -- - - - - --_.
3.80 2.741 16.729 2.069 8.486 1.298 2.763
f------- --- - -- - f - -- - - - -
3.90 2.814 17 .534 2.123 8.892 1.332 2.895
4.00 --_ ._ - 2.886 18 .355 2.178 9.307 1.366 3.029
- -- - f--- - --
4.10 2.958 19.194 2.232
-- f---- -- - - -- - - ..- . _-- 9.731 1.400 3.166
4.20 3.030 _ _
20.049 2.287 10.163 1.434 3.306
-- -- - - - - - -- - -- - ._---
4.30
-- - - - -- ~ 1 0L_ _ . 20 .922 2.341 10.604 1.468 3.449
4.40 3.174 21.812 2. 395 11.054 1.503 3.594
r-- - -- ---- --- -- - -- -- f-------- - - -
4.50 3.247 22.719 2.450 11 .511 1.5 3 7 3.745
-- - -
4.60 3.319 23 .642 2.504 11.978 1.571 3 .895
-
4.70 2.559 12.452 1.605 4.049
4.80 2.613 12.936 1.639 4.205
--
4.90 2.668 13.427 1.673 4.364
5.0 0 2.722 13.927 1.708 4.526
-- --
5.10 2.777 14.435 1.742 4.690
5.20 2.831 14.951 1.776 4.857
- - ---- f - -
5.30 2.885 15.476 1.810 5.026
--- _ .
5.40 2.940 16.009 1.844 5.198
5.50 . 2.994 16.551 1.878 5.373
1.9 12
5.60 --- - ------- - -- - - - - - - - --- - f---- 3.0 1!i.- 1-17. 1 l?~ f-- 5.551
5.70 I I 3.103 17 .658 1.947 5 .731
5.80
J -- - I 3.158 18.224 1.981 5.913
2.015
5.90
6.00
--L- 3.212
3.267
18.798
19.380 2.049
6.098
6.286
-- - -
6.10 3.321 19.970 2.083 6.477
-- - . - --
6.20 2.117 6.670
6.30 2.151 6.865
6.40 2.186 7.063
-- c------- - - --
6.50 2.220 7.264
6.60 _._- - - 2.254 7.467
-- -
.±----
6.70 2.288 7.673
6.80 2. 322 7.88 1
- - -- f---- -----
6.90 I 2.356 8.0 9 2
7. 00 .. 2.391 8.306
7.1 0 2.42 5 8 .5 22
7.20 2.459 8 .740
-- ' - - - - - 1 - - -- -- - 1---
7. 3 0 2.493 8.961
--
7.40 - 2.52 7 9.185
7 <;;n 2.561 9.41 1
25
TABLE 6

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A.S. 1432 COPPER TUBES ,
DATA TYPE B.
NO M I N A L NOMINA L NOMINAL NOMINAL NO MIN AL

FLOW 80 mm 90 mm 100mm 125mm 150 mm
Q~ -
ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
76.20 mm 88 .90 mm 101 .60 mm 127.00 mm 152.40 mm
0.50 to 25.00
LITRES PER SEC. m/s m/l00m m/s m/100m m/s m/l00m m/s m/100m m/s m!100m
0.50 0.120 0.033 0.087 0.016 0.066 0.008 0.042 0.003 0.029 ~
1.00 0.239 0 .111 0.174 0.052 0.132 0.027 0.083 0.009 0.058 0.004
1.50 0.359 0.226 0.260 0.105 0.197 0.055 0.125 0 .018 0.087 0.008
2.00 0.479 0.376 0.347 0.175 0.263 0.091 0.166 0 .030 0.116 0.013
2.50 0.598 0.559 0.434 0.259 0.329 0.134 0.208 0.045 0.145 0.019
3.00 0.718 0.772 0.521 0.358 0.395 0.185 0.249 0.062 0.174 0.026
3.50 0.838 1.016 0.608 0.471 0.461 0.243 0.291 0.081 0.203 0.034
4.00 0.957 1.290 0.694 0.598 0.527 0.308 0.333 0.103 0.231 0.043
-
4.50 1.077 1.593 0.781 0.738 0.592 0.380 0.374 0 .127 0.260 0.053
5.00 1.197 1.924 0.868 0 .891 0.658 0.459 0.416 0.153 0.289 0.064
5.50 1.316 2.283 0.955 1.056 0.724
-- _ ._0.544
-_ . 0.457 0.181 0.318 0.076
6.00 1.436 2.671 1.042 1.234 0.790 0 .636 0.499 0.211 0.347 0.089
6.50 1.556 3.085 1.128 1.425 0.856 0.734 0.541 0.244 0.376 0.102
7.00 1.675 3.525 1.215 1.629 0.922 0.838 0.582 0.278 0.405 0.117
-
7.50 1.795 3.992 1.302 1.844 0.987 0.948 0.624 0.315 0.434 0.132
8.00 1.915 4.486 1.389 2.071 1.053 1.065 0.665 0.353 0.463 0.148
8.50 2.034 5.005 1.476 2.310 1.119 1.188 0.707 0.394 0.492 0.165
9.00 2.154 5.550 1.562 2.561 1.185 1.317 0.748 0.436 0.521 0.183
9.50 2.274 6.121 1.649 2.823 1 .2.~ 1.451 0.790 0.481 0.550 0.202
10.00 2.393 6.717 1.736 3.097 1.317 1.591 0.832 0 .527 0.579 0.221
10.50 2.513 7.338 1.823 3.382 1.382 1.738 0.873 0.575 0.608 0.241
11.00 2.633 7.984 3.679 1.448 1.890 0.915 0.626 0.262
1.910 ._-- - -0.636
11.50
12.00
2.752
2.872
8.655
9.351
1.996
2.083
3.987
4.306
1.514 ._
1.580 2.211
- - _
_-.1:.Q~ """,- 0.956
0.998
0.678.
0.732
0.665
0.694
0.284
0.306
~.. --
12.50 2.991 10.072 2 .170 4.637 1.646 2.380 1.039 0.788 0.723 0.330
13.00 3.111 10.817 2.257 4.979 1.712 2.555 1.081 0.845 0.752 0.354
13.50 3.231 11.586 2.34,4 5.331 1.777 2.736 1.123 0.905 0.781 0.378
14.00 3.350 12.379 2.430 5.695 1.843 2.922 1.164 0.966 0.810 0.404
14.50 2.517 6.070 1.909 3.113 1.206 1.029 0.839 0.430
15.00 2.604 6.455 1.975 3.311 1.247 1.094 0.868 0.458
15.50 2.691 4.852 2.041 3.513 1.289 1.161 0.897 0.485
16.00 2.778 7.259 2.107 3.721 1.330 1.229 0.926 0.514
16.50 2.864 7.677 2.172 3.935 1.372 1.300 0.955 0.543
17.00 2.951 8.106 2.238 4.154 1.414 1.372 0.984 0.573
17.50 3.038 8.545 2.304 4.379 1.455 1.445 1.013 0.604
18.00 3.125 8.995 2.370 4.608 1.497 1.521 1.042 0.635
18.50 3.212 9.456 2.436 4.844 1.538 1.598 1.070 0.667
19.00 3.298 9.927 2.502 5.084 1.580 1.677 1.099 0.700
19.50 2.567 5.330 1.622 1.758 1.128 0.734
20.00 2.633 5.581 1.663 1.840 1.157 0.768
-
20.50 2.699 5.838 1.705 1.925 1.186 <1.803
21.00 2.765 6.100 1.746 2.011 1.215 0.839
21.50 2.831 6.367 1.-788 2.098 1.244 0.876
22.00 2.896 6.639 1.829 2.187 1.273 0.913
22.50 2.962 6.917 1.871 2.278 1.302 0.951
23.00 3.028 7.200 1.913 2.371 1.331 0.989
23.50 3.094 7.488 1.954 2.466 1.360 1.028
24.00 3.160 7.781 1.996 2.562 1,389 1.068
24.50 .?77R 8.079 2.0:J.Z- c-2 . 659 1.418 1.109
?!'i no 3.291 R ':IR':I 2.079 ? 7!'iQ 1 LlLl7 1.150
26
TABLE 7
Topic No. Descri ption WA TER A T 15 °C, T HROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZl NG - A.S. 1432 COPPER TUBES,
DATA TYPE B.
NO M INAL NOM IN AL NOM I NAL NOMINA L NOM INAL

FLOW 80 mill 90 mm 100 m m 125 mm 150 m m
Q~ A CT UAL 0 .0 . A CTUA L 0 .0. AC TUA L 0 . 0 . AC TU A L 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
76.20 mm 88.90 mm 101 .60 mm 127 .00 mm 152.40 mm
25.50 to 50.00
V eloc it y Head Velocitv Head Ve lo cit y Head V elocit y Head Velocity Head
L1T R ES PER SEC. m/s m/ l00m m /s m/ l00m m/s m/ l 00 m m /s m/ l00m m/s m/l00m
25 .50 I
2. 120 2.860 1.475 1.192
26 .00 2.1 62 2.963 1.504 1.235
26.50 2.20 4 3.067 1.533 1.2 78
27.00 2.245 3.173 1.5 62 1.322
27.50 2.287 3.281 1.591 1.367
28.00 2.328 3.390 1.620 1. 412
28.50 2.370 3.501 1.649 1.458
29.00 2.411 3.614 1.678 1.505
29.50 2.453 3.729 1.707 1.553
30.00 2.495 3.844 1.736 1.601
30.50 2.5 36 3.961 1.765 1.649
31.00 2.578 4.080 1.794 1.699
31.50 2.619 4.201 1.823 1.749
32 .00 2.661 4.323 1.852 1.800
32 .50 2.703 4.447 1.881 1.851
33 .00 2.744 4.573 1.909 1.903
33.50 2.786 4.700 1.938 1.956
34.00 2.827 4.829 1.967 2.009
34 .50 2.869 4.959 1.996 2.063
35 .00 2.9 10 5.091 2.025 2.118
35 .50 2.952 5.225 2.054 2.173
36 .00 2.994 5.360 2.083 2.229
36.50 3.035 5.497 2.112 2.286
37.00 3.077 5.635 2.141 2.343
37.50 3.118 5.775 2.170 2.401
38.00 3. 160 5.917 2.199 2.460
38 .50 3.201 6.060 2.228 2.519
39 .00 3.243 6.204 2.257 2.579
39.50 3.285 6.351 2.286 2.640
40.00 3.326 6.498 2.314 2.701
40 .50 2.343 2.763
41.00 I 2.372 2.825
41 .50
42 .00
---r-- 2.401
2.430
2.888
2.952
42.50 2.459 3.016
43.00 2.488 3.082
43 .50 2.517 3.147
44 .00 I 2.546 3.214
44.50 2.575 3.280
45 .00 2.604 3.348
45 .50 2.633 3.416
--1---- - - -
46.00 I- 2.662 3.485
46.50 2.691 3.555
I E---+-
47.00 2.720 3.625
47.50 2.748 3.695
48 .00 2.717 3.767
I
48 .50 I -- 2.80 6 3.839
49.00 2.8 35 3.911
49 .50 3.9 85
so.on t- _ 2.864
? R.Q.1 4.0 59
27
28
PIPE SIZING DATA
for
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS
TABLES 8 to 13 following, present velocity and pressure loss data for water at temperature
of 60°C, flowing through copper tubes conforming to the Australian Standard 1432,
Type B.
This data was computed by Mr. C.R. Dudgeon of the School of Civil Engineering, University
of New South Wales.
3. Temperature of water = 60° Celsius.
4. Kinematic viscosity of water 4.76 x 10-7 metres squared per second.
29
TAB L E 8
CHAPT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES
Topic No. Descri pt ion WA T ER A T 60 "c, T HROU GH

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A .S. 143 2 COPPER T UB ES,
DA T A TYPE B.
NOMINAL NOMINA L NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL

FLOW 10 mm 15 mm 18 m m 20 mm 25 mm
02 ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUA L 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0.
----- -- - - - - -----
ACTUAL 0 .0 .
9.5 2 mm 12.70mm 15 .88 mm 19. 05 mm 25.40 m m
0.0 1 to 0.50
L1TR ES PER SEC .

Velocity Head
Loss
Ve locity Head
Loss
Velocity T Head
Loss
Velocit v
._---- r---
Head
Loss
Velocity Head
Loss
m/s m / l 00 m m /s m / l 00 m m /s m / l 00m m /s m/ l 00 m m/s m/ l 00 m
-
0.01 0.21 5 ~ 0. 108 ~f8 0.066 0.l!54/ 0.044 0 .l!24 /
-
0.024 O.ooy
0.02 0.429 4. 223 0.215 0.821 ,. 0.133 ./11.26 1 0.088 0 ·093 0.048 0p21
0 .03 0.644 8.561 0.323 1.653 0.199,. - 0 .529 0.132 0.200 0.072 1~.047
r-r- --
0. 04 0.859 14 .192 0.430 2.727 0.266 0.870 0.176 0 .327 0.097 0.079
0. 05 1.074 21.053 0.538 4. 029 0.332 1.281 0.220 0.481 0.121 0.116
-
0.06 1.288 29 .10 4 0.645 5.549 0.399 1.761 0.264 0.661 0.145 0.159
0. 0 7 1.503 38.31 1 0.753 7. 282 0.465 2.307 0.308 0.864 0.169 0.208
0.08 1.718 48.653 0.8 60 9.222 0.5 32 2.917 0.352 1.09 2 0. 193 ~.262__
0.0 9
0. 10
1.933
2.147
6 0.109
72.6 96
0.968
1.076
11.365
13.706
0.598 3.590
4.324
O'~H= 1.342
0.440 1.6 14
0.26- 0.322
0. 665 0.242 0.387
0 .1 1 2.362 86.339 1.183 16.242 0.731 5.118 0.48 4 1.909 0.266 0.457
0.12 2 .577 101.057 1.291 18 .9 72 0.798 5.971 0.528 2.226 0.290 0.532
0 .1 3 2 .792 116.840 1.398 21 .893 0.864 6.882 0.572 2.563 0.314 0 .6 13
0.14 3.006 133.681 1.506 25 .002 0.931 7.852 0.616 2.922 0.338 0.698
0.15 3.221 15 1.571 1.613 28.298 0.997 8.878 0.660 3.302 0.362 0.787
0. 16 1.721 31.779 1.064 9.961 0.704 3.702 0.386 0.882
0.17 1.8 29 35.461 1. 130 11.100 0.748 4.123 0.411 0.982
0. 18 1.936 39.309 1.196 12.294 0.792 4.563 0.435 1.08 6
0. 19 2.044 4 3.338 1.2 63 13.5 44 0.836 5.024 0.459 1.19 5
0. 20 2.151 47.548 1. 329 13.848 0.880 5.505 0.483 1.308
0.21 2.259 51.936 1.396 16.206 0.924 6.005 0.507 1.426
0. 22 2.366 56. 5 03 1.462 17 .6 18 0.968 6.525 0.531 1.549
0.2 3 2.474 61 .247 1.529 19.084 1.012 7.064 0.556 1 .675
0. 24 2.581 66 .168 1.595 20.613 1.05 6 7.622 0.580 1.8 07
--
0. 25 2.689 71.264 1. 662 22.18 5 1.100 _~200 0.604 1.943
0.26 2. 79 7 76.5 35 1.728 23.810 1 . 1 4~_ ~:796 0.628 2.083
0.27 2.904 8 1.980 1.795 25.487 1. 188 9.412 0.652 2.227
0. 28 3.0 12 8 7.600 1.861 27.217 1.232 10 .0 46 0.676 2.376
0 .29 3.1 19 93.392 1.928 28.999 1.2 76 10.6 99 0.700 2.529
-- f - -- - -- -
0. 30 3.227 99.3 58 1.994. - 1--30.8 3 2 1.320 11 .3 71 0.725 2.687

0. 31 '/.. 061 3 2.71 7 1.364 12.06 1 0.749 2.8 48
---
0 .32 2. 127 34. 653 1.408 12. 776 0.773 3. 0 14
0.33 2 . 194 36.641 1.452 13.504 0.79 7 3.184
0.34 2.260 38.680 1.496 14. 249 0.82 1 3.359
0 .35 2. 32 7 40 .76 9 1.5 40 15. 01 3 0.8 45 3. 537
0.36 2 .393 4 2.9 10 1.584 15.795 0.8 69 3. 720
0 .37 2 .459 4 5.10 0 1.628 16. 5 95 0.89 4 3.906
-
0. 38 2.52 6 47. 342 1.672 17 .414 0.9 18 4.0 97
0.3 9 2.592 49. 6 34 1.7 16 18.250 0.942 4.292
f-.
0.40 2 . 659 5 1.975 1.760 I 19. 104 0.966 4.491
0.41 2.725 54.367 1.804 19.976 0.990 4 .695
~.
0.42 2 .792 5 6.809' 1.84Ei 20 .8 66 1.0 14 4.902

0.43 2 .8 58 59 .301 1.892 2 1.77 4 1.0 39 5. 113
0. 44 2.925 6 1.8 42 1.936 22.700 1.063 5 .3 28
0.45 2.991 64.434 1.980 23.643 1.08 7 5 .548
0.46 3.058 67 .074 2. 024 24.604 1. 111 5.77 1
--
0.47 3. 12 4 6 9.76 4 2. 068 25.583 1. 135 5. 998
0.48 3.1 91 72.504 2. 112 26.5 79 1.159 6.230
0 .4 9 3.257 75 .292 2.1~6 27.592 1.183 6.4 68
n@ ~ 78 .13 0 L2.2aQ 28.6 34 1.208 R.7nR
30
TABL E 9
CHAPTER 3 PRESS URE REQUIR EME NTS A ND LOSSES
Topic No. Descri pt ion WAT ER A T 60 ° C, T HR OUGH

3.4 PIPE SI Z IN G - A.S. 1432 COPPER T UBES,
DATA TYPE B.

02 ACT UAL 0 .0. ACTUA L 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 . 0 . ACTUAL 0 .0.
9.5 2 mm 1 2.70 mm 15 .88 mm 19.05 mm 25.40 mm
0.51 to 1.00
Veloc ity Head Veloc ity Head Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head
L1TRES PER SEC. m/s m/100m m/s m/ l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m
0.51 2.244 29 .672 1.232 6.951
0.52 2.288 30.738 1.256 7.198
0.53 2 .332 31.822 1.280 7.449
0.54 2.3 76 3 2.9 22 1.304 7.704
0.55 2.420 34.040 1.328 7.963
0.56 2.464 35.176 1.353 8.226
0.57 2.508 36.328 1.377 8.493
0.58 2.552 37.498 1. 40 1 8.763
0.59 2.596 38.685 1.425 9.038
0.60 2 .640 39.890 1.449 9.316
0.61 2.684 41.11 1 1.473 9.598
0.62 2.728 42.349 1.497 9.884
0.63 2.772 43.605 1.522 10.174
0.64 2.816 44.878 1.546 10.468
0.65 2.860 46.167 1.570 10.765
0.66 2.904 47 .474 1.594 11.067
0.67 , 2.948 48.798 1.618 11 .372
0.68 2.992 50.138 1. 642 11.681
0 .69 3.036 51.496 1. 66 7 1 1.99 4
0 .70 3.080 52.870 1.691 12.310
0.71 3.124 54.262 1.715 12.631
0 .72 3.168 55.670 1.739 12 .955
0.73 3.212 57.095 1.763 13.283
0.74 3.256 58.537 1.787 13.614
0.75 3.300 59.996 1.81 1 13.950
0.76 1.836 14.289
0.77 1.860 14.632
0.78 1.884 14. 978
0.79 1.908 15.329
0.80 1.932 15 .683
0.8 1 1.95 6 16.041
0.82 1.981 16.402
0.83 2.005 16.768
0.84 2.029 17.137
0.8 5 2.053 17.509
0.8 6 2.077 17.886
0.87 2. 10 1 18. 266
0.88 2. 12 5 18.649
0 .8 9 2.150 19.037
0.90 2. 174 19.428
0.91 2.198 19.823
0. 9 2 2.222 20 .2 2 1
0.93 2.2 46 20. 624
0 .94 2.270 21 .029
0.9 5 2.295 21.439
0. 96 2.319 21 .8 52
0.97 2.343 2 2.269
0 .98 2. 367 22.689
0.99 2.391 23. 11 3
1.00 ? at « I ? <l "''' '
31
TABLE 10
. __._ -
Topic No. Descri ption WA TE R A T 60 ° C, T HROUGH
3.4 PIPE SIZIN G - A.S. 1432 COPPER T UBES,
DATA TYPE B.
- _._.-
NOMINA L NOMINA L NOMINAL NOM INAL NOMINAL
FLOW 3 2 mm 4 0 mm 45 mm 50 m m 65 mm
f - - - -- --- - -
02 ACT UAL 0.0. ACT UAL 0 .0 . ACT UAL 0 .0 . ACT UAL 0 .0. ACTUA L 0 .0 .
3 1.75 m m 3 8. 10 mm 44.45 mm 50 .80 mm 63 .50 mm
0.05 to 2.50 --- - - - - --._. - - - - -----
Veloc it y Head Veloc it y Head Velo c ity Head Veloci ty Head Veloc ity Head
L1 T RES P ER SE C. m/s m/ l00 m m/s m/l00m m/s m /l00m m/s m/l 00m m/ s m/l00m
0. 0 5 0.07 4 0 .03 7 0.050 0 .014 0.036 ..J}.oo6-~ 0.027 ~o.OO3

-- 0.017 ~o.oo f
-
-
0. 10 0. 148 0.122 0.100 0 .048 0.072 0.022 0.054 0.011 0.034 0.004
0. 15 0.222 0.246 0. 150 0.097 0.1 08 0.045 0.082 0.023 0.051 0.008
0. 20 0.29 6 0 .408 0.200 0.160 0.144 0.074 0.109 0.038 0.068 0.012
0.25 0.37 1 0 .6 04 0.250 0.237 0.180 0.109 0.136 0.056 0.085 0.018
-- -
0.30 0.445 0.83 4 0.300 0.327 0.216 0.150 0.163 0.077 0.102 0.025
-_ .
0.35 0.5 19 1.097 0.350 0.429 0.253 0.196 0.191 0.100 0.120 0.033
---
0.4 0 0.593 1.390 0.401 0.544 0.289 0.249 0.218 0.127 0.137 0.042
f---
0. 45 0.66 7 1.7 15 0.451 0.670 0.325 0.306 0.245 0.156 0.154 0.051
--
0. 50 0.74 1 2.070 0.501 0.808 0.361 0.369 0.272 0.188 0.171 0.06~_
0.55 0. 81 5 2.455 0.551 0.958 0.397 0.437 0.299 0.223 0.188 0.073
0.60 0.889 2.869 0.601 1.118 0.433 0.510 0.327 0.205 0.085
---_. 0.260
0.65 0.963 3.312 0.651 1.290 0.469 0.588 0.354 0.300 0.222 0.098
1--
0.70 1.037 3.786 0.701 1.473 0.505 0.671 0.381 0.342 0.239 0 .112
0.75 1.112 4.287 0.751 1.667 0.541 0.759 0.408 0.387 0.256 0.127
0.80 1.186 4.815 0.801 1.871 0.577 0.852 0.436 0.434 0.273 0.142
0.85 1.260 5.371 0.851 2.086 0 .613 0.949 0.463 0.483 0.290 0.158
0.90 1.334 5.955 0.901 2.312 0.649 1.051 0.490 0.535 0.307 0.175
-
0.95 1.408 6.566 0.951 2.549 0.685 1.158 0.517 0.589 0.324 0.193
1.00 1.482 7.205 1.001 2.796 0.721 1.270 0.544 0.646 0.342 0.211
1.05 1.556 7.870 1.051 3.053 0.758 1.386 0.572 0.705 0.359 0.230
1.10 1.630 8.563 1.101 3 .320 0.794 1.507 0.599 0.766 0.376 0.250
1.15 1.704 9.282 1.151 3.597 0.830 1.633 0.626 0.829 0.393 0.271
1.20 1.779 10 .028 1.202 3.884 0.866 1.763 0.653 0.895 0. 410 0.292
1.25 1.853 10.800 1.252 4.181 0.902 1.897 0.681 0.963 0.427 0.314
1.30 1.927 11.598 1.302 4.489 0.938 2.036 0.708 1.033 0.444 0.337
1.35 2.001 12.423 1.352 4.806 0.974 2.179 0.735 1.106 0.461 0.361
-- f----
1.40 2.075 13.274 1.402 5.133 1.010 2.327 0.762 1.181 0.478 0.385
._ -
1.45 2.149 14 .151 1.452 5.470 1.046 2.479 0.789 1.258 0.495 0.410
1.50 2.223 15.054 1.502 5.817 1.082 2.635 0.817 1.337 0.512 0.436
1.55 2.297 15.982 1.552 6.173 1.118 2.796 0.844 1.418 0.529 0 .462
1.60 2.371 16.937 1.602 6.540 1.154 2.961 0.871 1.502 0.546 0.489
--- -
1.65 2.445 17.917 1.652 6.916 1.190 3.131 0.898 1.588 0.563 0.517
1.70 2.520 18.922 1.702 7.301 1.226 3 .304 0.926 1.675 0.581 0.545
1.75 2.594 19.953 1.752 7.696 1.263 3.482 0.953 1.765 0.598 0.574
1. 80 2.668 21.010 1.802 8.101 1.299 3 .664 0.980 1.857 0.615 0.604
1.8 5 2.742 22 .092 1.852 8.515 1.335 3.851 1.007 1.951 0.632 0.635
1.90 2.816 23.199 1.902 8.939 1.371 4.042 1.034 2.048 0.649 0.666
1. 95 2.890 24.331 1.952 9.373 1.407 4.237 1.062 2.146 0.666 0.698
2.0 0 2.964 25.489 2.003 9.815 1.443 4.436 1.089 2.247 0.683 0.730
2.05 3.038 26 .671 2.053 10.268 1.479 4.639 1.116 2.349 0.700 0.764
2.10 3.112 27.879 2.103 10.729 1.515 4.847 1.143 2.454 0.717 0.797
2.1 5 3.187 29.112 2.153 11.200 1.551 5.058 1.171 2.561 0.734 0.832
2. 20 3.2 6 1 30.369 2.203 11.681 1.587 5.274 1.198 2.670 0.751 0.867
2.25 2.253 12.170 1.623 5.494 1.225 2.781 0.768 0.903
2.30 2.303 12 .670 1.659 5.718 1.252 2.894 0.785 0.939
2.35 2.353 13.178 1.695 5.947 1.279 3.009 0.803 0.977
2.40 2.403 13.696 1.731 6.179 1.307 3.126 0.820 1.014
2.45 2.453 14.222 1.768 6.415 1.334 3.245 0.837 1.053
2.50 2.503 14.759 1.804 6.656 1.361 3.366 0.854 1092
32
TABLE 11
CHAPT ER 3 PRESSURE REQU I RE M ENTS AND LOSSES
r---- -
Topi c No. Descri pt ion WATE R A T 60 "c. T HR OU GH

3.4 PIPE SI Z IN G A.S. 1432 COPPER TUB ES,
DATA TYPE B.
-- - - - - -- -
NO MINA L NO MINAL NOMINA L NOM INA L NOMINAL
FLOW 32 m m
_.__. 1---
40 mm 4 5 mm 50 m m 6 5 mm
Q~
- -
AC TUAL 0 .0 . ACT UAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0 . A CTUA L 0 . 0 . ACTUAL 0.0.
31 .75mm 3 8.10 mm 44.4 5 mm 5 0.80 mm 63.50 mm
2.6 0 to 7.50
Velocity Head Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Ve loc it y Hea d Velocity Head
L1TR ES PER SEC. m/s m/l00m m /s m/l00m m/s m/ l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m
- - - - - - - - - - 1---- .- - - -
2.60
- -- - - - - - - - 1--. _- -- - ... _--
2.603 . _--15--.859-- - -1.876 7.149
- --- - - - --
1.415 3.61 4 0.888 1.172
2.70 2.703 16 .995 1.948 7.659 1.470 3.871 0.922 1.255
1--- . .-
2.80 __ 1-_2 .8Oi 18 .169 2.020 1.524 0.956
-- _ .
-_. _ ._ - ----- --- 8.185 4. 136 1.340
2 .90 _._-_._- - -_. - - ----- ._---2.904
- _. 19.379 2.092 8.727 1.579 4.408 0.990 1.428
3.00 3.004 20.625 2.164 9.285 1.633 4.689 1.025 1.518
- - - - - - - -- f - - - - - - -- - -_._- _ . -- ---
2.23 6 1.688
.- -- - - -----_ .. _.. _- - - - - ---- - - - - -_. - ------- - ----_ . -- _._ -
3.10 3.104 21.907 9.859 4.977 1.059 1.611
- ----
_ ___ 3.20 __ __ 3.204 23 .226 2.309 10 .449 1.742 5.274 1.093 1.70 6
._ - - - - ....:..._ - -- -1- . -- - - - ----- - -
24.581 2.381 1.79 7 1.127
- - _.
3 .30 3.30 4 11 .054 5.578 1.804
. 1- - - - - - --- -- - - - -
3.40 2.453 11 .676 1.851 5.891 1.161 1.904
-- -
_. 3.50 --- ------- - - - - _. - ------_. _ - 1 - --_ ._ . 2. 525
1-._ --- - - - --- - ,-.
12 .314 1.905 6.211 1.195 2.007
'-
3.60 -- - - - - - r------- -1 - - - - ---.? 597 __ 12.967 1.9 60 6.539 1.229 2.113
3.70 -- - -_ .- - - -- -- - - -- - _.- - ----- 2.669 13 .636 2.0 14 6.875 1.264 2.220
3. 80 2.741 14. 3 21 2.069 7.218 1.298 2.331
----- - ---- 1----._-- 1 - --
3 .90 2.814 15.021 2. 12 3 7.569 1.332 2.443
-- .. - - -
4 .00 2.886 15 .737 2.178 7.9 29 1.366 2.558
--
4.10 2.958 16. 469 2.232 8.295 1.400 2.676
-- _ .
_ ._ - - --4.20 3.030 17. 216 2.287 8. 670 1.434 2.796
- - - - --- 1----- -- - - - - - -- - -
4.30 3.102 17.978 2.341 9.052 1.468 2.918
1---- ---- - - - -- -- - ---~ -
4.40 3.174 2.395 9.442 1.503 3.043
- -- - ' - - - - - -- 18.756
4.50 3.210 19.151 2.450 9.839 1.537 3.170
----
4.60 3.319 20.359 2.504 10 .244 1.5 71 3. 30 0
f---------. .- --
4.70 2.559 10 .657 1.605 3.43 2
f-. -- - - _ ._ - ---- - -- -
4.80 2.613 11.077 1.639 3.566
~-- --
4.90 2.668 11 .505 1.673 3.703
f - - -. - - -- . . _ ._--- - - 1--- - - - -- - - - -
5.00 2.722 11.940 1.708 3.842
---- -- f----- - ---- 1---- - - -
5.10 2.777 12.383 1.742 3.984
- - -- - -
_.
-
5.20 2.831 12.834 1.776 4.127
.- ----
2.885 1.810 4.274
1----- - --
5.30
-- +- -- - 1- --- ----- --
13 .292
1.844
5.40
5.50
- --- ---- f - - - -
- --- - -1--._- -
1--'==1=-
f---- -- -- -- -
-- -
------- --------
2.940
2.994
13.757
14.230 1.878
4.422
4.573
5.60
-'- ---
i
- -- - j -- - -- 1-- -.._--
3.049 14.711 1.912 4.726
- - ..__ . - - --_._- ---- - -- _ .

15 .199 1.947
5.70
5.80
-- --!----- 1--- _
. 3.103
3.158 15.694 1.981
4.882
5.040
1----. - -- - - - ---- 1---
5.90 3.212 16. 197 2.015 5.200
-- - -- --_._.- - - --- - - -_. 1----_ ..
I---~--- _ .
3.267 16.70 7 2.049 5.363
- ._-- - - - --
6.10
1---- - - -- -- - - -----1--- -- - -- - - -- _ __
. . 1---- -- - - - - -- 3.321 17 .225 2.083 5.5 27
6.20 2.1 17 5. 6 9 5
1------ .- .
- I" -- - - - -- _ : _ - -
1----- 6.30 2.1 51 5.864
-.- - - c--" ' - -
1 - --6.40
----- --_._. _ ._ - -"-' - -- ---'--F~-=~ - _._--_ ._- - - - -- -- 2. 18 6 6.036
6.50 2.22 0 6.210
-
_. 6.6 0 --- - - --- - - -- - - - - ; -- -
2.254 6.38 7
6.70 2.288 6.565
- ---
_ . 6.8 0 2.322 6.746
--
~-~- ---- ----t---- --_._-

2.356 6.930
_ ._ 6.90
- - - - -- - - -- - -'
7.00 - -- -- -- --_. _ 1 __ 2.391 7.115
_ ._ - -- - - 1--- -
7.10 __ 1 - - -- 2.425 7.303
-- -- - - ---
2.459 7.493
7.20
- "---i
-'-r-
- - - -- - - ._- - - -- --_ ._-- ---- --- - -- - I---
7.30 _ .._ - - 1--- ----- - - --- - - f--- -
2.493 7.686
--- 1--.
7.40 2.527 7. 8 80
--- -
7 . 50 2.5fi1 8 .077
1---. --
33
TABL E 12
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUI REMENTS AN D LOSSES
Topic No. Descri pti on WAT ER A T 60° C, THRO UG H

3.4 PIPE SIZI NG - A .S. 1432 COPPER T UBES,
DAT A TY PE B.
NOM INAL NOM INA L NOM INA L NOMINAL NOMI NA L

FLOW 80 m m 9 0 mm 100 mm 125 mm 150 mm
Q2 ACTU AL 0 . 0. ACTU A L 0.0. AC TUA L 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACT UAL 0.0.
76. 20 m m 88.90 mm 10 1.6 0 mm 127.00 mm 152.40 mm
0.50 t o 25.0 0
Veloc it y Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head
L1TRES PER SEC. m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m
0.50 0.120 0.027 0.087 0.0 1 2 0.066 0.006 0.042 0.002 0.029 0.001
1.00 0.239 0.090 0.174 0 .04 2 0.132 0.022 0.083 0.007 0.058 0.003
1.50 0.359 0 .186 0.260 0.086 0.197 0. 044 0.125 0.015 0.087 0.006
2.00 0.479 0 .3 11 0.347 0. 14 4 0.263 0.074 0.166 0.025 0.116 0.010
2.50 0.598 0.464 0.434 0.214 0.329 0.110 0.208 0.037 0.145 0.015
3.00 0.718 0.644 0.521 0.298 0.395 0.153 0.249 0.051 0.174 0.021
3.50 0.838 0.851 0.608 0.393 0.461 0.202 0.291 0.067 0.203 0.028
4.00 0.957 1.083 0.694 0.500 0.527 0.257 0.333 0.085 0.231 0.036
4.50 1.077 1.341 0.781 0.618 0.592 0.318 0.374 0.105 0.260 0.044
5.00 1.197 1.624 0.868 0.748 0.658 0.384 0.416 0.127 0.289 0.053
5.50 1.316 1.932 0.955 0.889 0.724 0.456 0.457 0.151 0.318 0.063
6.00 1.436 2.263 1.042 1.041 0.790 0.534 0.499 0.177 0.347 0.074
6.50 1.556 2.619 1.128 1.204 0.856 0.617 0.541 0.204 0.376 0.085
7.00 1.675 2.999 1.215 1.378 0.922 0 .706 0.582 0.233 0.405 0.097
7.50 1.795 3.402 1.302 1.562 0.987 0.800 0.624 0.264 0.434 0.110
8.00 1.915 3.829 1.389 1.757 1.053 0.900 0.665 0.297 0.463 0.124
8.50 2.034 4.279 1.476 1.963 1.119 1.005 0.707 0.331 0.492 0.138
9.00 2. 15 4 4.752 1.562 2.179 1.185 1.115 0.748 0.368 0.521 0.153
9.50 2.274 5.248 1.649 2.406 1.251 1.231 0.790 0.405 0.550 0.169
10.00 2.393 5.767 1.736 2.642 1.317 1.351 0.832 0.445- -0-.579 -0 .186
10.50 2.513 6.309 1.823 2.889 1.382 1.477 0.873 0.486 0.608 0.203
11 .00 2.633 6.873 1.910 3.146 1.448 1.608 0.915 0.529 0.636 0.221
11.50 2.752 7.460 1.996 3.414 1.514 1.744 0.956 0.574 0.665 0.239
12.00 2.872 8. 069 2.083 3.691 1.580 1.886 0.998 0.620 0.694 0.258
12.50 2.991 8.701 2.170 3.979 1.646 2.032 1.039 0.668 0.723 0.278
13.00 3.111 9. 355 2.257 4.276 1.712 2.183 1.081 0.717 0.752 0.299
13. 5 0 3.231 10. 031 2.344 4.584 1.777 2.340 1.123 0.768 0.781 0.320
14.0 0 3.350 10. 730 2.430 4.901 1.843 2.501 1.164 0.821 0.810 0.342
14.5 0 2.517 5.229 1.909 2.667 1.206 0.875 0.839' 0.364
15.0 0 2.604 5.566 1.975 2.839 1.247 0. 931 0.8 68 0.387
15.50 2.691 5.913 2.041 3.0 15 1.289 0.988 0.897 0.4 11
16 .00 2.778 6. 270 2.1 07 3.196 1.330 1.0 47 0.926 0.436
16.50 2.864 6.636 2.1 72 3.382 1.372 1.108 0.955 0. 461
17 .00 2.951 7.01 3 2.238 3.573 1.414 1.170 0.984 0.486
17.50 3.038 7.399 2.304 3.769 1. 455 1.234 1.0 13 0. 5 13
18. 00 3.1 25 7.795 2. 37 0 3.970 1.497 1.299 1.0 42 0 .540
18.5 0 3.21 2 8. 200 2.436 4. 175 1.538 1.366 1.070 0.5 67
19.0 0 3.29 8 8.615 2.502 4. 38 6 1.580 1.4 35 1.099 0.596
19.5 0 2.567 4.601 1.622 1.505 1. 128 0.625
20 .00 2.633 4.821 1.663 1.576 1. 157 0.654
20.50 2.699 5.046 1.705 1.649 1.186 0.684
21 .00 2.765 5. 276 1.746 1.724 1.215 0 .715
2 1.50 2.831 5.5 10 1.788 1.800 1.244 0 .747
2 2.00 2.896 5.750 1.829 1.877 1.2 73 0.779
22 .50 2.962 5.994 1.8 71 1.957 1.302 0.811
23.00 3.028 6.242 1.9 13 2.0 3 7 1.331 0.845
23 .50 3.094 6.496 1.95 4 2. 119 1.360 0.8 79
24 .00 3.160 6.754 1.996 2.203 1.389 0.913
24 !in 3.22 6 7.017 2.037 2.288 1.418 0.948
7<; n n 3.29 1 7 7 A" 2.079 2.375 1 AA 7 0.984
34
TAB LE 13
CHAP T ER 3 PRESSURE REQ UIREM ENTS A ND LOSSES
Topic No. Descri ption WATER AT 60 °C, THROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A.S . 1432 COPPER TUBES,
DATA TYPE B.
FLOW I NOMINAL
80 mm
NOMINAL
90 mm
NOMINAL
100 rn m
NOMINAL
125 mm
NOMINAL
150 mm
Q~ CT U A L 0 .0. ACTUA L 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0.
76.20 mm PR nn mm 101.60 mm 127.00 m m 152.40 mm
25.50 t o 50.00
Velocity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head
L1TRES PER SEC. m/s m/100m m /s m/l00m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m
25 .50 2.120 2.463 1.475 1.020

26.00 2.162 2.553 1.504 1.057
26.50 2.204 2.644 1.533 1.095
27.00 2.245 2.737 1.562 1.133
27.50 2.287 2.83 1 1.591 1.172
28.00 2.328 2.9 2 7 1.620 1.212
28.50 2.370 3.024 1.649 1.252
29.00 2.4 11 3. 122 1.678 1.292
29.50 2. 453 3.2 23 1.707 1.333
30. 00 2.495 3.32 4 1.736 1.375
30.50 2.536 3.427 1.765 1.41 8
31 .00 2. 578 3.532 1.794 1.461
31.50 2. 6 19 3.638 1.823 1.504
32.00 2.661 3.74 5 1.852 1.548
32.50 2.703 3. 854 1.881 1.59 3
33.00 2. 74 4 3.964 1.909 1.639
33.50 2.786 4.0 76 1.938 1. B8 5
34.00 2.827 4. 190 1.967 1.7 3 1
34 .50 2.869 4. 304 1.99 6 1.77 8
35.00 2.9 10 4.421 2.025 1.826
35.50 2.952 4.538 2.054 1.875
36 .00 2.994 4. 65 7 2.083 1.924
36.50 3.035 4.778 2. 112 1.973
37. 00 3.077 4.900 2. 141 2.0 23
37. 50 3.118 5. 023 2.170 2.07 4
38. 00 3. 160 5.1 48 2. 199 2.125
38.50 3.20 1 5.275 2.228 2.177
39. 00 3.243 5.402 2.257 2.229
39.50 3.285 5.532 2.286 2.2 83
40 .0 0 3. 326 5.662 2.314 2.336
40 .50 2.343 2.39 0
41.00 2.372 2.4 4 5
41.50 2.40 1 2.50 1
4 2.00 2.430 2.556
42.5 0 2. 459 2.6 13
43.00 2.488 2.671
43.50 2.517 2.728
44.00 2.546 2.786
44.50 2.575 2.845
45 .00 2.60 4 2.90 4
45.50 2.633 2.964
46 .00 2.662 3.025
46.50 2.691 3.086
47.0 0 2.720 3.148
47.50 2.748 3.210
48.00 2.777 3.273
48.50 2.806 3.336
49.00 2.835 3.400
49.5 0 2.864 3.465
50 .00 7RQ'? 3.5 30
35
36
PIPE SIZING DATA
for
CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS
TABLES 14 to 19 following, present velocity and pressure loss data for water at
temperature of 4°C, flowing through copper tubes conforming to the Australian Standard
1432, type B.
of New South Wales.
3. Temperature of water = 4° Celsius.
37
TABLE 14 -
Topic No. Description -: 1 -. , WA T ER AT 4 °C, THROUGH

DATA TYPE B.

Q~ ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0.
9.52 mm 12.70 mm 15 .88 mm 19.05 mm 25.40 mm
0.01 to 0.50
..
Loss "_.- < ,
Loss Loss LOiiS :~
. Loss "
L1TRES PER SEC: . rills m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s ni/100m
0.01 0.215 1.8~ '0.108 0.461/ 0.066 0.178 / 0.044 0.078 / 0.024 0.023 /
0.02 0.429 ~23 0.215 O.~O 0.133 0.35!y 0.088 0.156/ 0.048 0.047 /
0 .03 0.644 /1 1.077 0.323 y'96 1 0.199 0.5,i3 0.132 0.2a4 0.072 0.070/
0.04 0.859 12 .394 0.430 / 3.486 0.266 1jl45 0.176 0.311 0.097 0.09~
0.05 1.074 28.447 0.538 / 5.448 0.332 ;1.633 0.220 0,582 0.121 0.1f7
0.06 1.288 38.973 0.645 7.590 0.399 / 2.352 0.264 p.838 0.145 0.1/37
0.07 1.503 50.914 0.753 9.890 0.465 3.176 0.308 /1. 140 0.169 0.~54
0.08 1.718 . 6 4.228 0.860 , 12.448 0.532 3.991 0.352 / 1.489 0.193 ., 0/.33 2
0.09 1.933 78.882 0.968 15.258 0.598 4.885 0.396 1.846 0.217 0.420
0.10 2.147 94.846 1.076 18.313 0.665 5.856 0.440 2.210 0.242 /0 .5 19
0.11 2.362 112.098 1.183 21.608 0.731 6.903 0.484 2.603 0.266 0.628
0.12 2.577 130.616 1.291 25.139 0.798 8.024 0.528 3.023 0.290 0.734
0.13 2.792 150.383 1.398 28.902 0.864 9.217 0.572 3.470 0.314 0.842
0.14 3.006 171.381 1.506 32.894 0.931 1n Ml1 0.616 3.944 0.338 0.956
0.15 3.221 193.598 1.613 37.111 0.997 11 .816 0.660 4.443 0.362 1.076
0.16 1.721' 41 .550 1.064 13.220 0.704 4.968 0.386 1.202
0.17 1.829 46.210 1.130 14697 0.748 5.519 0.411 1.334
0.18 1.936 51.087 1.196 16 .233 0.792 6.094 0.435 1.472
' .
0.19 2.044 56 .179 . 1.263 ' 17.840 0:836 6.695 0.459 1.616
0.20 2.151 61.486 1.329 19.514 0.880 7.319 0.483 1.766
0.21 2.259 67 .004 1.396 21.253 0.924 7.968 0.507 1.921
0.22 2.366 7'1..731 ' 1.~462 23.057 0.968 " 8~641 0.53'1 2.082
0.23 2.474 78.668 1.529 24.926 1.012 9.338 0.556 2.249
0.24 2.581 84.811 1.595 26.859 1.056 10.058 0.580 2.421
0.25 2.689 91.159 ' 1:662 28 .855 1.100 10.802 ' 0:604 2.599
0.26 2.797 97 .712 1.728 30.915 1.144 11.569 0.628 2.782
0.27 2.904 104.467 1.795 33 .037 1.188 12.358 0.652 2.971
i
0.28 3.012 111.424 ' 1.8 6 1 35.122 1.232 13.171 0.676 3.165
0.29 3.119 118.581 1.928 37.468 1.276 14.007 0.700 3.364
0.30 3.227 125.938 1.994 39 .776 1.320 14.865 0.725 3.568
0.31 2.061 42.145 1.364 15.745 0.749 3 .778
0.32 2.127 44.574 1.408 16.648 0.773 3.993
0.33 2.194 47.065 1.452 17 .573 0.797 4.214
, " " , ..
" ~ ,
, '
2.260
,
49.615 1.496 ' 18 .520 ' 0.82 1
,
4.439 "
0.34 "
0.35
." , ,2 .3 2 7 52.225 1.540 1~.489 0,845 4.670 "
0.36 2.393 54.895 1.584 20.479 0.869 4.905
0.37 2.459 57.624 ' 1 . 628 ' ' '"21.492 0.894 5.146
0.38 2.526 60.412 1.672 22.526 0.918 5.392
0.39 2.592 63.259 1.716 23.581 0.942 5.643
0.40 2.659 66.165 1.760 24.658 0.966 5.898
0.41 2.725 69.129 1.804 25 .757 0.990 6.159
0.42 2.792 72.150 1.848 26.876 1.014 6.425
0.43 2.858 75 .230 1.892 28 .017 1.039 6.696
0.44 2.925 78.368 1.936 29.179 1.063 6.971
0.45 2.991 81.563 1.980 30.361 1.087 7.252
0.46 3.058 84.815 2.024 31 .565 1.111 7.537
0.47 3.124 88.124 2.068 32.789 1.135 7.827
0.48 3.191 91.491 2.112 34 .034 1.159 8.122
0.49 3.257 94 914 2.156 35.300 1.183 8.422
050 .? .?7,d 98 .393 o ono 36.587 17nR !l7?7
38
TABLE 15
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REOUIREMENTS AND LOSSES

r-

DATA TYPE B.

Q~ ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0.
9.52 mm 12.70mm 15.88 mm 19.05 mm 25.40 mm
0.51 to 1.00
Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head Velocity Head
L1TRES PER SEC. m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m
0.51 2.244 37.894 1.232 9.036
0.52 2.288 39.221 1.256 9.351
0.53 2.332 40.569 1.280 9.669
0.54 2.376 41 .937 1.304 9.993
0.55 2.420 43.325 1.328 10.321
0.56 2.464 44.734 1.353 10.654
0.57 2.508 46 .163 1.377 10.992
0.58 2.552 47 .612 1.401 11 .335
0.59 2.596 49.081 1.425 11.682
0.60 2.640 50.570 1.449 12.033
0.61 2.684 52.079 1.473 12.390
0.62 2.728 53.608 1.497 12.751
0.63 2.772 55 .156 1.522 13.116
0.64 2.816 56.725 1.5 46 13.486
0.65 2.860 58 .313 1.570 13.861
0.66 2.904 59 .921 1.594 14.240
0.67 2.948 61.549 1.618 14.624
0.68 2.992 63.196 1.642 15.012
0.69 3.036 64.863 1.667 15.405
0.70 3.080 66.549 1.691 15.802
0.71 3.124 68.255 1.715 16.204
0.72 3.168 69.980 1.739 16.611
0.73 3.212 71 .725 1.763 17.021
0.74 3.256 73.489 1.787 17.437
0.75 3.300 75.272 1.811 17.856
0.76 1.836 18.281
0.77 1.860 18.709
0.78 1.884 19.142
0.79 1.908 19.580
0.80 1.932 20.022
0.81 1.956 20.468
0.82 1.981 20.919
0.83 2.005 21.374
0.84 2.029 21.833
0.85 2.053 22.297
0.86 2.077 22.765
0.87 2.101 23.238
0.88 2.125 23.715
0.89 2. 150 24.196
0.90 2.174 24.682
0.91 2.198 25.172
0.92 2.222 25.666
0.93 2.246 26.164
0.94 2.270 26 .667
0.95 2.295 27.174
0.96 2.319 27 .685
0.97 2.343 28.201
0.98 2.367 28.721
n QQ ?'?Q1 29.245
1.00 247[; 29.773
39
TABLE 16

DATA TYPE B.

FLOW 32mm 40 mm 45 mm 50 mm 65 mm
Qi ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0.
31 .75 mm 38.10 mm 44.45 mm 50.80 mm 63 .50 mm
0.05 to 2.50
0.05 0.074 O.~ 0.050 0.020/ 0.036 0.011 / 0.027 0.006 / 0.017 0.002 /
0.10 0.148 1~153 0.100 0.967 0.072 O.O~ 0.054 0.0J,t 0.034 O.OOlr'
\ 0.15 0.222 0.340 0.150 1~.129 0.108 ¥57 0.082 g,Q28 0.051 0.091
0.20 0.296 0.557 0.200 0.221 0.144 1/0 . 10 1 0.109 1/0 .050 0.068 0.p16
0.25 0.371 0.818 0.250 0.324 0.180 0.149 0.136 0.077 0.085 p'024
0.30 0.445 1.121 0.300 0.443 0.216 0.204 0.163 0.105 0.102 :/0.035
0.35 0.519 1.465' 0.350 0.578 0.253 0.266 0.191 0 .137 0.120 0.046
0.40 0.593 1.848 0.401 0.729 0.289 0.335 0.218 0.172 0.137 0.057
0.45 0.667 2.269 0.451 0.894 0.325 0.411 0.245 0.211 0.154 0.070
0.50 0.741 2.728 0.501 1.074 0.361 0.494 0.272 0.254 0.171 0.084
0.55 0.815 3.223 0.551 1.269 0.397 0.583 0.299 0.299 0.188 0.099
0.60 0.889 3.755 0.601 1.477 0.433 0.678 0.327 0.348 0.205 0.115
0.65 0.963 4.322 0.651 1.699 0.469 0 .780 0.354 0.400 0.222 0.132
0.70 1.037 4.924 0.701 1.935 0.505 0.887 0.381 0.455 0.239 0.151
0.75 1.112 5.560 0.751 2.184 0.541 1.001 0.408 0.513 0.256 0.170
0.80 1.186 6.230 0.801 2.446 0.577 1.121 0.436 0.574 0.273 0.190
0.85 1.260 6.934 0.851 2.721 0.613 1.247 0.463 0.638 0.290 0.211
0.90 1.334 7.671 0.901 3.009 0.649 1.378 0.490 0.705 0.307 0.233
0.95 1.408 8.442 0.951 3.309 0.685 1.515 0.517 0.775 0.324 0.256
1.00 1.482 9.244 1.001 3.623 0.721 1.658 0.544 0.848 0.342 0.280
1.05 1.556 10.079 1.051 3.948 0.758 1.807 0.572 0.924 0.359 0.305
1.10 1.630 10.946 1.101 4.287 0.794 1.961 0.599 1.0P3 0.376 0.331
1.15 1.704 11 .845 1.151 4.637 0.830 2.121 0.626 1.084 0.393 0.358
1.20 1.779 12.775 1.202 5.000 0.866 2.286 0.653 1.169 0.410 0.385
1.25 1.853 13.737 1.252 5.374 0.902 2.457 0.681 1.256 0.427 0.414
1.30 1.927 14.730 1.302 5.761 0.938 2.633 0.708 1.345 0.444 0.443
1.35 2.001 15.753 1.352 6.160 0.974 2.815 0.735 1.438 0.461 0.474
1.40 2.075 16.808 1.402 6.570 1.010 3.002 0.762 1.533 0.478 0 .505
1.45 2.149 17.893 1.452 6.992 1.046 3.194 0.789 1.631 0.495 0.537
1.50 2.223 19.008 1.502 7.426 1.082 3.391 0.817 1.732 0.512 0.570
1.55 2.297 20.154 1.552 7.872 1.118 3.594 0.844 1.835 0.529 0.604
1.60 2.371 21.330 1.602 8.329 1.154 3.802 0.871 1.941 0.546 0.638
1.65 2.445 22.535 1.652 8.797 1.190 4.015 0.898 2.049 0.563 0.674
1.70 2.520 23 .771 1.702 9.277 1.226 4.234 0.926 2.160 0.581 0.710
1.75 2.594 25.036 1.752 9.769 1.263 4.457 0.953 2.274 0.598 0 .747
1.80 2.668 26.331 1.802 10.272 1.299 4.686 0.980 2.390 0.615 0.786
1.85 2.742 27.655 1.852 10.786 1.335 4.919 1.007 2.509 0.632 0.824
1.90 2.816 29 .008 1.902 11 .311 1.371 5.158 1.034 2.631 0.649 0.864
1.95 2.890 30.390 1.952 11.848 1.407 5.402 1.062 2.755 0.666 0.905
2.00 2.964 31.802 2.003 12.395 1.443 5.651 1.089 2.881 0.683 Q.946
2.05 3.038 33.242 2.053 12.954 1.479 5.905 1.116 3.010 0.700 0.988
2.10 3.112 34.711 2.103 13.524 1.515 6.163 1.143 3.142 0.717 1.031
2.15 3.187 36.209 2.153 14.104 1.551 6.427 1.171 3.276 0.734 1.075
2.20 3.261 37.736 2.203 14.696 1.587 6.696 1.198 3.412 0.751 1.120
2.25 2.253 15 .299 1.623 6.969 1.225 3.551 0.768 1.165
2.30 2.303 15.912 1.659 7.248 1.252 3.693 0.785 1.211
2.35 2.353 16.537 1.695 7.531 1.279 3.837 0.803 1.258
2.40 2.403 17.172 1.731 7.819 1.307 ~.983 0.820 1.306
2.45 2.453 17.818 1.768 8.112 1.334 4.132 0.837 1.355
2.50 2.503 18.475 1804 8.410 1.361 4.283 0.854 1.404
40
TABLE 17

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A.S. 1432 COPPER TUBES.
DATA TYPE B.

Q2 ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0.
31 .75,mm 38.10 mm 44.45 mm 50.80 mm 63.50 mm
2.60 to 7.50
2.60 2.603 19.820 1.876 9.020 1.415 4.593 0.888 1.505

2.70 2.703 21.209 1.948 9.650 1.470 4.913 0.922 1.609
2.80 2.804 22.639 2.020 10.298 1.524 5.242 0.956 1.717
2.90 2.904 24.112 2.092 10.966 1.579 5.581 0.990 1.883
3.00 3.004 25.641 2.164 11.652 1.633 5.929 1.025 1.940
3.10 3.104 27 .198 2.236 12.357 1.688 6.286 1.059 2.057
3.20 3.204 28.796 2.309 13.080 1.742 6.653 1.093 2.176
3.30 3.304 30 .436 2.381 13 .822 1.797 7.029 1.127 2.299
3.40 2.453 14.582 1.851 7.415 1.161 2.424
3.50 2.525 15.361 1.905 7.810 1.195 2.553
3.60 2.597 16.158 1.960 8.214 1.229 2.684
3.70 2.669 16.974 2.014 8.627 1.264 2.819
3 .80 2.741 17.817 2.069 9.049 1.298 2.956
3.90 2.814 18.669 2.123 9.480 1.332 3.096
4.00 2.886 19.539 2.178 9.920 1.366 3.239
4.10 2.958 20.427 2.232 10.370 1.400 3.385
4.20 3.030 21.332 2.287 10.828 1.434 3.534
4.30 3.102 22.255 2.341 11.295 1.468 3.686
4.40 3.174 23.197 2.395 11.772 1.503 3.840
4.50 3.247 24.155 2.450 12 .257 1.537 3.998
4.60 3.319 25.132 2.504 12.758 1.571 4.158
4 .70 2.559 13.261 1.605 4.321
4.80 2.613 13.772 1.639 4.487
4 .90 2.668 14.293 1.673 4.656
5.00 2.722 14.822 1.708 4.828
5.10 2.777 15.360 1.742 5.002
5.20 2.831 15.906 1.776 5.179
5.30 2.885 16.462 1.810 5.359
5.40 2.940 17.025 1.844 5.542
5.50 2.994 17.598 1.878 5.727
5.60 3.049 18.179 1.912 5.915
5.70 3.103 18.769 1.947 6.106
5.80 3.158 19.367 1.981 6.300
5.90 3.212 19.974 2.015 6.496
6.00 3.267 20.589 2.049 6.695
6.10 3.321 21.212 2.083 6.897
6.20 2.117 7.106
6.30 2.151 7.313
6.40 2.186 7.523
6.50 2.220 7.736
6.60 2.254 7.951
6.70 2.288 8.169
6.80 2.322 8.390
6.90 2.356 8.613
7.00 2 .391 8.839
7.10 2.425 9.068
7.20 2.459 9.299
7.30 2.493 9.533
7.40 2.527 9.769
7.50 2.561 10.009
41
TABLE 18
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE .REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES
Topic No . Descri pt ion WATER AT 4 °C, THROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZING - A .S. 1432 COPPER TUBES,
DATA TYPE B.
NOMINA L NOM I NA L NOM INAL NCM INAL NOMINA L

FLOW 80 m m 90 mm 100 m m 125 m m 150 mm
02 AC TUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. AC T UA L 0 .0. AC T UAL 0 .0.
76. 20 mm 88.90 mm 10 1.60 mm 127.00 mm 15 2.4 0 m m
0.50 to 25.00
Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head Veloc ity Head Ve locity Head
Lo ss Loss Loss Loss Lo ss
L1TRES PER SEC. m /s m /l00m m /s m /l00m m/s m/100m m /s m/l00m m/s m / l00m
0.50 0.120 0.036 0.087 0.017 0.066 0.009 0.042 ~ 0.029 jl.OO'f
1.00 0.239 0.120 . 0. 174 0.056 0.132 0.029 0.083 0.010 0.058 ~.004
1.50 0.359 0.245 0.260 0 .114 0.197 0.059 0.125 0.020 0.087 0.008
2.00 0.479 0.405 0.347 0.189 0.263 0.098 0.166 0.033 0.116 0.014
2. 50 0.598 0.601 0.434 0.279 0.329 0.145 0.208 0.049 0.145 0.021
3.00 0.718 0.829 0.521 0.386 0.395 0 .199 0.249 0.067 0.174 0.028
3.50 0.838 1.090 0.608 0.506 0.461 0.262 0.291 0.088 0.203 0.037
4.00 0.957 1.382 0.694 0 .642 0.527 0.331 0.333 0.11 1 0.231 0.047
4.50 1.077 1.705 0.781 0.791 0.592 0 .408 0.374 0.136 0.260 0 .058
5.00 1. 197 2.058 0.868 0.954 0.658 0.492 0.4 16 0.164 0.289 0.069
5.50 1. 3 16 2.439 0.955 1.130 0.724 0.583 0.457 0.195 0.318 0.082
6.00 1.436 2.850 1.042 1.320 0.790 0 .681 0.499 0.227 0.347 0 .096
6.50 1.556 3.290 1.1 28 1.523 0.856 0.785 0.541 0.262 0.376 0.110
7.00 1.675 3.757 1.215 1.739 0.922 0 .896 0.582 0.298 0.405 0.126
7.50 1. 795 4.253 1.302 1.967 0.987 1.014 0.624 0.337 0.434 0.142
8.00 1.915 4.778 1.389 2.209 1.053 1.138 0.665 0.379 0.463 0 .159
8.50 2.034 5.329 1.476 2.462 1.1 19 1.268 0.707 0.422 0.492 0 .177 .
9.00 2. 154 5.906 1.562 2.728 1.185 1.405 0.748 0.467 0.521 0. 196
9.50 2.274 6.510 1.649 3.006 1.251 1.54 7 0.790 0.514 0.550 0.2 16
10. 00 2.393 7.141 1.736 3.299 1.317 1.696 0.832 0.564 0.579 0.237
10.50 2.513 7.798 1.823 3.601 1.382 1.852 0.873 0.615 0.608 0 .258
11 .00 2.633 8.481 1.910 3.916 1.448 2.013 0.915 0.668 0.636 0.280
11 .50 2.752 9.191 1.996 4.242 1.514 2.182 0.956 0.724 0.665 0.303
12.00 2.872 9.926 2.083 4.580 1.580 2.355 0.998 0.781 0.694 0.327
12.50 2.991 10 .686 2.170 4.930 1.646 2.535 1.039 0.840 0.723 0.352
13.00 3.11 1 11.473 2.257 5.291 1.712 2.720 1.081 0.901 0.752 0.378
13.50 3.231 12.284 2.344 5.664 1.777 2.911 1.123 0.965 0.781 0.404
14.00 3.350 13.121 2.430 6.049 1.843 3.108 1. 164 1.030 0.810 0.431
14.50 2.517 6.445 1.909 3.311 1.20 6 1.097 0.839 0.459
15.00 2.604 6.852 1.975 3.520 1.247 1.165 0.868 0.488
15.50 2.69 1 7.271 2.041 3.734 1.289 1.237 0.897 0.518
16. 00 2.778 7.701 2.107 3.955 1.330 1.3 10 0.926 0.548
16.50 2.864 8.142 2.172 4.180 1.372 1.384 0.955 0.579
17 .00 2.951 8.595 2. 238 4.412 1.414 1.460 0.984 0.611
17 .50 3.038 9.058 2.304 4.649 1.455 1.539 1.0 13 0.643
18.00 3.125 9.533 2.370 4.892 1.497 1.619 1.042 0.677
18.50 3.21 2 10 .019 2.436 5.141 1.538 1.701 1.070 0.711
19.00 3.298 10.516 2.502 5.395 1.580 1.784 1.099 0.746
19.50 2.567 5.655 1.622 1.870 1. 128 0.782
20.00 2.633 5.920 1.663 1 .957 1.157 0.818
20.50 2.699 6.191 1.705 2.046 1.186 0.856
21.00 2.765 6.467 1.74 6 2.137 1.2 15 0.894
21.50 2.831 6.749 1.788 2.230 1.244 0.932
22.00 2.896 7.036 1.829 2.324 1.273 0.972
22 .50 2.9 62 7.329 1.871 2.421 1.302 1.012
23.00 3.028 7.627 1.913 2.519 1.331 1.053
23 .50 3.094 7.931 1.954 2.618 1.360 1.094
24.00 3.160 8.240 1.996 2.720 1.389 1.136
24.50 3.226 8.554 2.037 2823 1.418 1.17Q
25.00 3. 29 1 8.874 2. 079 2.928 1.447 177":1
42
TABLE 19

DATA TYPE B.
,
.,-

FLOW 80 mm 90 mm 100 mm 125 mm 150 mm
02 ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0.
76 .20 mm 88 .90 mm 101.60 mm 127.00 mm 152.40 mm
25.50 to 50.00
lITRES PER SEC. m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m m/s m/100m
25.50 2.120 3.035 1.475 1.268
26.00 2.162 3.144 1.504 1.313
26.50 2.204 3.254 1.533 1.359
27.00 2.245 3.366 1.562 1.405
27.50 2.287 3.480 1.591 1.453
28.00 2.328 3.595 1.620 1.501
28.50 2.370 3.712 1.649 1.549
29 .00 2.411 3.831 1.678 1.599
29.50 2.453 3.952 1.707 1.649
30.00 2.495 4.074 1.736 1.700
30.50 2.536 4.198 1.765 1.751
31 .00 2.578 4.324 1.794 1.804
31.50 2.619 4.451 1.823 1.857
32.00 2.661 4.580 1.852 1.910
32.50 2.703 4.711 1.881 1.965
33.00 2.744 4.843 1.909 2.020
33.50 2.786 4.977 1.938 2.075
34.00 2.827 5.113 1.967 2.132
34.50 2.869 5.250 1.996 2.189
35.00 2.910 5.390 2.025 2.247
35.50 2.952 5.530 2.054 2.305
36.00 2.994 5.673 2.083 2.364
36.50 3.035 5.817 2.112 2.424
37.00 3.077 5.962 2.141 2.485
37.50 3.118 6.110 2.170 2.546
38.00 3.160 6.259 2.1:J9 2.608
38.50 3.201 6.409 2.228 2.670
39.00 3.243 6.562 2.257 2.734
39.50 3.285 6.716 2.286 2.797
40.00 3.326 6.871 2.314 2.862
40.50 2.343 2.927
41 .00 2.372 2.993
41 .50 2.401 3.060
42.00 2.430 3.127
42.50 2.459 3.195
43.00 2.488 3.263
43.50 2.517 3.333
44.00 2.546 3.403
44.50 2.575 3.473
45.00 2.604 3.544
45.50 2.633 3.616
46.00 2.662 3.689
46.50 2.691 3.762
47.00 2.720 3.836
47.50 2.748 3.910
48.00 2.777 3.986
48.50 2.806 4.062
49.00 2.835 4.138
49.50 2.864 471<;
50.00 ?RQ.? 4.293
43
44
PIPE SIZING DATA
for
HEATING WATER SYSTEMS
TAB LES 20 to 25 following, present velocity and pressure loss data for water at
temperature of 82 °C, flowing through copper tubes conforming to the Australian Standard
1432, type B.
of New South Wales.
2. Tube wall roughness height 0.003 millimetres.
3. Temperature of water 82° Celsius .
45
TABLE 20
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSURE REQU I REM ENT S A ND LOSSES
T op i c No. Descri pt ion WAT ER A T 82 ° C, T HRO UGH

3.4 PIPE SI Z ING - A .S. 1432 COPPER TUB ES,
DATA T YPE B.
NOMINA L NOM INAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL

FLOW 10 mm 15 m m 18 mm 20 mm 25 mm
Q~ ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
9.52 mm 12.70 mm 15.88 mm 19 .05 m m 25.40 mm
0.01 t o 0.50
Veloc it y Head Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head Veloc ity Head
L1TRES PE R SE C. m/s m/ l 00m m/s m / l 00 m m /s m/l00m m /s m/l00m m/s m/l00m
_____0 ,218- ..--0. 0 23 -
- 0.005
0.0 1 0.2 15 1. 178 0. 108 0.066 ___ 0. O65~ 0.044 0.024
0. 02 0.429 3.914 0.215 0.757 0.133 0.243 0.088 0.092 0.048 0.021 -
0. 03 0.644 7.972 0.323 1.532 0.199 0.488 0.132 0.184 0.072 0.045
0. 04 0.8 59 13. 26 2 0.430 2.534 0.266 0 .805 0.176 0.302 0.097 0.073
0.05 1.07 4 19.728 0.538 3.753 0.332 1.190 0.220 0.446 0.121 0 .107
0. 06 1.288 27 .335 0. 645 5.181 0.399 1.639 0.264 0. 613 0.145 0 .147
0. 0 7 1.503 36.05 7 0.753 6.811 0.465 2.15 0 0.308 0.803 0.169 0.193
0.0 8 1.7 18 45.890 0.860 8. 638 0.532 2.723 0.352 1.0 16 0. 19 3 0.243
0.09 1.9 33 56.784 0.968 10.659 0.598 3.354 0.396 1.250 0.217 0.299
0. 10 2. 147 68 .743 1.076 12.871 0.665 4.045 0.440 1.506 0.242 0.360
0.1 1 2.362 81.757 1.183 15.271 0.731 4.7 92 0.484 1.782 0.266 0 .425
0.1 2 2.577 95.815 1.291 17.864 0.798 5.596 0.528 2.080 0.290 0 .496
0.13 2.79 2 110. 9 11 1.398 20.6 3 4 0.864 6.457 0.572 2.397 0.314 0.571
0.1 4 3.006 127.03 7 1.50 6 23.58 5 0.93 1 7.372 0.616 2.735 0.338 0.651
0.15 3.221 144.18 9 1.613 26.717 0.997 8.3 42 0.660 3.093 0.362 0.735
0 .16 1.721 30. 0 28 1.064 9.367 0.704 3.470 0.386 0.824
0. 17 1.829 3 3.5 16 1:130 10.4 45 0.748 3.866 0.411 0.917
0. 18 1.936 37. 18 1 1.1 9 6 1 1.582 0.792 4.282 0.435 1.0 15
0.1 9 2.044 41 .022 1.2 63 12.76 6 0.8 36 4.71 7 0.459 1.117
0. 20 2.1 51 45.03 7 1.329 14.003 0.880 5.17 1 0.483 1.224
0. 2 1 2.259 49.226 1.396 15.293 0.924 5.644 0.507 1.335
0. 22 2.366 53.58 9 1.462 16 .6 34 0.968 6.1 36 0.531 1.450
0.23 2.474 58. 123 1.529 18.027 1.0 12 6.646 0.556 1.570
0.24 2. 581 62 .8 30 1.595 19.472 1.056 7.179 0.58 0 1.6 93
0.25 2.689 67 .708 1.662 20.968 1.100 7.726 0.604 1.8 2 1
0. 26 2.797 72.75 6 1.728 22.514 1.144 8.2 91 0.628 1.954
0.27 2.904 77.975 1.795 24.1 12 1.188 8.875 0.652 2.09 0
0.28 3.012 83.363 1.861 25.760 1.232 9.477 0.676 2.230
0.29 3.119 88.920 1.928 27.458 1.276 10 .0 9 7 0.700 2.375
0. 3 0 3.227 94.6 46 1.99 4 29.207 1.320 10. 735 0.725 2.523
0. 3 1 2.0 6 1 3 1.006 1.364 1 1.390 0.749 2. 6 76
0.32 2.127 3 2.854 1.408 12.064 0.773 2.833
0.33 2.194 34.75 2 1.452 12 .755 0.797 2.994
0. 34 2.260 I 36.70 0 1.49 6 13.464 0.82 1 3.1 59
0.35 2.327 38. 698 1.540 14.191 0.8 45 3.327
0.36 2. 393 40 .744 1.58 4 14.9 35 0.8 69 3.500
0.37 2.459 42.840 1. 628 15. 69 7 0.894 3.67 9
0.38 2 .52 6 44.985 1. 6 72 16 .476 0.9 18 3. 860
0 .39 2.59 2 47. 17 9 1.716 17 .27 3 0.9 42 4.0 44
0. 40 2. 659 49.4 22 1.760 18. 087 0.966 4.233
0.4 1 2 .725 5 1.7 14 1.804 18.9 18 0.990 4.4 26
0.42 2 .79 2 54.054 1.848 19.76 7 1.01 4 4.622
0.43 2.8 58 56.443 1.8 92 20.632 1.0 39 4.82 2
0.44 2.925 58.88 1 1.936 21.516 1.063 5. 027
0.45 2.99 1 61 .3 6 7 1.98 0 22 .4 16 1.087 5. 235
0.46 3.058 63 .90 1 2.024 23. 333 1. 111 5.446
0.47 3.124 66.484 2 .068 24.268 1. 135 5.662
0.48 3. 19 1 69 .115 2.112 25.219 1. 159 5.882
n 4q 3.257 71 .79 4 2. 156 26 .18 8 1. 183 6.105
0.50 3. 324 74 R? 1 2.200 27.173 1.208 6. 332
46
TABLE 21
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUIR EMENTS AND LOSSES
Topic No. Descri pt ion WA T ER A T S2° C, THROUGH

3.4 PIP E SIZ ING - A .S. 1432 COPPER TUB ES,
DA T A T Y PE B.
NOM IN A L NOM I N AL N OM I N AL NOM I N A L NOM INA L

FLOW 10 0101 15 0101 18 0101 20 0101 250101
Q~ ACTU A L 0 .0. A CT UA L 0 .0. ACTU A L 0.0. ACTU AL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0.
9.5 2 0101 12.7 00101 15.880101 19.05 mm 25.40 m m
0.51 to 1.00 Veloc ity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head V eloc it y Head Velocity Head
Loss Loss Loss Lo ss Loss
L1TRES PER SEC. m ls 01/100 01 mls 01/ 10001 O1ls 01/10001 O1ls 01/ 10 001 O1ls 01/10001
0 .51 2.244 28.176 1.232 6.564

0.52 2.288 29.195 1.256 6.798
0.53 2. 332 30.232 1.280 7.037
0.54 2. 376 31 .28 5 1.304 7.279
0.55 2.420 3 2.355 1.328 7.525
0.56 2.464 33.442 1.356 7.775
0.57 2.508 34.546 1.377 8.029
0.58 2.552 35.666 1.401 8.286
0.59 2.596 36.803 1.425 8.548
0.60 2.640 37.957 1.449 8.813
0.61 2.684 39.128 1.473 9.081
0.62 2.728 40 .315 1.497 9.353
0.63 2.772 41.519 1.522 9 .629
0.64 2.816 42.740 1.546 9.909
0.65 2.860 43.977 1.570 10.193
0.66 2.904 45.231 1.594 10 .4 8 0
0.67 2.948 46.501 1.618 10.771
0.68 2.992 47.788 1.642 11.065
0.69 3.036 49.092 1.667 11.363
0.70 3.080 50 .412 1.691 11.665
0.71 3.124 51 .749 1. 71 5 11.970
0.72 3.168 53.102 1.739 12.280
0.73 3.212 54.471 1.763 12.592
0.74 3.256 55.857 1.787 12.909
0. 75 3.300 57.260 1.811 13.229
0.76 1.836 13.5 53
0.77 1.860 13.880
0.78 1.884 14.2 11
0 .79 1.908 14.5 46
0.80 1.932 14.884
0.81 1.956 15.226
0. 82 1.981 15.5 71
0 .8 3 2 .005 15.9 20
0. 84 2. 029 16.273
0. 85 2.053 16.629
0.86 2.077 16.989
0. 87 2. 101 17. 3 52
0.88 2. 12 5 17.7 19
0 .89 2. 150 18.090
0.90 2.174 18.4 6 4
0 .91 2. 198 18 .842
0 .9 2 2 .222 19 .223
0.93 2. 2 46 19 .6 08
0.94 2.270 19. 996
0.95 2.295 20 .388
0.96 2. 3 19 20.784
0.9 7 2. 3 43 21. 18 3
0.98 2. 367 21.586
0.99 2.39 1 2 1.99 2
1.00 2.415 22.40 1
47
TABLE 22
CHAPT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS A ND LOSSES
To pic No. Descri ption WATER A T 82 °C. TH ROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZ IN G - A.S . 143 2 COPPER T UBES.
DA T A TY PE B.
NOM INA L NOM INAL NO MINAL NOMINAL NOM INAL

Q~ ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0 .0 . ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0 .
31 .75 m m 38. 10 m m 44.45 mm 50.80 mm 63.50 mm
0.05 to 2.50
Ve locit y Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Velocity Head Veloc ity Head
L1TRE S P ER S EC. m/s m/ l00m m/s m/1 00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l 00m m/s m/l00m
0. 05 0.074 0.03 4 0.050 0. 013 0.036 0.006 0.027 .Jl.G63 0.017 ~
0.1 0 0. 148 0.1 13 0.1 00 0.044 0.072 0.020 0.054 0.011 0.034 0.004
0.1 5 0.222 0.229 0.150 0.090 0.108 0.041 0.082 0.021 0.051 0.007
0. 20 0.29 6 0.38 1 0.200 0.149 0.144 0.068 0.109 0.035 0.068 0.012
0. 25 0. 371 0.565 0.250 0 .221 0.180 0.101 0.136 0.052 0.085 0.017
0. 3 0 0. 445 0. 781 0.300 0.306 0.216 0.140 0.163 0.071 0.102 0.024
0.35 0.5 19 1.02 8 0.350 0.4 0 2 0.253 0.183 0.191 0.094 0.120 0.031
0.40 0.59 3 1.305 0.401 0.509 0.289 0.232 0.218 0.119 0.137 0.039
0.45 0.667 1.612 0.451 0.628 0.325 0.287 0.245 0.146 0.154 0.048
0.50 0.741 1.94 8 0.50 1 0.759 0.361 0.346 0.272 0 .176 0.171 0.058
0.55 0.8 15 2.3 13 0.551 0. 900 0.397 0.410 0.299 0.209 0.188 0.068
0.60 0.889 2.70 5 0.601 1.051 0.433 0.478 0.327 0.244 0.205 0.080
0. 65 0.9 63 3.126 0.651 1.214 0.469 0.552 0.354 0.281 0.222 0.092
0.70 1.037 3. 573 0.701 1.388 0.505 0.630 0.381 0.321 0.239 0.105
0.7 5 1.112 4.048 0.751 1.571 0.541 0.713 0.408 0.363 0.256 0.119
0.80 1.18 6 4. 550 0.801 1.765 0.577 0.801 0.436 0.407 0.273 0.133
0.85 1.260 5.079 0.851 1.969 0.613 0 .894 0.463 0.454 0.290 0.148
0.90 1.334 5.635 0.901 2.182 0.649 0.990 0.490 0 .503 0.307 0.164
0.95 1.408 6.217 0.951 2.407 0.685 1.092 0.517 0.554 0.324 0.181
1.00 1. 482 6. 825 1.001 2.640 0.721 1.197 0.544 0.608 0.342 0 .198
1.05 1.556 7.459 1.051 2.884 0.758 1.307 0.572 0.664-- 0.359 0.216
1. 10 1.630 8.120 1.101 3.138 0.794 1.422 0.599 0.722 0.376 0.235
1.15 1.704 8.806 1.151 3.402 0.830 1.541 0.626 0.782 0.393 0.255
1.2 0 1.779 9.518 1.202 3.675 0.866 1.664 0.653 0.844 0.410 0.275
1.25 1.853 10.255 1.252 3.958 0.902 1.791 0.681 0.908 0.427 0.296
1.30 1.927 11.018 1.302 4.250 0.938 1.923 0.708 0.975 0.444 0.317
1.35 2.00 1 11.807 1.352 4.552 0.974 2.059 0.735 1.044 0.461 0.339
1.40 2.075 12.621 1.402 4.864 1.010 2.199 0.762 1.114 0.478 0.363
1.45 2.149 13.460 1.452 5.185 1.046 2.344 0.789 1.187 0.495 0.386
1.50 2.223 14.324 1.502 5.516 1.082 2.493 0.817 1.262 0.512 0.410
1.55 2.29 7 15.214 1.552 5.856 1.118 2.645 0.844 1.340 0.529 0.435
1.60 2.371 16.128 1.602 6.205 1.154 2.803 0.871 1.419 0.546 0.461
1.65 2. 445 17 .067 1.652 6.564 1.190 2.964 0.898 1.500 0.563 0.487
1. 70 2.520 18. 032 1.702 6.932 1.226 3.129 0.926 1.583 0.581 0.514
1.75 2.594 19. 0 21 1.752 7.310 1.263 3.299 0.953 1.669 0.598 0.542
1.8 0 2. 668 20 .0 35 1.802 7.696 1.299 3.472 0.980 1.756 0.615 0.570
1.8 5 2.742 21 .074 1.852 8. 092 1.335 3. 650 1.007 1.846 0.632 0.599
1.9 0 2.8 16 2 2. 13 7 1.902 8.498 1.371 3.832 1.034 1.937 0.649 0.628
1.95 2.890 23.225 1.952 8.912 1.407 4.018 1.062 2.031 0.666 0.659
2.00 2.964 24 .33 7 2.003 9.336 1.443 4 .207 1.089 2.127 0.683 0.689
2.05 3.038 25 .47 4 2.053 9.769 1.479 4.40 1 1.116 2.224 0.700 0.72 1
2.10 3. 112 26 .636 2. 103 10.211 1.515 4.599 1.143 2.324 0.71 7 0.753
2.15 3. 187 27.822 2.153 10.66 2 1.551 4. 80 2 1.171 2.426 0.734 0.786
2.20 3.26 1 29.03 2 2.203 11.1 22 1.587 5. 008 1.198 2.529 0.751 0.8 19
2.25 2.253 11.59 1 1.623 5. 218 1.225 2.6 35 0.768 0.853
2.3 0 2.303 12.069 1.659 5.4 3 2 1.252 2.742 0.785 0.888
2.35 2.353 12 .55 7 1. 695 5. 650 1.279 2.8 52 0.803 0.929
2.40 2.403 13.0 53 1.731 5. 8 72 1.307 2. 96 4 0.820 0 .959
2. 45 2.45.1 13.559 1 7fiR 6.09 8 1.334 3.077 0.837 n QQ"
2.50 2.503 14. 073 1.804 6.328 1 .161 3.19 3 0.854 1 032
48
T A BL E 23
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREM ENTS AND LOSSES
Topic No . Descri ption WA TER AT 82 ° C, T H ROUGH

DATA TY PE B.
NOMINA L NOM INA L NO MINA L NOMINA L NOM INA L

FLOW 32 mm 40 mm 4 5 mm 50 mm 65 mm
02 ACTUAL 0. 0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTU AL 0 . 0. ACTUA L 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0.
31 .75 mm 38 .10 mm 44.45 m m 50.80 mm 63 .50 mm
2.60 to 7.50 -- ,--------
Velocit y Head Velocit y Head Velo c ity Head Ve loc ity Head Velocit y Head
L1 T R ES PER SEC. m/s m/ 100 m m/s m/100m m/s m/100 m m/s m/100m m /s m /100m
2.60 2.603 15. 129 1.876 6 .800 1.4 15 3.430 0.888 1.109
2.70 2.103 16.220 1.9 48 7.287 1.410 3.675 0.922 1.187
2.80 2.804 17.3 48 2.020 7.791 1.524 3.927 0.956 1.268
2.90 2.904 18.51 1 2.092 8.310 1.519 4.187 0.990 1.352
3.00 3.004 19.709 2.164 8.844 1.633 4.456 1.025 1.438
3.10 3.104 20 .943 2.236 9.394 1.688 4.731 1.059 1.526
3.20 3.204 22 .213 2.309 9.960 1.142 5.015 1.093 1.617
.
3.30 3.304 23.517 2. 381 10. 54 1 1.19 1 5.306 1.121 1.710
3.40 2.453 11 .1 38 1.85 1 5.605 1. 16 1 1.806
3.50 2.525 11 .750 1.905 5.911 1.195 1.904
3.60 2.591 12.377 1.9 60 6.225 1.229 2.004
3.70 2.669 13.020 2.014 6.547 1.264 2. 107
3.80 2.141 13.678 2.069 6.876 1.298 2.212
3.90 2.814 14.351 2.123 7.213 1.332 2.319
4.00 2.886 15 .039 2.118 7 .557 1. 366 2.429
4.10 2.958 15 .743 2.232 7. 90 8 1.400 2.541
4.20 3.030 16.462 2. 287 8.268 1.4 3 4 2.656
4.30 3.102 17.1 96 2. 341 8.63 4 1.468 2.773
4.40 3.114 17. 945 2.395 9.008 1.503 2.892
4.50 3.241 18.709 2.450 9.390 1.531 3.014
4.60 3. 319 19 .488 2.504 9.779 1.51 1 3.137
4.70 2.559 10.175 1.60 5 3.264
4.80 2.613 10 .579 1. 639 3.392
4.90 2. 668 10.990 1.6 13 3.523
5.00 2.122 11.408 1.108 3.656
5.10 2.171 11 .834 1.142 3.791
5.20 2.831 12.268 1. 716 3.929
5.30 2.885 12 .708 1.810 4.069
5.40 2.940 13.156 1.844 4.211
5.50 2.994 13.611 1.818 4.356
5.60 3.049 14.074 1.912 4.502
5.70 3.103 14.544 1.941 4.651
5.80 3.158 15.021 1.981 4.803
5.90 3.212 15 .505 2.015 4.956
£. 00 3.261 15 .997 2.049 5.112
6.1 0 3.321 16.496 2.083 5.270
6.20 2.111 5.431
6.30 2.151 5.593
6.40 2.186 5.758
6.50 2.220 5.925
6.60 2.254 6.094
6.70 2.288 6.266
6.8 0 2.322 6.440
6 .90 2.356 6. 6 16
7.00 2.391 6.7Q4
7.10 2.425 /:; Q7 .11
7.2 0 2.459 7.157

7.30 2.493 7.342
7.11n 2.521 7.529
7. 50 ? .<;R 1 77 1R
49
TABLE 24
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSUR E REQUI REM ENTS AND LOSSES
Topic No. Descri pt ion WAT ER AT 82 "c. T HROUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZ ING - A .S. 1432 COPPER TU BES,
DATA T YPE B.
NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOM INA L NOMINAL

FLOW 80 m m 90 m m 100 mm 125 m m 150 mm
Q~ ACTU AL 0 .0. ACTU AL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
76.20 mm 88.90 mm 101 .60 mm 127.00 mm 152.40 mm
0.50 to 25.00
Veloci ty Head Velocit y Head Ve locity Head Velocit y Head Velocit y Head
L1TRES P ER SEC . m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m /l00m m/s m/100m m/s m /l00m
0.50 0.120 0.025 0.087 0.012 0.066 0.006 0.042 0.002 0.029 0.001
1.00 0.239 0.085 0.174 0.039 0. 132 0.020 0.083 0.007 0.058 0.003
1.50 0.359 0 .175 0.260 0.081 0.197 0.042 0.125 0.014 0.087 0.006
2.00 0.479 0 .293 0.347 0 .135 0.263 0.070 0.166 0.023 0.1 16 0.010
2.50 0.598 0.438 0.434 0.202 0.32 9 0.104 0.208 0.035 0.145 0.015
3.00 0.718 0.609 0.521 0 .281 0.395 0.144 0.249 0 .048 0.174 0.020
3.50 0.838 0.805 0.608 0.37 1 0.461 0.191 0.29 1 0.063 0.203 0.026
4.00 0.957 1.026 0.694 0.472 0.527 0.243 0.333 0.080 0.231 0.034
4.50 1.077 1.272 0.781 0.585 0.592 0.300 0.374 0.099 0.260 0.042
5.00 1.197 1.5 41 0.868 0.708 0.658 0.363 0.41 6 0.120 0.289 0.050
5.50 1.3 16 1.835 0.955 0 .843 0.724 0.432 0.457 0. 143 0.318 0.060
6.00 1.436 2.152 1.042 0.988 0.790 0.506 0.499 0.167 0.347 0.070
6.50 1.556 2.492 1. 128 1. 143 0.856 0. 585 0.54 1 0.193 0.376 0.081
7.00 1.675 2.855 1.2 15 1.309 0.922 0.670 0.582 0.221 0.405 0.092
7.50 1.795 3.241 1.302 1.485 0.987 0.759 0.624 0 .250 0.434 0.104
8.00 1.915 3.650 1.389 1.671 1.053 0.854 0.665 0.281 0.463 0.117
8.50 2.034 4.081 1.476 1.868 1.119 0.954 0.707 0.314 0.492 0.131
9.00 2. 15 4 4.535 1.562 2.074 1.185 1.060 0.748 0.348 0.521 0.145
9.50 2.274 5.011 1.649 2.291 1.251 1.170 0.790 0.384 0.550 0.160
10. 00 2.393 5.510 1.73 6 2.518 1. 317 1.285 0.832 0.422 0.579 0.176
10.50 2.5 13 6.030 1.8 23 2.755 1.382 1.40 6 0.873 0.461 0.608 0.192
11.00 2.633 6.573 1.910 3.001 1.448 1.531 0.915 0.502 0.636 0.209
11 .50 2.752 7.138 1.996 3.257 1.514 1.661 0.956 0.545 0.665 0.227
12.00 2.872 7. 724 2.083 3.524 1.580 1.796 0.998 0.589 0.694 0.245
12. 50 2.991 8.333 2.170 3.800 1. 64 6 1.936 1.039 0.634 0.723 0.264
13.00 3.111 8. 96 3 2.257 4.085 1.712 2.081 1.08 1 0.681 0.752 0.283
13.50 3. 231 9.615 2.344 4.381 1. 777 2.231 1.123 0.730 0.781 0.303
14.00 3.350 10.288 2.430 4.686 1.843 2.386 1.164 0.781 0.810 0.324
14.50 2.517 5.001 1.909 2.545 1.206 0.832 0.839 0 .3 46
15. 0 0 2.604 5.325 1.975 2.710 1.247 0 .886 0.868 0.368
15. 50 2. 691 5. 659 2.041 2.879 1.289 0 .941 0.89 7 0.390
16. 0 0 2.778 6.002 2. 107 3.053 1.330 0.997 0.92 6 0.414
16. 5 0 2.864 6.355 2.172 3.231 1.372 1.055 0.955 0.438
17. 0 0 2.951 6.7 18 2.238 3.415 1.414 1.1 15 0.984 0 .46 2
17 .50 3.0 38 7.090 2.30 4 3.60 3 1.455 1.1 76 1.013 0.487
18.00 3. 12 5 7.472 2.370 3.796 1.497 1.238 1.042 0.5 13
18. 5 0 3.2 12 7. 863 2.436 3. 994 1.538 1.3 0 2 1.070 0.540
19.0 0 3.298 8.26 3 2.502 4.196 1.580 1. 368 1.099 0 .567
19.50 2.56 7 4.403 1. 622 1. 435 1. 128 0.594
20 .00 2. 633 4.61 5 1.663 1.50 3 1. 157 0.623
20 . 50 2.699 4.8 3 2 1.705 1.573 1. 186 0.65 1
21.00 2.765 5.053 1.7 46 1.645 1.215 0.68 1
21 .50 2.8 31 5.279 1.788 1.7 18 1.244 0.7 11
2 2.0 0 2.89 6 5.509 1.829 1.792 1.273 0.742
2 2.50 2.962 5.744 1.87 1 1.8 68 1.302 0.77 3
23.00 3.028 5.984 1.9 13 1.946 1.331 0.8 05
23. 50 3.09 4 6. 22 9 1.954 2.025 1.360 0.837
24.00 3. 160 6.478 1.996 2.1 05 1.389 0.8 70
2 4.5 0 3. 226 6.7 3 1 2. 037 2.187 141R n qn 4
25 .0 0 3.29 1 6 990 ? n 7.Q 2. 270 1.447 0.938
50
TA B L E 25
CHAPT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUI REM ENTS AN D LOSSES
Topic No . Descri ption WATE R A T 82 ° C, T HR OUGH

3.4 PIPE SIZI NG - A .S. 1432 COPPER T UB ES,
DATA TYPE B.
NOMINAL NOM INAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMI NAL

FLOW 80 mm 90 mm 100 mm 125 mm 150 mm
Q~ ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0.0. ACTUAL 0 .0.
76 .20 mm 88 .90 mm 101. 60 mm 127.00 mm 152.40 mm
25.50 to 50 .00
Velocity Head Velocity Head Ve locity Head Velo city Head Velocity Head
Loss Loss loss Loss loss
lITR ES PER SEC. m/s m/l00m m /s m/l00m m/s m /l00m m/s m/l00m m/s m/l00m
25 .50 2.120 2.355 1.475 0.973
26 .00 2. 162 2.441 1.504 1.008
26.50 2.204 2.528 1.533 1.044
27.00 2 .245 2.6 18 1.562 1.081
27 .50 2.287 2.708 1.591 1.118
28.00 2.328 2.800 1.620 1.156
211. 50 2.370 2.894 1.649 1.194
29 .0 0 2.411 2.988 1.678 1.233
29.50 2.453 3.085 1.707 1.273
30. 0 0 2.495 3.182 1.736 1.31 3
30. 50 2.536 3.282 1. 765 1.354
31. 00 2.578 3.382 1.794 1. 3 95
3 1.50 2.619 3. 484 1.82 3 1. 43 7
32.00 2.661 3.588 1.852 1.479
32. 50 2.703 3. 693 1.88 1 1. 5 22
33. 0 0 2.744 3. 79 9 1.909 1. 566
33.50 2.78 6 3.90 7 1.938 1.6 10
34.00 2.8 2 7 4.0 16 1.967 1.65 5
34.50 2.869 4.127 1.99 6 1.7 00
35.00 2.910 4.239 2.025 1.7 46
35. 50 2.952 4.352 2.054 1.79 2
36. 0 0 2.994 4.467 2.083 1.83 9
36.50 3.035 4.58 3 2.1 12 1.88 7
37.00 3.077 4.701 2.14 1 1.9 35
37.50 3.118 4.820 2.170 1.984
38 .00 3. 160 4.9 41 2.199 2.033
38 .50 3.20 1 5. 06 3 2. 228 2.08 3
39. 00 3.243 5.186 2.25 7 2.134
39 .50 3.28 5 5. 31 1 2.28 6 2.185
40. 00 3.326 5.437 2. 3 14 2.236
40 .50 2.343 2.288
41.00 2.372 2.34 1
41 . 50 2.40 1 2.394
42 .00 2.430 2.448
42.5 0 2.459 2.503
43.0 0 2.488 2.558
43 . 50 2. 5 17 2. 613
44 .0 0 2.546 2.6 6 9
44.50 2.575 2.726
45.00 2.60 4 2.783
45 .50 2.633 2.841
46 .00 2.662 2.899
46. 50 2.69 1 2.9 58
47 .00 2.720 3.0 18
47 .50 2.748 3. 078
48.0 0 2.777 3.1 38
48.50 2.8 0 6 3. 199
49 .00 I 2.8 35 3. 261
49.50 2.8 64 ~ ~7~
50.0 0 2893 3.386
51
52
TABLE 26
Topic No. Description FITTINGS PRESSURE LOSSES Der ived from water
3.5.1 PRESSURE LOSS - EXPRESSED AS EQUIVALENT _ flow through A.S. 1432
type B copper tu be at
DATA METRES OF TUBE velocity of 1.5 m/s
ELBOWS BENDS TEES

90° SHARP 90 ° LONG
RADIUS
BRANCH LINE REDUCTION
NOMINAL FLOW FLOW ON FLOW
L
TUBE NO REDUCTION WHERE : V I and V 2
SIZE = 1.5 m/s
b- --Js
~ c£b . V l ~V:
mm m m m m m
- -- - - -
15 0.830 0.450 0.910 0.340 0.720
20 1.130 0.630 1.400 0.600 1.270

I
25 1.450 0.770 1.830 0.870 1.830
32 1.830 0.850 2.350 1.170 2.480
40 2.000 0.870 2.670 1.490 3.160
50 2.450 1.020 3.660 2.190 4.640
65 2.860 1.100 4.470 2.860 6.060
80 3.070 1.130 4.600 3.400 7.270
100 4.000 1.400 6.300 5.150 10.900
53
TABLE 27
Topic No . Descripti on VALVE PRESSURE LOSSES Der ived from water

3.5.1 PRESSURE LOSS - EXPRESSED AS EQUIVALENT _ flow t hro ugh A.S . 1432
type B copper t ube a t
DATA METRES OF TUBE velocity of 1.5 m/s
BIB RECESS, GATE GLOBE SWING HORIZON·

AND STOP, VALVES VALVES CHECK TAL AND
NOMINAL PILLAR PATH VALVES VERTICAL
SIZE TAPS AND LIFT
METER CHECK
TAPS VALVES
STRAIGHT
THROUGH
TYP E
mm m m m m m m
15 8.500 5.290 0.130 5.290 2.080 5.290
20 6.670 0.180 6.670 2.470 6.670
25 8.200 0.240 8.200 2.890 8.200
32 10.430 0.280 10.430 3.520 10 .430
40 11 .990 0.300 16.640 3.330 16 .640
50 17 .110 0.430 20.770 4.890 20 .770
65 20.720 0.500 23.920 6.390 23 .920
80 22.720 0.530 26 .800 7.670 26 .800
100 28 .700 0.750 36.150 11 .500 36.150
54
TABLE 28
Topic No. Description FITTINGS AND VALVES, EQUIVALENT

3.5 .1 PIPE SIZING - LENGTH METHOD
TABULATION SHEET
FIT TINGS & VALVES PIPE

PIPE FLOW PIPE PRESSURE VELOCITY TUBE PRESSURE
SECTION
S ECTION Equ ivalent Pipe SECTION EOUIVA- LOSS PER SIZE REO'D
to S ec t ion LENT
LENGTH 100 m
Le ngt h Eq u iva lent LENGTH
T u be Length PLUS PIPE TUBE
SECTION
QJs No . T yp e m. m. m. LENGTH m.head m/s mm. m.head.
No . m.
Ve rt ical
6.000
height
--
O utlet
15.000
pr essu re
b ib
3 1 ta p 8 .5 00 8.500
st o p
1 tap 5 .290 5 .290
t ee
1 red wee 1.270 1.270
•
8 e lbow s 1.130 9 .040
24.100
I _
6.000 I
0 .22 L- + 1/ 30 .100 7.977 \ 0 .968 20 2.401
1\ 1007
st op
2 1 t ap 11 .990 11 .990
tee
1 redu ce 4 .6 4 0 4.6 40
tees
1.490 5.960
•
4 line
10 Ibe nds 0 .870 8 .700
31.290 40.000
I _
I
1 .5 0 I L.......: + 1/ 71.290 6.9 26\ 1.502 40 4.938
1 1\ 100 )
me ter
1 1 tap 17 .110 17 .11 0
6 be nds 1.0 20 6 .1 20
br eech (Co m pr ised o f 1 x 2 5 m m elb "o w)
1 set 3.280 3 .280 (and 1 x 2 5 mm branch flow t ee)
ma in
I
( Press ure loss is not d o ub led fo r)
2 taps 8 .2 00 8 .200 (spl it f lows.)
34 .7 10
I 20 .000
~+
•
2.40 1( 54 .710 3. 7 18\ 1. 307 50 2.0 30
I 1\ I 100 -)
met er size
wat er
2. 40 1 met er 40 3.9 00
TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS OR MINIMUM PRESSURE REQUIRED AT WATERMAIN,

IN M ET R ES HEAD = 34.269
55
CHAPTER 3
Topic No.
3.5.2
PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES
D escr iption
PRESSURE LOSS
DATA lost =
h ea d m
_v.!.
K 2 9
_
TABLE 29
V ELOCITY DETERMIN ED F R O M FLOW

-- - - -- --- - --
THROUGH A.S.1 432 T Y P E B .COPPER TU B E
PRESSURE L O S S E S I N METRES
0
H E A D FOR : EL BO W S - 90 5 H A R P.
:g--- ---- ELBOWS
FLOW
QQ 15mm 20mm 25m m 32 m m 40m m 50tn~5mm
-
r-~tn~O~:-
Li tr es Per Sec. K = 2.2 K = 1. 7 K = 1.5 K = 1.4 K = 1.2 K =1 K = 0.9 - K = 0.8 1 K = 0.7 ---
0.10 0 .130 ~-----+-----
- ---- ~ - -- - -- - ---- - - - - ---- -
0 .20 0 .519 0 .0 67
-- 1---- - ---- e- - - - - - -- -
0.30 I 1.1 69 0.150 0 .040
-- -- - --
0 .40 0 .2 69 0 .07 1
- -- - - 1-- --
--
--l---
0. 50 0.420 0 .112 0 .0 40
-._._-- 1------ -- - -- - - - - -
0.60 0 .605 0 . 16 1 0 .056
£---
- -- - --- ---- -
0.70 0 .823 0 .2 19 0 .077
-- 1- ._ - --- - __
-- - _ . _._. ._--- .- - - -- -- -- - ---- ---
0 .80 0.28 6 0 .100 0 .0 40
-- - --- - -- - - ----- -- _. - - ~-
0.90 0 .3 62 0 .127
0050 - - -- - --- ~ -- - - - -- - - - --- -- -- -- - - -- -
--~ : : ~: -=--~~~~=~- -=-'~-..:=:~- .:: :: -_-. :

1 O .~~ 0 .15 7
1.20 0 .2 2 6
--
1.40 0 .308
- -- - - --- --- - - ---- - -- ---- -
1.60 0.402 0 .1 5 7 0 .039
1.80 0 .50 8 0 .200 0 .0 50
-- - -_._- - ~-- - -- -- - - --- -_.-
2 0 .628 0 .246 0 .06 1
2.20 0 .760 0 .297
- -0_._
.0 73
- . ---.-~.=:- ~:-~ =~--T==~~=
2.40
2.60
----- -
0 .90 4 0 .354
0.4 15
-- -- - - -- - -
0 .087
- ----- - --- -
0 .10 2
- -- - --
-- - -- ~ ._ . _-
0 .0 36
- - - - ---- _._ . ----
-------r---_.--
- - -, -- -- ------ - -
2.80
-
0.481 0 1 18__ c--. O.0 4 2 _ __.____L_.. _____ _..
----~i- -
3 0 .55 2 0 .1 36 _ _ 0 0 48 __
"- 0 .6 29
-- -- - -- -
0 .155 0.055
3 .20
--- - --- - - - -
3.40 0 .709 0 . 175 0. 0 6 2
-------- - - ---
3.60 1--_0 . 19 6 0 .069
-- f--- - -- - ' --- -- -- -- --
3.80 0 .21 8 0 .077 .- ' - - - --
0 .242
4 0 .087
---0 .0- 3 --
7
- - - - -
0 _26 7 -- 1--_ 0 .0~_
1 _
4.20
- 0-.094- - - ------ - --
4.40 0 .29 3 0 .10 4 __ 0 .045 __ _ ...-- -
4.60 0 .320 0 . 1 13 0. 049
-- - - _ ..- - ---- - -
4.80 0 .348 __ 9.: 12~_ ~-- 0 .054 __ ~ -- _. _ - -
--- -- - f - - - -
5 0 .37 8 0 .134 0. 0 58
. _- - --- - --- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - -_._ - - --
5.20 1-____..._ _ e-. 0 .4 0 9 0 .145 0 .063
--- - - 1--- -- _ .._ --
5.40 0 .4 4 1 0 . 156 0068
-- - -- 1-- - - - - - -_ ._---
5.60 0 .4 74 0 .168 0 .073 ._-
- - ---
5.80 0 .50 9 0-.180 ._- 1-- _
0 .077
_ _ _
- - -- - --- 1-- _ 1-- - --
0 .5 45 0 .193 0 .08 4 __
6
--
0 .2 0 6
....------
6.20 0 .581 0 .0 90 _.
._--.
6.40 0.619 0 .21 9 0 .096
--
6.60 ._- f - - - 0 .2 33 0 .102
6.80 0 .24 8 0 .10 8
-- f-- --
7 I
i
0 .2 6 3 0 . 115
7.20 I 0 .2 78 __ 0 .12 1
e-.- --- - -
7.40 0 .293 0 .128
--
7.60 0 .135
7.80 0 .14 2
. _- - -
I
r
8 O~ ~ - -- 0 .0 40
- -- -
8.20 0 .157 0. 0 4 2
-
8.40 I 0 .16 5 0.044
8.60 I I - - - -- - - 1---- - -
0 .173 0 .0 4 6
8.80 I ---- ~-
0 .18 1
-
0 .0 48
9 0 .18 9 0 .0 50
-- ~ . -- - - e---- - - - - - --
9.20 0 .19 8 0 .052
--- --- -- - - - ._-- - -
9.40 0 .20 7 0 .0 55
-_.- -- ~_ . _ --- -----
9 .60 0 .2 15 0 .0 5 7
9.80 0 .224 0 .0 59
- - I---
10 0 .234 0 .0 62
-- ~ .
10 .50 - _.. 0 .258 0 .068
--_ . -
11 0 .283 0 .075
--- - - -- --
11 .50
-- - I - -- - ·--- - -·- - - 1--.
0 .3 0 9 0 .082
12
-- . T 0 .337 0 .0 8 9
12.50 ~
- ---~i=~-"
- --- 0 .365
-_ .
0 .097
13 0 .395 0 .104
56
TABLE 30
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES BENDS
~;'~. -------1 0=';0';00 v at.oc rrv O"' •• 'N'O " D . "OW
~
PRESSURE LOSS _ THROUGH A.S.1432 TYPE B.COPPER TUBE
3.5.2 DATA lost m = K Y-~ PRESSURE LOSSES IN METRES
r- l
0
head 2 9 HEAD FOR: BENDS _90 LONG RADIUS
- - F ~OQ I 15mm I 20mm 1-~5mm 32mm 40mm 50mm 65mm 80mm 100mm I
f--~trEJS-~~ sec~T K = l := -t __K = 0.95 K = 0.8 K = 0.65 K = 0.52 K = 0.42 K = 0.35 K = 0.3 K = 0.24
0.10 ._-0.0
-- 71_._- _.
f -- -- - - - - - ---
0.20 0 .283 0.03 8
f--- - - - - - - - - -- - - --
0.30 --- - 0 .6- 38
- _.
0.084
- - -- " - - ~- - - - -
_. - - _._._0.40 _0 .1. 50
0.038
. _--- ---- - - -- - - - - -- --- --
0.50 0. 235 0 .072
- - - - - - _. _ - -- - - - ~
------ - - - -- -- - --
0.60 0 .3 38 0.086
- -- - - - ---..-----.-t------"-.----- 1--- - -- - - 1---- -- - -- - - - --- - e--_.- -- -
0 .70 0 .460 0 .11 8
- - - - - --- - r-- ------ - "- - -- - -- - f- -'c_- - - - --- 1--_0 .036
0 .80 0 .152 0 .047
- - - - -- -- - 1----- -- - - f-- - -- - --
0.90 0 .19 3 0 .059
1--._- - - --- -1----- --- - - - - f-.
1 0 .23 8 0 .07 3
f-- ~----f--
1.20 0.105 0 .038 I

1 - - -- . o -
f- -
1.40 0 .143 0 .0 5 2
I
f---- - - --
1.60 0 .1 86 0.068
- -
1.80 0 .236 0 .0 86
f------ - - - - - 1--- - --- - -
2 0 .2 91 0.106
f --- - -
2.20 0 .353 0.1 29
.-- f---- - - --
2.40 0.420 0 .Hi3 0.0 37
f -- --- - - - 0 .180 0.043
2.60
f------ -- -- -- - -- - -- - - - --- - f---
2.80 0 .209 0 _050
f - - - -- - - - -- f-..- --- '-- - - - - - f ----- - - - f- - -
3 0 .239 0 .057
f---- - - -- - . f---.- - .-- - - - --- _ ._ - -- f- - - - .-- f-- - - - - - f--
3.20 0 _272 0 .065
.o-
f--
3.40 0 .307 0 .073
f--
3.60 0 .082
.--€ -
f-- - -
3.80 0 .092
- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- -
4 - - -- -- - - - - -- - -
0 .102
4.20 0 .112
4.40 - . _- -- 0 .123 0 .040
4.60 0 .134 0 .044
- -- - - - ----
- - --4.80
_.
0 .146 0.048
5 0 .159 II 0 .052
f--- - - - -- -- --
f-----~~- - 0 .172 0 .056
-
5.40 . _ - f--.--
0 .185 0 .061
-
f--~6 0 __ 1--._ -- - - f---- ! - -.
0 .199 I 0.065
5.80 0 .214 I 0 .070
6 0 .229 0 .075
1 - - --
6.20 0.244 0 .0 80
- - - -- --
6.40 0.260 0 .085
6.60 0 .091 0 .0 38
f---
6.80 0.096 0 .041
7 0 .102 0 .043
f-----
7.20 0 .108 0 .045
f-----
7.40 0 .114 0 .048
7.60 I
0.051
7.80 0 .053
. o-
f------
8 0 .056 I
8.20 0 .059
1---
8.40 0.062
8.60 0.065
8.80 0.068
9 I
0.071
9.20 0 .074
1 - - - --- - - - --
9.40 0.077
- - -- --
9.60
9.80
10
f-- - ---
±----- - - -- -
- - - - -- - - f-- - -
- - -- I--
-- -
0 .081
0.084
0 .088 0.021
10 .50 0 .097 0.023
1---- -
11 I 0 .106 0 .0 26
11 .50 0.116 0 .028
--
12 I
0.126 0.031
- - - -- f---
12.50 I I
0.137 0 .033
13 0.148 0 .036
57
TABLE 31
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES TEES
T
VELOCITY DETERMINED FROM FLOW
Topic No. Description
~
PRESSURE LOSS 2- THROUGH A.S.1432TYPE B.COPPER TUBE
3.5.2 DATA lost m = K ~ PRESSURE LOSSES IN METRES
head 29 HEAD FOR : TEES - BRANCH FLOW
FLOW
aQ 15mm 20mm 25mm 32mm 40mm 50mm 65mm 80mm 100mm
Litres Per Sec. K = 2.4 K = 2.1 K = 1.9 K = 1.8 K = 1.6 K = 1.5 K = 1.4 K = 1.2 K = 1.1
0.10 0.1 4 2 0 .02 1
0.20 0.567 0 .08 3 0. 023
0.30 1.275 0 .18 7 0.05 1
0 .40 0.332 0 .0 90
0.50 0 .51 9 0 .141 0 .050
0.60 0.748 0 .204 0.073
0.70 1.0 16 0 .2 77 0 .099 0 .0 40
0.80 0 .362 0 .129 0 .052
0.90 0.458 0.163 0 .0 6 6
1 0 .565 0 .202 0 .082
1.20 0 .291 0 . 118
1.40 0.395 0 .160 0 .0 44
1.60 0 .516 0. 210 0.058
1.80 0.654 0 .265 0 .073
2 0 .807 0 .3 28 0 .0 9 1
2.20 0 .976 0 .396 0 .110 0 .040
2.40 1.162 0 .471 0 .131 0 .048
2.60 0 .553 0 .153 0.0 5 6
2.80 0.642 0 .17 8 0 .065
3 0 .7 37 0 .204 0.075
3.20 0.838 0.232 0.085
3.40 0.946 0 .262 0 .096
3.60 0 .294 0 .108 I
3.80 0 .3 28 0 .1 20
4 0.363 0 .133 0 .0 56
4.20 I 0.400 . 0 .147 0 .062
4.40 0.439 0 .161 0.068
4.60 0.480 0 .176 0.074
4.80 0 .523 0 .192 0 .081
5 0.5 6 7 0.208 0.088
5.20 I 0 .61 3 0.225 0 .095
5.40 0 .661 0 .243 0 .102
5.60 0.711 0 .261 0 .110
5.80 0 .763 0 .280 0 .118
6 0 .817 0 .300 0 .1 26 I
6.20 I 0 .872 0 .3 20 0.13 5 I
6.40 0 .9 29 0 .34 1 0 .144
6 .60 0 .363 0 .153 I
6.80 0.385 0 .162

7 0.408 0 .172
7.20 0.43 2 0 .1 81
7.40 0.4 56 0 .1 92
7.60 I 0. 203
7.80 0. 213 I
8 0 .225 0 .062
8.20 0 .236 0.065
8.40 0 .247 0 .069
8 .60 0 .259 0 .072
8.80 0 .2 72 0.075
9 I 0 .2 84 0 .079
9.20 0 .297 0 .082
9.40 I 0 .31 0 0 .086
9.60 0 .323 0.090
9.80 0.3 37 0 .0 9 3
10 0 .351 0 .097
10 .50 I 0 .38 7 0 .107
11 0.424 0.11 8
11 .50 0.464 0 .129
12 0 .505 0 .140
12 .50 0 .548 0 .152
58 13 0 .59 3 0 .164
TABLE 32
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES TEES
VELOCITY DETERMINED FROM FLOW
THROUGH A .S.1432TYPE B . COPPER TUBE
3.5.2
PRESSURE LOSS 2-
PRESSURE LOSSES IN METRES q]3~
DATA lost m = K .Y....
head 29 HEAD FOR : TEES - LINE FLOW.
I
FLOW
o£ 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 65 mm 80 mm 100 mm
Litres per Sec. K 0.9 K 0.9 K 0.9 K - 0.9 K - 0.9 K - 0.9 K = 0.9 K - 0.9 K = 0.9
0.10 0 .053
0.20 0 .212 0 .036
0.30 0.478 0 .080 0 .024
0.40 0 .142 0.04 3
0.50 0.222 0 .067
0.60 0 .3 20 0.0 96 0 .036
0.70 0.436 0.131 0 .049
0.80 0 .171 0 .065
0.90 0.217 0 .082 0 .037
1 0.268 0 .101 0 .046
1.20 0 .145 0 .066
1.40 0.198 0.090
1.60 I 0 .258 0 .118 0 .035
1.80 0 .327 0.149 0 .044
2 0.403 0.1 84 0 .054
2.20 0 .488 0 .2 23 I 0 .066
2.40 0 .581 0 .265 0 .078
2.60 0 .31 1 0.092 0 .036
2.80 0 .361 0.107 0 .042
3 I 0.414 0 .122 0 .048
3.20 0.471 0 .139 0 .055
3.40 0.532 0 .157 0 .062
3.60 0.176 0 .069
3.80 0 .197 0.077
4 0.218 0 .087 0 .042
4.20 0.240 0.094 0.046
4.40 0.263 0 .104 0 .051
4.60 0.288 0 .113 0.057
4.80 0.314 0.123 0 .061
5 0 .340 0 .134 0.066
5.20 0.375 0.145 0 .071
5.40 0.397 0 .156 0 .077
5.60 0.427 0.168 0 .082
5.80 0.458 0.180 0 .088
6 0.490 0 .193 0.095
6.20 0.523 0 .206 0.101
6.40 0.557 0 .219 0.108
6.60 0 .233 0.115
6.80 0 .248 0 .122
7 0 .263 0 .129
7.20 0.278 0 .136
7.40 0 .293 0.144
7.60 0 .152
7.80 I 0 .160
8 I 0 .168 0 .051
8 .20 0.177 0 .054
8.40 0 .186 0 .056
8.60 0 .194 0 .059
8 .80 0 .204 0.062
9 0.213 0 .064
9.20 I 0 .223 0.067
9.40 I 0.232 0.070
9.60 0 .242 0 .073
9.80 0.253 0 .076
10 0.263 0 .080
10.50 0 .290 0.088
11 0 .318 0 .096
11 .50 0.348 0 .105
12 0 .379 0.115
12 .50 0.411 0.124
13 0.444 0 .135
59
TABLE 33
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES REDUCERS
Oeser iption VELOCITY DETERMINED FROM FLOW
---E3B-
Topic No. THROUGH A.S.1432TYPE B. COPPER TUBE
PRESSURE LOSS V2-
3.5.2 DATA lost m = K - PRESSURE LOSSES IN METRES
head 2g HEAD FOR: REDUCERS
OUT GOING TUBE SIZE
i
FLOW
aQ 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm I 32 mm I 40 mm 50 mm 65 mm 80 mm 100 mm
Litres per Sec. K - 1 K - 1 K-l K - 1 K - 1 K - 1 K - 1 K -l K - 1
0.10 0 .059
0.20 0 .236 0 .0 4 0
0 .30 0.531 0 .089 0 .0 29
0.40 0 . 158 0 .048
0.50 0 .2 4 7 0 .0 74
0 .60 0 .336 0 .10 7 I 0 .040
0.70 0 .48 4 0 .146 0 .055 I
0.80 0 .1 90 0 .072
0 .90 0 .241 I
0 .091 0 .0 4 1
1 0 .298 0.1 12 0 .05 1
1.20 0.161 0 .0 74
1.40 0 .2 20 0 .100
1.60 I 0 .287 0 .13 1 0 .039 I
1.80 0 .363 0 .16 6 0 .0 50
2 0.448 0 .2 0 5 0 .0 6 1
2.20 0. 543 0 .2 48 0 .0 73
2.40 0 .646 0 .2 9 5 0 .087
2 .60 0 .346 0 .1 0 2 0 .040
2.80 0 .4 0 1 0.11 8 0 .047
3 0.460 0 .136 0.054
3.20 0 .52 4 0 .1 55 0 .061 -
3 .40 0 .591 0 .175 0 .069
3.60 0 .1 96 I 0 .077
3.80 0 .2 18 0 .086
4 0 .2 42 0 .09 5 0 .047
4.20 0 .26 7 0 .105 0 .0 5 2
4.40 0 .29 3 0 .11 5 0 .057
4.60 0 .320 0 .126 0 .0 62
4 .80 0 .34 8 0 .1 37 0 .0 6 7
5 I 0 .37 8 0 .149 0 .073
5.20 0 .4 09 0.161 0 .079
5.40 0 .44 1 0 .17 3 0 .0 8 5
5.60 I
0.474 0 .18 7 0 .09 2
5.80 0 .509 0.20 0 0 .0 98
6 0 .5 45 0. 214 0.105
6 .20 0. 581 0 .2 29 0 .11 2
6.40 0 .6 19 0 .244 0 .120
6.60 0 .2 59 0 .1 27
6.80 0 .275 0.135
7 0 .29 2 0 .14 3
7.20 0 .30 9 0 .151
7.40 I 0 .326 0 .160
7.60 0 .169
7.80 0 .17 8
8 0 .187 0. 056
8 .20 0 .196 0 .059
8.40 0. 206 0. 06 2
8.60 0 .216 0 .065
8.80 0 .226 0 .069
9 0.237 0 .072
9.20 0 .247 0 .07 5
9.40 0 .258 0 .078
9.60 0 .269 0 .08 2
9.80 0 .28 1 0 .0 8 5
10 0 .29 2 0 .088
10.50 0 .322 0 .097
11 0 .354 0 .1 07
11.50 0 .386 0.1 17
12 0.421 0.127
12.50 0.456 0 .138
60 13 0.494 0.150
TABLE 34
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE R EQU I REM ENTS AND LOSSES
OUTLETS
To pic No. D escript ion VELOCITY DETERMINED FROM FLOW
~
- THROUGHA .S .1432TVPE B . COPPER TUBE
PRESSURE lOSS 2
3.5 .2 DATA los t m =
K Y.-
PRESSURE LOSSES I N ME TRES
head 29 HEAD FOR : TANK OUTLETS .
!
FLOW
aQ 15 mm 20 m m 25 mm 3 2 mm 40 mm 50 mm 65 mm 80 mm 100 mm
litres p er S ec. K = 0.5 K - 0.5 K = 0.5 K = 0.5 K - 0.5 K - 0.5 K = 0.5 K = 0.5 K = 0.5
0. 10 0.030
-
0.20 0 .118 0 .0 20
0 .3 0 0 .2 66 0 .044
0.40 0 .079 0 .024
0.50 0 .12 3 0 .037
0.60 0.178 0.054
0.70 0 .24 2 0.0 73
0.80 I 0 .095 0 .036
0.90 0 .12 1 0 .045
1 0 .149 0 .056
1.20 0 .08 1 0.037
1.40 0 .1 10 0 .0 50
1.60 0 .143 0 .0 6 5
1.80 0.182 0 .083
2 I 0 .224 0 .102
2.20 0.27 1 0 .124 0 .03 7
2.40 I 0 .323 0 .147 I 0 .044
2.60 0. 173 0.051
2.80 0.201 0 .059
3 I 0 .230 0 .0 68
3.20 0 .2 62 0 .077
3.40 I 0.296 I 0 .087
3.60 0 .098 0 .039
3.80 I 0 .109 0 .043
4 I 0.121 0 .048
4.20 I I 0 .133 0 .052
4.40 I I 0 .146 0.058
4.60 I 0 .160 0 .0 63
4.80 0.17 4 0.069
5 0 .189 0 .0 74
5.20 I
0 .2 04 0 .080 0 .039
5.40 0 .220 0 .08 7 0 .043
5.60 I 0 .237 0.093 0 .0 4 6
5.80 I 0 .2 54 0 .100 0 .049
6 0 .272 0 .10 7 0 .0 5 3
6.20 0 .291 0 .114 0. 056
6.40 0 .310 0 .1 2 2 0 .0 60
6.60 0 .13 0 0 .064
6.80 0 .1 38 0 .0 68
7 I 0 .146 0 .072
7.20 0 .15 4 0 .0 7 6
7.40 I 0 .1 6 3 0 .080
7.60 0 .084
7.80 0 .08 9
8 0 .094
8.20 0 .098
8.40 I 0.10 3
8.60 I 0 .10 8
8 .80 I 0 .113
9 0 .11 8
9.20 0 .12 4
9.40 0 .129 0 .039
9.60 0 .135 0 .041
9.80 0 .140 0 .042
10 0 .1 4 6 0 .044
10 .50 0 .1 61 0 .0 49
11 0 .177 0.053
11.50 0 .19 3 0 .058
12 0 .2 10 0 .0 6 4
12.50 0.228 0 .0 69
13 0 .247 0 .075 61
TABLE 35
Topic No. Description WATER SERVICE CONNECTION TO WATERMAIN

3.5.2 PRESSURE LOSS - Values have been tabulated from
DATA test data.
FLOW HEAD LOSS IN METRES

oQ
2 x 25 mm MAIN TAPS.
1 x 25 mm MAIN TAP 1 x 25 mm MAIN TAP
ELBOWS AND BREECHING
AND ELBOW SUPPLYING AND ELBOW SUPPL YING
PIECE SUPPL YING 50 mm
32 mm WATER SERVICE 40 mm WATER SERVICE
AND 65 mm WATER SERVICES
L1TRES PER SEC.
0.20 0.240
0.30 0 .380
0.40 0.470
0.50 0.690
0.60 0.840
0.70 0.990 0.530
0.80 1.140 0.690
0.90 1.230 0.840
1 1.600 0.990 0.580
1.10 1.830 1.140 0.640
1.20 2.060 1.290 0 .690
1.30 1.450 0.760
1.40 1.680 0.840
1.50 1.830 0.910
1.60 2.060 I 0.990
1.70 2.210 1.070
1.80 1.140
1.90 1.220
2 1.290
2.20 1.520
2.40 1.680
2.60 1.980
2.80 2.210
3 2.410
3.20 2.590
3.40 2.970
3.60 3.200
3.80 3.500
4 3.810
4.20 4.270
4.40 4.570
4.60 4.880
4.80 5.400
62
TABLE 34
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE R EQU I REM ENT S AND LOSSES OUTLETS
To pic No. D escr iption VELOCITY DETERMINED FROM FLOW
~
- THROUGHA .S.1432TYPE B . COPPER TUBE
PRESSURE LOSS 2
3.5.2 DATA lost m = K .Y-
PRESSURE LOSSES IN METRES
head 29 HEAD FOR : TANK OUTLETS.
FLOW
QQ 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 65 mm I
I 80 mm 100 mm
Litr es p er S ec . K = 0.5 K = 0.5 K - 0.5 K = 0.5 K - 0.5 K = 0.5 K = 0.5 K = 0.5 K = 0.5
0. 10 0 .030 --
0. 20 0.11 8 0.020
0. 3 0 0 .266 0 .0 4 4
0.40 0.0 79 0 .024
0.50 0 .12 3 0 .03 7
0.60 0 .178 0 .05 4
0.70 0 .242 0.0 73
0.80 0 .095 0 .036
0.90 0 .12 1 0 .0 45
1 0 .1 49 0 .056
1.20 0 .081 0 .037
1.40 0 .110 0 .05 0
1.60 0 .143 0.065
1.80 0 .182 0 .08 3
2 0 .22 4 0 . 102
2.20 I I 0 .2 7 1 0 .12 4 0 .037
2.40 0 .323 0 .14 7 0 .044
2.60 I
0 . 17 3 0. 0 51
2.80 0 .2 01 0 .059
3 0 .230 0 .068
3.20 0 .2 62 0 .0 77
3.40 0 .296 0 .087
3.60 0 .098 0.0 39
3.80 0.109 0. 04 3
4 0.121 0 .0 48
4.20 I 0.1 3 3 0 .0 52
4.40 I I I 0 .146 0 .0 58
4.60 0.160 0 .0 63
4.80 0 .174 0 .069
5 0 .189 0 .0 7 4
5.20 I 0 .20 4 0 .080 0 .0 39
5.40 0 .2 20 0 .087 0 .043
5.60 0 .2 37 0 .0 9 3 0.046
5.80 I 0 .254 0 .100 0 .049
6 0 .272 0 .107 0 .053
6.20 0 .291 0 .114 0.056
6.40 0 .31 0 0.122 0.060
6.60 0 .1 30 0 .064
6.80 0 .13 8 0.068
7 0 .14 6 0 .072
7.20 0 .1 54 0 .076
7.40 0 .163 0 .080
7.60 0 .084
7.80 0 .08 9
8 0.094
8 .20 I 0 .098
8.40 I 0 .103
8.60 0 .108
8.80 0 .1 13
9 0.118
9.20 0.1 24
9.40 0.129 0 .0 39
9.60 0 .135 0 .041
9.80 0.140 0 .042
10 I 0.146 0 .044
10 .50 0.161 0 .0 49
11 0 .177 0 .053
11 .50 0.193 0 .058
12 0 .210 0 .0 6 4
12.50 0 .22 8 0 .069
13 0.247 0. 075 61
TABLE 35
Topic No. Descri ption WATER SERVICE CONNECTION TO WATERMAIN

3.5.2 PRESSURE LOSS - Values have been tabulated from
DATA test data.
FLOW HEAD LOSS IN METRES

oQ
2 x 25 mm MAIN TAPS,
1 x 25 mm MAIN TAP 1 x 25 mm MAIN TAP
ELBOWS AND BREECHING
AND ELBOW SUPPLYING AND ELBOW SUPPL YING
PIECE SUPPL YING 50 mm
32 mm WATER SERVICE 40 mm WATER SERVICE
AND 65 mm WATER SERVICES
L1TRES PER SEC.
0.20 0.240
0.30 0.380
0.40 0 .470
0.50 0.690
0.60 0.840
0.70 0.990 0.530
0.80 1.140 0.690
0.90 1.230 0 .840
1 1.600 0.990 0.580
1.10 1.830 1.140 0.640
1.20 2.060 1.290 0 .690
1.30 1.450 0.760
1.40 1.680 0.840
1.50 1.830 0.910
1.60 2.060 0.990
1.70 2.210 1.070
1.80 1.140
1.90 1.220
2 1.290
2.20 1.520
2.40 1.680
2.60 1.980
2.80 2.210
3 2.410
3.20 2.590
3.40 2.970
3.60 3.200
3.80 3.500
4 3.810
4.20 4.270
4.40 4.570
4.60 4.880
4.80 5.400
62
TABLE 36
Desc ri pt ion VELOC I T Y DETERMINED FROM F LO W STOP
Topic No. THROUGHA .S.1 432TYPE B .COPPER TUBE
PRESSURE LOSS v
3.5.2 DATA lost m = K -
2 - PR ESSURE LOSSES IN METRES TAPS
hea d 29 H E A D FOR: S TOP T A PS.
FL OW 15 mm OD 20 mm OD 25 mm OD
oQ Capi llar y & 15 m m & 20 mm 3 2 mm 40 mm 50 mm 65 mm 80 mm 10 0 m m
Stop tap screwing s.t , sc rewi ng s.t ,
Lit res per Sec. K - 14 K 10 K - 8 .5 K= 8 K - 7.2 K -7 K - 6. 5 K -6 K-5
0.10 0 .8 30 0 .1 00 0 .0 2 5
0.20 3.3 05 0 .39 5 0.101 0 .0 36
0.30 7.438 0 .889 0 .228 0 .081
0.40 1.580 0.405 0 .144
0.50 2.469 0 .6 33 0 .2 24 0 .092
0.60 3.556 0.911 0 .3 23 0 .133
0.70 4.840 1.240 0.439 0 .18 1
0.80 1.6 19 0 .574 0 .23 6
0 .90 2.050 0.726 0.29 8
1 2.5 29 0 .896 0 .3 68 0 .106
1.20 1.29 2 0 .53 1 0.152
1.40 1.75 7 0 .722 0 .20 7
1.60 2.295 0 .9 43 0 .271
1.80 2.905 1.193 0.343
2 3.58 6 1.474 0.424 0 .15 5
2.20 4 .340 1.783 0 .513 0 .187
2.40 5 .164 2.121 0 .610 0.223
2.60 2 .489 0 .715 0. 26 2
2.80 2.888 0. 8 29 0.30 3
3 I 3. 31 5 0 .952 0 .348
3. 20 3.77 1 1.084 0 .396
3.40 4.257 1.224 0 .44 7
3.60 1.372 0.501
3.80 1.529 0 .55 9
4 I 1.694 0.6 19 0.280
4.20 1.8 68 0 .682 0.30 9
4.4 0 2 .0 49 0. 749 0 .3 39
4.60 2.239 0 .8 18 0 .37 1
4.80 2.4 38 0.891 0.404
5 I 2.646 0 .9 67 0.439
5.20 I
2.8 62 1.0 46 0.474
5.40 3.087 1.128 0 .5 11
5.60 3.320 1.21 2 0 .55 0
5.80 3.562 1.30 1 0 .590
6 8 .8 12 1.392 0 .631
6.20 I 4 .0 68 1.486 0. 6 74
6.40 4.3 35 1.584 0 .71 8
6.60 I 1.68 5 0 .7 64
6.80 1.7 8 8 0 .810
7 1.896 0 .859
7.20 I 2.0 05 0 .909
7.4 0 2.1 18 0 .960
7.60 I 1.013
7.8 0 I 1.0 67
8 1.1 2 3 0.283
8.20 I 1.178 0.298
8 .40 1.2 3 7 0 .312
8.60 1.297 0 .327
8 .80 1.358 0.34 3
9 1.420 0. 358
9.20 1.48 4 0.37 4
9.40 1.550 0.39 1
9.60 I 1.615 0.408
9.80 1.683 0 .425
10 1.75 3 0.442
10. 50 1.933 0.487
11 2 .12 2 0.535
11 .50 2.318 0 .585
12 2 .525 0 .637
12 .50 2 .7 39 0 .69 1
13 2.9 63 0.748 63
TABLE 37
--
-- GATE
D escript io n VELOCITY DETERMINED FROM FLO W
Topic No. T H R O U G H A .S .14 32 TYP E B .COPP ER T UB E VALVES
.---
PRE SSUR E LOSS -
3.5.2 DATA lost m = v 2 PR ESSURE LOSSE S IN METR ES
~a d K 2~ H EA~~~R: GATE VfLVE S -=-r'- --~-F------

80-';:; ';:; --'0
0-=
FLOW
aQ
Litres p er Sec .
0.10
1 5 mm
K = 0.35
0 .02 1
--20~msc rre~5 ;;---t--J; mm -~
K - 0 .27
- - - - - -1 - - - --- -
- - - _ . -1 - - - - - - -
K - 0 .24-- t K - 0 .22
- - . - - --
-------.-..- .-
+-40 m;
K = 0 .18
._ - ---- -
-- - ~- - - - - - -
- ~-50-~';:; -~
= 0 .17
K
F~~n~e~
K = 0.16
- - _ . - 1---- . -- --- -
-- -- - - - - - - ._----_.. _ --
I K - 0 .1 3
K .. 0 .14
1-- - - - - t - - - --
- - - - --- - --
---
- 1--- - - - -
0 .20 0 .083
-- --+-- - - - e--- -- - - - - -- j--._ --- -
~ · · i- -
1---- -
0.30 0 .186 0 .024
--- - - - -- - - -- ----- ---- -- --
OAO 0 .043
1---- - - - -- - - - - ---- -- - -- - - ---- - - - - - - - -- - - + _._ - - - -
0.50 0 .067 0 .01 8
±--
-- --- - - -- - - f----- - - ~----- - -- - - - -- ----- - - - - ---- - - 1--- -- - - - - - - -~ - ------
0 .60
1--- -
0 .096
-
0 .13 1
- -
0026
1--- - - - - 1 - - - -- - --
0.035
-------- ~- ----- - - --- -- - .... -- - - - -- - - ----- -
0.70
0.80
------- 1 - - . _ --- 1 - - - -- - - f - -- .---
0 .046
>--._ ---1----------_.._-- 1---- -- .--- -J-------
0 .90 I- I
0 .058 0 .020
-- 1 - --.
-----
~
1 0 .0 7 1 0 .0 25
+---- - -- - - - _ .. 1----- ._-- - - -- --
1.20 I
0 .036
- - --- 1--- --- - -
I
1.4 0 0 .0 48 0 .0 18
- -- 1 - -- --f-- . _ - 1--
1.60 0 .0 6 3 0 .0 2 4
!----. -- - - 1 - - - -- - - -1---
1.80 0 .080 0 .030
I
------- 1------- --_ .. _ - 1-- -- ---
2 I
0 .099 0 .0 37
- 1--- -- -
2.20 0 .119 0 .045
._ - 1---- - - - -- --- --- - - -
2AO 0. 142 0 .053
- - -_._---- f-.
2.60 I
0 .062 0 .0 17
-- >--. -- I--- - ..-
2.80 0 .072 0 .020
-- I--- 1--- - - - -- 1---- - --
3 0 .083 0 .0 23
-_. --1 - - - - -1-----
3 .2 0 I
0 .094 0 .0 26
I
3AO 0 .106 0 .030
3 .6 0 0 .033
3 .8 0 0 .037
- - - 1 - - - -- -- -
4 0 .0 4 1
-- _ . . - 1---- - --
~~:~-f=--
4.20 0.045
4.40
-- - -- -
0 .050
--- --
1-- -- - --
4.60 0 .054
- - -- 1---- - ---
4 .80 0 .059 0. 0 2 2
5 0 .064 0. 0 24
-
5.20 0 .070 0 .02 6
5AO I I
0 .075 0 .028
5.60 I
0. 08 1 0. 030
5.80 0. 08 7 0. 0 32
6 I
0 .093 0 .0 34 0 .0 15
6.20 0 .099 0 .037 0 .0 16
~
6AO I
0 .105 0 .039 0 .0 17
6.60 0 .0 4 1 0 .0 18
6 .8 0 0 .044 0 .0 19
7 0 .047 0 .020
7.20 0 .049 0 .0 21
7AO I I I
0 .052 0 .022
7.60 0 .02 4
7.80 I 0 .0 25
8 .. 0 .026
8.20 0 .02 7
8AO I
--
0 .029
8 .60 0 .030 ._-
8.80 0 .032__ 1---. _- - -
9 0 .0 3 3
9 .20 0.0 35
----- -- - - - _ . -
9AO -- f-. --
0 .0 36
9.60 0 .037
- - - - I---
9.80 0 .039
-- --
10 0 .0 41 0.Q12
1----- --
10 .5 0 0 .045 0 .013
-- - - - - - - 1 - -.
11 0 .0 50 0.0 14
f-----
11 .50 0 .054 0 .015
... _ - - -1---
12 0 .059 0 .017
-- - -- - - 1--.
12.50 0 .0 64 0 .018
- -
13 0 .069 0 .0 19
64
TABLE 38
CHA PTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES
GLOBE VALVES,
T opic No. LIFT CHECK
3.5.2 VALVES
0 .327
0.361
0.396
0.433
0 .472
0 .5 12
0 .553
0 .596
0 .641
0 .688
0 .736
0.787
0 .838
0 .892
0 .945
1.002
1.060
1.120
1.182
1. 2 45
1.310 0 .356
1.37 5 0 .375
1. 443 0 .3 93
1.513 0.412
1.584 0 .432
1.657 0.451
1.732 0.471
1.808 0.493
1.884 0 .514
1.964 0 .535
2.045 0 .55 8
2.2 55 0.614
2 .4 76 0.674
2 .705 0.737
2.946 0. 802
3.195 0 .8 71
3.457 0 .942
65
TABLE 39
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES SWING
Topic No. Desc ription VELOCI TY DETERM INED FROM FLOW
THROUG HA.S.14 3 2 TYPE B .COPPER TU B E
CHECK
PR ESSUR E LOSS 2 -
3.5.2 DATA l ost m = K :'!.- PRESSURE LOS SES IN M ETRE S VALVES
.-
h ead 29 HEAD FOR : SW ING CH ECK VA LVES
.... Scr ew ed -,.. Flan ged
F~~W 15 mm 20 m m I 25 mm 3 2 mm 40mm 50 mm 65 mm 80 mm 100 mm'"
Litr es per Sec. K 5.5 K 3.7 K- 3 K 2.7 K- 2 K 2 K -2 K 2 K -2
0.10 0.3 25 0 .0 37
0.20 1.298 0 .146 0 .03 6
0.30 2 .922 0 .329 0.080
0.40 0 .585 0 .143 I
0 .50 0.914 0 .223 I
0 .60 1. 316 0.32 1 0 .040
0.70 1.7 91 0.438 0.055 I 0 .050
0.80 0 .5 7 1 0 .072 0 .065
0.90 0 .723 0 .091 0 .083 I
1 0.893 0.1 12 0 .102 0 .030
I
1.20 0 .16 1 0 .147 0 .044 I I
1.40 0 .220 0 .201 0 .059 I
1.60 0 .287 0. 262 0 .077 I
1.80 0 .363 0.3 3 1 0 .09 8 I
2 0.448 0.409 0 .121 0.048
2.20 0.5 23 0.495 0 .146 0 .0 58
2.40 0 .6 46 0 .5 89 0 .174 0.069
2.60 0 .69 1 0 .204 0 .080 I
2.80 0 .802 0 .237 0.093

3 0 .9 21 0 .272 0 .107
3.20 I 1.048 0 .310 0 .12 2
3.40 1.18 2 0 .35 0 0 .138
3.60 0 .392 0 .15 4
3.80 0.437 0 .172
4 0.484 0 .190 0 .093
4. 20 I 0 .534 0 .210 I 0.103
4.40 0 .585 0 .231 I 0 .113
4.60 0 .640 0 .252 0 .124
4. 8 0 0 .697 0.274 0 .135
5 0 .756 0 .29 8 0 .146
5 .20 0 .818 0 .322 0.158
5.40 0 .88 2 0 .347 0 .170
5.60 0 .949 0 .373 0.183
5.80 1.018 0.400 0 .197
6 1.089 0 .428 0 .2 10
6.20 1.1 6 2 0.45 7 0 .225
6.40 1.239 0.488 0 .239
6.60 0 .518 0 .255
6.80 0 .550 0 .2 70
7 0 .58 3 0.28 6
7.20 0. 617 0 .303
7.40 0 .652 0 .320
7.60 0 .338
7.8 0 0 .356
-
8 0 .3 74 0 .113
8.20 0 .393 0 .119
8.40 0.4 12 0 .125
8 .60 0.43 2 0.131
8 .80 0.453 0.137
9 0 .473 0 .143
9.20 0.495 0 .150
9.40 0.5 17 0 .156
9.60 0 .5 38 0 .163
9.80 0 .561 0 .170
10 0 .584 0.177
10 .50 0.644 0 .195
11 0 .707 0.214
11.50 0 .773 0.234
12 0 .842 0 .255
12.50 0.913 0 .276
66 13 0.988 0. 299
TABLE 40
ANGLE
VELOC ITY DETERMINED FROM FLOW
Top ic No. Descript ion THROUGHA .S.1432TYPE B .COPPER TUBE
2- VALVES
3.5.2 PR ESSUR E LOSS
DATA lo st m = K Y -
PRESSURE L O SS E S I N METRES
hea d 29 HEAD FOR : ANGLE VALVES
FLOW ~ Scr ew ed .... Flan ged

oQ 15mm 20 mm I 25 mm 32mm 40 mm 50 mm 65 m m 80m m 100 mm
Litres per Sec. K -9 K 6.5 K- 5 K-4 K - 2.7 K - 2.4 K - 2.2 K - 2.1 K -2
0 .10 0 .532 0 .0 6 4
0.20 2 .125 0 .257 0 .060
0.30 4.782 0 .5 78 0 .1 34
0.40 1.027 0 .238 0 .072
0 .50 1 .605 0 .372 0 .112
0.60 2.31 1 0 .536 0 .16 1
0 .70 3.146 0 .72 9 0 .2 19 0 .0 68
0.80 0 .9 5 2 0 .287 0 .088
0.90 1.206 0 .3 63 0. 1 12
1 1. 48 8 0.448 0 .138
1.20 0.6 46 0 .1 99 0 .05 2
1.40 0 .8 79 0 .271 0 .071
1.60 1.1 47 0 .35 4 0 .093
1.80 I 1.453 0 .447 0 .1 18
2 1.793 0 .553 0 .145 0 .052
2.20 2 .170 0 .669 0 .176 0 .063
2.40 2.58 2 0 .795 0 .209 0 .075
2.60 0 .933 0 .245 0 .08 9
2.80 1.083 0 .28 4 0 .103
3 1.243 0 .32 7 0 .11 8
3.20 1.414 0 .372 0 .134
3.40 1.596 0.420 0 .151
3.60 0.470 0 .170 I
3.80 0.524 0 .189
4 0 .581 0 .209 0 .098
4.20 0 .640 0 .2 31 0 .1 08
4.40 0.702 0.254 0.119
4.60 I 0 .768 0 .277 0 .130
4.80 0 .836 0 .302 0. 14 1
5 0 .907 0 .327 0 .1 54
5.20 0 .981 0 .354 0. 166
5.40 1.05 8 0.382 0 .179
5.60 1.138 0 .4 10 0.19 2
5.80 1.22 1 0.440 0 .206
6 1.307 0 .47 1 0 .2 21
6.20 1.39 5 0 .503 0 .2 36
6.40 1.486 0 .5 36 0 .2 5 1
6.60 0 .570 0 .2 6 7
6.80 0 .605 0 .284
7 0 .642 0.3 01
7.20 I 0 .6 79 0. 3 18
7.40 0 .7 17 0 .3 36
7.60 0 .355
7.80 0. 37 3
8 0 .39 3 0 .113
8 .20 0.412 0 .1 19
8 .40 I 0.433 0 .125
8.60 0.454 0 .1 31
8 .80 I 0.475 0 .137
9 I 0.497 0 .1 43
9 .20 I 0.520 0.15 0
9.40 0 .542 0.156
9.60 0.565 0 .163
9.80 0.589 0 .170
10 0.614 0 .177
10 .50 0 .677 0 .195
11 0.743 0.214
11.50 0 .811 0 .234
12 0 .884 0. 255
12.50 I 0 .9 59 0.276
13 1.0 3 7 0 .299
67
TABLE 41
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREME NTS AN D LOSSES

PIPE SIZING - FITTI NGS A ND VAL VES, VELOCITY
3.5.2 PRESSURE L OSS METHOD
TABULATION SHEE T
PIPE FLOW FITTING S & VALVES PIP E PR ESSURE PIPE VELOCI TY TUBE PRESS U R E
SECTION SECTION LOSS PER S ECTION SIZE REQ ' O
Pressure Pip e LE NGTH 10 0 m P R ESS U R E
Loss Each Se cti o n TUBE LOSS
Pre ssure
Loss
No . QJs No. T ype m. hea d m. h ead m. m. head m. head m/s mm m. head
Ve rt ical
6.000
heig ht
- -- - ---- --- - - _.
Out let
15 .000
pressu re
--- --
3 1 b ib 0 .720 0 .720 (1.5 x valu e o f 1 5 mm
t ap sc rewi ng slo p tap)
st o p
1 ta p 0.400 0.400
- f------- iee- -- ~I i n e fl o w t ee
1 red uce 0 .050 0.050 pi us a red ucer)
8 e lbows 0 .080 0 .640
1 .81 0 ~ + - 0.479
~..": 1--- -
.....- 2.290
- - - - - - f--- - ~-
II" 6.000 ~ 7. 9 77 -' \ 0 .968 20

0.22
-- 1 - - -- - - --- -- ~
100
-- - I--- --_. _ -- - - - - - - - -- I~-
2 1 st o p 0.830 0 .830
tap
--- tee
- -- --1 - - -- ---
1 r ed uce
0 .230 0 .230
tee
..
4 line 0 .104 0 .4 10
..-
10 ben ds 0 .060 0 .600
2.070 + 2.770 4.8 40
1.50 / 40. 00 0 X 6 .926 \ 1.502 40

- - e--- ---.1
\. --
__ 100 _1 __
meter 0.610 0 .610
1 1 tap
6 bend s 0 .037 0 .2 20
1
service
1. 68 0 1.680 (com pris ed o f 2 x 25 mm main t ap s
co ne ct ' n e lbows and breechin g ple ce.)
2 .510 .- + - 0 .74 0 3 .250
2 .40 1/ 2 0 .0 00 Ix 3 .718 \
+ 1.307 50
1----
1\ 100 )
1-------- - --
wate r m e ter size

2.40 1 met er 40 3.900
f-----.
TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS OR MIN IMUM PRESSURE REQUIRED AT WATERMAIN,

IN METRES HEAD = 35.28 0
68
T ABLE 42
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE R EQU I RE M ENT S AN D LOSSES
Topic No. Desc ription FLOWS AND PRESSUR E. LOSSES

3.6.1 FLOAT VAL V E THROUGH BALL CAM F L OAT V AL V ES
DATA.
" PHI L MAC UN I V ERSA L" F LOA T VALV ES
FLOW F ROM FLOAT VA LV ES.

. - -- -
F LOAT VA LV E SEL ECTIO N.
- _ . __ ._ --- -- -- -_._--- -._ -
-- LOW HEAD
L1TRES PE R SECOND FLOW
56
NO M I N A L WATE R PRE SSU R E
V ALVE
SIZ E
IN
METRES H EAD
w
a::
:J
49
mm 0.6 1.2 1.8
-
2.4
I
0 .0 83 10 .1 1 0 .1 5 i 0 .18 I 0 .2
3
(/l
(/l
UJ
a::
c,
42
-------r- ---
15
j - -- ---j---- -- --
~
0
...J 35
~~~~:~ IO . 30j~~3 3
u,
.. 20 I 0 .38 0
<!
UJ
:r
(/l
28
UJ
a:: 21
~
UJ
~
14
"I
L1TRES PER SECOND fOLOW
FLOW FROM FLOAT VALVES.

- -- --~--- -
FLOAT --VALVE
- - -- -
SELECTION.
_ . _ - --- - --- - - --
- LOW HEAD
§gES 25 s , 32t , 40, .?O~I!'...!!!..
L1TRES PER SECOND FLOW
N OM~ -1 - '"l -~----·---r - -rl-l
49 ~ --l -+ _ · i~ ;£:t~t l-rt-----1

53
WAT ER PR ESSU R E
V A ~~ ; L I IN
~
I
SI Z E M ET R ES H EA D
-1--
r- ----1---1-
mm , 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3
42 --- ['-j-- --I - l---1--- ----
- --
_~~i 029}4~o:'JO:~ ~62 :J

(/l
~
I I '
f J
I---~
:. I
--I -J- --r--~--

;
4 0m m U N I I V ER ~AL
i -i-- 11 :-
35 -----
32 ! 0 .3 3 0 .48G
~~--·l -O .4~~~~~ I 0 . ~;-;.~ -;3 3

6l 0 .72 : 0 .8 3
28 I --I ~- -
- --- --
_~~1 . 1 5 1 1.32 ~~
- - - -- T - -- -- -- - -
~ 21 - -T I- j- ,-:-r+t -
~ ': = I/ ~ '~L f(rIm~;;4~~~
o
I -:
--- _~ I_ _-L_ - -
0 .7 6 1.5 2 .27 3 3.7 8 4.5 4 5 .3 6.06 6. 81 7.5 7
-------------------------------------- ---- ------ - - --- -_._-------- -~
69
TABLE 43
CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS A N D LOSSES
Topic No. Description FLOWS AND PRESSURE LOSSES

3.6.2 TANK FILLING - THROUGH TANK FILLING VALVES
VALVE DATA.
"PHILMAC SERVO" TAN K FI L LING VALVES
TANK FILLING VALVE SELECTION

SIZES 40, 50, 80 mm.
[
42
I 50 m 80 mm
w
a:
:l
~ 35 /
40mm
I
I
IT
V
/ 1
.
w
a: I
0-
f
~ 28
a...J / I
II
L1.
0
21
I /
/
/ \ I
.:
<t
w ! I /
I
J:
en
w 14
/ / I I
,/
a: 1/ /
I-
w
~
7
/ /
/
/ I I
/ /
.>
----
/
0
/-/ I I
7 15 22 30 38 45 53 60 68
FLOW FROM TANK FILLING VALVES

- LOW AND HIGH HEADS
NOMIN AL WATER PRESSURE

VALVE IN
SIZE
METRES HEAD
mm 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 14 21 28 35 42
!
2.5 3.8 9 11.4 12.9 14.8
40 1.2
1.9 I 3
I
50 4.6 5.9 6.9 7.6 8 16.7 19.7 22.3 24.2 26
80 10.4 13.6 16 18.4 20.4 33 40.5 47 53 58
70
TABLE 44
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES
To pie No. Oeseription

3.7.1 WATER METER DATA
"EMMCO" POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MAGNE T IC DRIVE WAT ER METERS
I
METER SIZ E
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm I 80 mm
DIAMETER IN mm .
MAXIMUM
CONTINUOUS 0.69 1.03 1.39 2.97 6.11 9.44
FLOW.
L1TRES PER SECOND .
MAXIMUM
MOMENTARY 1.75 3.06 4.03 5.56 12.64 26.53
FLOW.
L1TRES PER SECOND .
MAXIMUM DAI LY
USAGE (24 HRS) . 60 88 .8 120 256.8 528 916
KILOLITRES.
PRESSURE LOSS
AT MAXIMUM
3.750 2.840 3.220 6.000 5.250 2.800
CONTINUOUS FLOW .
METRES HEAD.
COMMENCES TO
REGISTER AT. 0.0014 0.0013 0.0025 0.0025 0.0075 0.013
L1TR ES PER SECOND.
ACCURACY
WITHIN ~ 2%.
FROM. 0.0069 0.0097 0.013 0.019 0.039 0.078
TO. 1.75 3.06 4.03 5.56 12.64 26.53
L1TRES PER SECOND.
MINIMUM
GRADUATION . 1 1 1 1 10 10
L1TR.ES .
MAXIMUM
READING. 10000 10000 10000 10000 100000 100000
KILOLITRES.
MAXIMUM
110 110 110 110 110 110
WORKING
PR ESSU R E.
METRES HEAD.
71
TABLE 45
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUIR EMENT S A ND LOSSES
T opic No. Description

3.7.1 FLOWS AND PRESSURE LOSSES T HR OUGH WA T ER M ET ERS
"EMMCO" POSITIVE DIS PLACEMEN T MAGNET IC DRI VE WATE R METERS
WAT ER M ET ER SIZ ES
FLOW
QQ 20 mm 25 mm 32 m m 40 mm 50 mm 80 mm
HEAD LOSS HE A D LO SS HE A D LOS S H EAD LOSS H EA D L OSS H EA D LOSS

Litr es per Sec. IN METRES IN ME T R ES IN MET R ES I N M ETR ES I N MET R ES IN M ET RE S
0 .20 0. 300
0 .3 0 0 .70 0
0.40 1. 200 0 .4 50
0.50 1.900 0 .75 0 0 0400
0.60 2. 800 1.0 50 0. 60 0
0.70 3.75 0 1.40 0 0 .800
0.80 5 .000 1.90 0 1.10 0
0.9 0 6 .00 0 2.200 1.30 0
1 2 .80 0 1.600 0 .67 5
1.2 0 4 .000 2.300 0 .9 7 5
1.40 5 .70 0 3.2 20 1.35 0
1.60 4.200 1. 75 0
1.80 I 5 .200 2.2 00
2 6 .500 2.70 0 0 .5 50
2. 20 3.200 0 .675
2.40 3.90 0 0. 825
2. 60 4 .700 0.97 5
2. 80 5 .500 1.1 75
3 6.1 00 1.2 25
3.20 6 .750 1 040 0 I
3.40 7.70 0 1.625
3.60 1.80 0 ,
3.80 1.9 7 5
4 2 .200 0 .52 5
4.20 2.400 I
0 .55 0
4040 2.60 0 0 .60 0
4 .60 2.90 0 0 .6 75
4.80 3. 200 0 .72 5
5 I 3.60 0 0 .800
5.20 3.8 0 0 0.87 5
5.40 4 .2 00 0 .9 50
5.60 4.6 00 1.0 75
5.80 4 .80 0 1.125
6 5 .000 1.1 75
6.20 5 .500 1.2 50
6040 5.750 1.300
6.60 6. 00 0 1.400
6.80 1.500
7 I 1.600
7.20 1.70 0
7.40 1.800
7.60 1.9 00
7.80 2 .000
8 2.1'0 0
8 .20 2.20 0
I 8040 I 2.3 00
I 8.60 2 0400
8 .80 2 047 5
9 2 .550
9.20 I 2.65 0
9.40
.- _. I 2 .750
9.60 I 2.850
9.80 2.9 50
72
T AB L E 46
CHA PT ER 3 PRESSURE REQUIR EMENTS AN D LOSSES
T op ic No. Description
3.8 PRESSUR E CON VERSI ON D ATA
kPa t o METRES H EAD - MET R ES HEA D T O k Pa
Metres Met res Metr es Metres
kPa to Head k Pa to Hea d Hea d to k Pa Head to k Pa
~-
1 0 .1 00 57 5 .8 10 0. 25 2.4 5 54 52 9.74
2 0 .200 58 5 .9 1 0 0 .50 4.91 55 5 39.5 5
3 0. 3 10 59 6 .0 10 0.7 5 7.36 56 549.36
4 0.4 10 60 6. 1 20 1 9.8 1 57 559.17
5 0 .5 10 61 6. 220 2 19. 62 58 5 68.98
6 0 .6 10 62 6.320 3 29.43 59 57 8.79
7 0 .7 10 I 63 6.420 4 39. 24 60 588. 60
8 0. 820 64 6 .520 5 49.0 5 61 59 8. 41
9 0 .9 20 65 6. 6 20 6 58.8 6 62 608 .22
10 1.020 I 66 6 .73 0 7 68. 67 63 6 18.03
11 1. 120 67 6 .830 8 78. 48 64 627. 8 4
~-
12 1. 220 68 6.930 9 88.29 65 63 7.65
13 1.33 0 69 7. 03 0 10 98.10 66 64 7.46
14 1.43 0 70 7. 1 40 .1 1 107.91 67 657.2 7
15 1.5 3 0 71 7.24 0 12 117.72 68 6 67.08
16 1.63 0 72 7. 3 40 13 127.53 69 676.89
17 1.730 73 7.440 14 137.39 70 68 6.70
18 1.830 74 7 .540 15 147.15 71 69 6.5 1
19 1. 9 40 75 7. 6 50 16 156.9 6 72 706. 32
20 2.0 40 76 7.740 17 166. 77 73 716.13
21 2. 140 I 77 7 .850 18 176.58 74 725.9 4
22 2.2 40 78 7.9 50 19 186.39 75 735.75
23 2. 340 79 8 .05 0 20 196.20 76 745.56
24 2.450 80 8 . 15 0 21 206.01 77 755. 37
25 2. 550 81 8. 260 22 215.82 78 765. 18
26 2.650 82 8.360 23 225.63 79 77 4.99
27 2.750 83 8.460 24 235.44 80 78 4.80
28 2. 85 0 84 8.560 25 245.25 81 79 4.6 1
29 2.960 85 8. 660 26 2 55. 0 6 82 804. 42
30 3.060 86 8 .770 27 2 64.8 7 83 8 14.23
31 3.1 60 87 8.870 28 2 74. 68 84 8 24.04
32 3 .260 I 88 8. 9 7 0 29 28 4. 49 85 8 33.85
33 3.360 89 9 .0 70 30 294.30 86 843. 66
34 3.470 90 9. 17 0 31 304. 11 I 87 853.47
35 3.5 70 91 9.280 32 31 3.92 88 863.28
36 3. 6 70 92 9. 380 33 323.73 89 8 73.09
37 3.770 93 9.48 0 34 333.54 90 8 8 2. 90
38 3. 8 70 I 94 9.580 35 343.35 91 892.71
39 3.99 0 95 9. 680 36 353.16 92 902.52
40 4.080 96 9.7 9 0 37 362.9 7 93 912.33
41 4.180 97 9 .890 38 372. 78 94 922.14
42 4 .280 I 98 9. 9 9 0 39 382.59 95 931 .9 5
43 4.380 99 10 .09 0 40 392.40 96 9 41.75
44 4.480 100 10.1 9 0 41 40 2. 2 1 97 951 .57
45 4.590 200 20 .390 42 412.02 98 961 .38
46 4.690 300 30.58 0 43 421 .83 99 971 .19
47 4.790 400 40 .770 44 431 .64 100 981 .00
48 4.890 500 5 0.990 I 45 44 1.45
49 4 .990 600 61.160 46 45 1.2 6
50 5.100 700 71.360 47 461 .07
51 5.200 800 81.550 48 470.88 200 1962.00
52 5.300 900 91 .740 49 480.69
53 5.400 1000 101.940 50 490.50
54 5.500 2000 203.870 51 500. 31
55 5.600 3000 305.810 52 510.1 2 300 2943.00
56 5.710 40 0 0 407.750 53 519.93
73
4.1 FLOW OF WATER FROM TAPS

Water flow values f or tap s and sanit ary fi xtu res are set out in TAB LE 47 . Except und er very spec ial
circum sta nces, th ese are flow s wh ich are foun d to be generally accept able to users and the design of
a system sho uld prov ide for these .
When sizing hot water piping to a com binat io n co ld and hot wa te r t ap set , a fl ow value of 75% of th e
combin ation flow m ay be adopt ed .
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS SECTION
4.2 ASSESSMENT OF PROBABLE SIMULTANEOUS WATER FLOW IN COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL

AND INSTITUTIONAL BUI LDINGS
When designing a cold or hot water piping system, an assessme nt must be fi rst mad e of the pro babl e
sim u lt aneous flow at an y time. I n th e majority of build ings it rar ely happ ens th at the total num ber
of t aps or sanitary f ixtures are in use at the on e tim e. For economi c reasons, it is usual to provid e
pipes which will allow fo r a flow which is less th an what would be requ ired if all t aps were o pened
simultaneously.
In order to assess th e probable sim ult aneous flow in litres per second to a gro up of t aps or sani t ary
fi xtures, a system of loading units has been devised. A lo ading un it is a f acto r w h ich t akes into acco unt
both flow and probable usage at a tap or sanitary fi xture. By multiplying th e num ber of each type of
tap or san it ary fi xture by th e appro pr iate lo ading unit given in TABLE 47 and addi ng the results
together, a figure for the total lo ading units is o bt ained , w hi ch, if appl ied t o TABLE 48 , prov ides
for the dive rsif ied design flow to be read off in th e column " probable sim u ltaneous flo w ".
An ex ample of pro babl e sim ult aneous flow assessme nt using th e lo adin g un it m eth od is presented
in TABLE 49 .
It would not be sati sfactory to provide d iversifie d flow s w hen full flo ws are requ ired . Some t aps and
sanitary fixtures requiring full flows include groups of show ers, spray t aps, w ash f ountains , cornrner -
ci allaundry equipm ent, di shwashing equipment and air conditioning coolin g t ow er m ake up wa t er.
100 per cent of the flow fo r such taps , sanit ary fi xtures or outlets mu st be tak en into account by
adding it to the probable simu lt aneous flow required by all other t aps and san ita ry f ixtures in the
bu i ld ing.
Clean er's sink s and hose tap s insid e bu ildings shoul d not be co unt ed in the design flow for the reason
that th ey are in use by cle aning staff when all other o ccupants of th e bui ld ing have gon e home,
however, ind ivid ual branch pipel in es should be sized to carry flows for all t aps on th at branch .
Example 1
Determ ine the probabl e simultaneous flow in a pi pe supplying 10 w ater clo sets , 20 wash
basins and 10 sinks in an office bu ilding :
10 clo set s x 2 lo ading units (from TAB LE 47) 20
20 basins x 1 loading unit (from TABLE 47 ) 20
10 sinks x 3 loading units (from TABLE 47) 30
= 70 loading units
The flow for 70 loading units read from TABLE 48 is 0 .73l itres per seco nd.
Example 2
D etermine the proba bl e sim ulta neous flow in a pipe supply ing 24 wa ter closets , 30 wa sh basins ,
2 sink s and a group of 6 showe rs in a factory .
24 closets x 2 lo ading units (from TABLE 47) 48
30 basins x 1 loading unit (from TABLE 47) 30
2 sinks x 3 lo ading unit s (from TABLE 47) 6
= 84 loading units
The flow for 84 loading units read from TABLE 48 is 0 .88 litres per second.
From TAB LE 47, 0 .30 litres per second is requ ired for each show er w it h 100mm rose.
Therefore 6 show ers x 0 .30 = 1.80 litres per second .
The probable simultaneous flow would be 0.88 for closets, basins and sinks , p lus 1.80 for
showers .
= 0 .88
1.80
2.68 litres per second
Records and test data of wate r d istribution aut ho ri t ies ind icat e that a further red uct io n can be mad e
to the probable simultaneous flow out of a watermain for most types of buildings. Thi s has the effe ct
of reducing incoming water service pi pes from w at ermains and provides for the inst all ation of small er
size w ater met ers, booster pumps and rising m ains. Va riou s bu ild ing type s are d iscussed under points
a to e following .
74
a. Hotels and Motels - commercial Sections
The probable simultaneous flow would be approximately 40 per cent of the total loading units
for the commercial sections, plus the flow required for any continuously run tap or sanitary
sanitary
b. Office Buildings and Residential Sections of Hotels and Motels - up to 10-12 floors.
The probable simultaneous flow would be approximately 20 to 25 per cent of the total loading
units.
c. Office Buildings and Residential Sections of Hotels and Motels - up to 12-23 floors.
10 to 15 per cent of total loading units.
d. Office Buildings - up to 23-40 floors.

8 per cent of total loading units.
e. Office Buildings - up to 40-80 floors.

6 per cent of total loading units.
Applications are required to be submitted to water distribution authorities for all proposed domestic
or industrial water services larger than 32mm diameter. A typical application form is given as an
example in TABLE 50.
4.3 THE CAPACITY OF WATER STORAGE TANKS FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS

The water storage for an office building should be based on a design criteria that 80 per cent of the
taps or sanitary fixtures will be used in a peak period of 10 minutes.
The capacity of the storage tank is obtained by multiplying the discharge in litres per second from the
tank x 60 to bring to minutes x 10 minutes peak period.
Example
An office building has 100 water closets, 100 basins, 24 sinks and 24 urinal cisterns. What capacity
water storage tank would be required?
Sanitary Flow to Taps and Total Flow

Fixtures Sanitary Fixtures litres per second
litres per second
(from TABLE 47)
100 cisterns 0.11 11.0

100 basins 0.12 12.0
24 sinks 0.22 5.28
24 urinal cisterns 0.08 1.92
Full flow total = 30.20 Q/s
80 per cent of full flow total (which is 30.20 litres per second) = 24.16 litres per second.
Therefore, 24.16 x 60 x 10 = 14496 litres
Tank Storage Capacity = 14.5 kilolitres
In addition it would be necessary to allow for any continuously run tap or sanitary fixture and for
make up water used by the air conditioning system.
In the case of this example the following applies:
peak 10 minutes discharge 14.5 kilolitres
maximum hour discharge 14.5 kilolitres
maximum day discharge 14.5 kilolitres
4.4 THE BRITISH EMPIRICAL METHOD OF FLOW DIVERSITY

A group of persons who were experienced in the design of plumbing systems have established a
table of "full-flows" (all taps opened simultaneously) corresponding to "probable simultaneous
flows". Th is data is reproduced in TAB LE 51.
An example of probable simultaneous flow assessment using this method of diversity is presented in
TABLE 52. Water flows to taps and sanitary fixtures served by a given pipe are added together,
enter the table with the number of litres per second found and read off the probable simultaneous
flow and select a pipe to carry this flow.
Although this method of obtaining probable simultaneous flows has been extensively used by both
government and private design enterprises, it would seem there is no foundation for its continued
use. The method which will give satisfactory flows with economically sized copper tubes and which
has been adopted by water distribution authorities is the loading unit method. Data relating to the
loading unit method is presented in TABLES 47,48 and 49.
75
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS SECTION
4.5 WATERMAIN TO WATER METER PIPE SIZING DATA

TABLES 53 and 54, set out water distribution authorities' requirements for water service connec-
tions to watermains, main to meter copper tube sizes and water meter sizes for a given number of
home units, flats, shops, town houses and villa homes. Pipe sizes stated in the tables are for main to
water meter pipe lengths not exceeding 30 metres (T AB LE 53) and for main to water meter pipe
lengths longer than 30 metres but not exceeding 130 metres (T AB LE 54).
TAB LE 53 also includes water distribution authorities' requirements for water services to market
gardens, flower farms, poultry farms and washing machines in laundromat premises.
The pipe sizes stated in the tables only have reference from the watermain to the outlet of the water
meter. Beyond the water meter the pipework must be sized on the probable simultaneous flow
required and the friction pressure loss resulting from that flow.
Whenever the total distance from the watennain to the water meter exceeds 30 metres the pressure
losses resulting from water flow should be calculated, Requirements of the water distribution
authority for pipes from watermain to water meter could be re-assessed in the light of total accept-
able pressure loss. Water flows can be established by selecting probable simultaneous flow values
from TABLE 56.
4.6 WATER SERVICES FOR TOWN HOUSES AND VIL LA HOMES

Water distribution authorities require that a 20 mm water meter be provided in the water service to
each town house or villa home. Each home would be supplied with a 20 mm copper service extend-
ing from a combined water service pipe. Details of a method of providing water services to eight
town houses or villa homes is given in TAB LE 55.
Where the total length of pipe from watermain to the farthest water meter offtake does not exceed
a distance of 30 metres, then the size of the combined water service pipe can be obtained from
TABLE 53. The size of this pipe is to continue undiminished and terminate with a stop end past the
last 20mm diameter town house or villa horne, water meter offtake.
When the total length of piping stated above exceeds 30 metres, water flows should be established
by selecting values from TABLE 56. Based on these flow values the pipework is sized to give the
requ ired flow at an acceptable friction pressu re loss.
An alternative method is given in TAB LE 55, note 2, for sizing the combined water service pipe from
the main to the farthest water meter offtake. These sizes apply when the pipe exceeds 30 metres but
is not longer than 130 metres.
4.7 ASSESSMENT OF PROBABLE SIMULTANEOUS FLOWS FOR HOME UNITS, FLATS,

TOWN HOUSES AND VILLA HOMES
Water flows to taps and sanitary fixtures in residential type buildings should comply with the
following data:
Taps or Sanitary Cold Water flow Hot Water Flow

Fixtures litres per second litres per second
W.C. Cistern 0.11
Basin 0.12 0.08
Shower 0.22 0.18
Bath 0.30 0.30
Kitchen sink 0.22 0.22
Laundry tub 0.23 0.23
Full flow total = 1.20 Q/s Full flow total 1.01 Q/s
For cold water the probable simultaneous flow to one dwelling unit would be 40per cent of the
full flow total, which is 40'10 of 1.20 -z- 0.48 litres per second.
For hot water the probable simultaneous flow to one dwelling unit would be 40 percent of the full flow total,
which is 40% of 1.01 '" 0.40 litres per second.
It is important to note that 0,48 litres per second would be the probable simultaneous flow with-
out the add ition of the hot water quantity. The reason is that one either has the cold water or hot
water flowing at any given time. Where combination flows of cold and hot water occur at sinks and
showers etc. then the total of the mixed flow quantity will not exceed the quantity of cold flow.
TAB LE 56, sets out the probable simultaneous flow data for both cold and hot water related to a
given number of dwelling units.
76
N OTE S ON PROB A BLE SIMlJLT A N EOlJS FL.OW D ATA PR ESENT ED IN TAB L E 5 6
a. Flow valu es l isted in t h e "Co ld Wat er M axi m u m " co lu m ns are th e m ax im um f lo w s t hat mo st
wa t er distribu t ion au t ho rit ies wi ll perm it t o be w ithd raw n fro m w aterm ain s.
Maxim um f lows cou ld b e appl ied t o d w ell ing un its w ith t h ree, four or fi ve bed ro om s, having
o ne o r t w o b at h room s. or o ne bath roo m and ensu ites .
b. F low values list ed in th e "Cold W ater M ini mum " co lum ns ar e t he min im u m flows t hat mo st
water d istribu tio n authorities r eq u ire to be su pp l ied to t he p ropert y.
M in imum so ld water values shou ld on ly be adopt ed w hen i nd iv id ual pack age hot w at er
heat ers are to be installed in t lw dw ell i ng un it s.
M in imu m f lo w s cou ld be ap pl ied to dwel l inq unit s hav ing on e or t wo bed ro om s, one bathr oom
and no ensu it es.
c. F low values lis ted in t he " Ho t " co lu m n are fl ow s f ro m cent ral t yp e ho t w at er syst em s. Thes e
sy stem s have com mo n p ipew ork risers and m etered hut wa ter d ist ri but ion pip es su pply ing
dwell ing u nit s.
T hese flow values cou ld be app li ed to dw elling u n it s hav ing t hree bedroom s and o ne bath roo m .
ror d w elling un its w it h m ore t han on e b athroom and having ensu it es. great er f lo w value s should
be ado pted .
VIIllere cent r al hot w ate r system s are proposed it is reco m m ended tha t ma x im um f lo w values
f or co ld w ate r inf lo w t o th e property be ad opted .
Th e d ata re lating t o "probab le sim u l t aneous ho t wa ter f low" wou ld be th e f lo w from a cent ral
mains pre ssure bank o f heaters, a calo rif ier or ho t w at er storage tank .
EXAMPLE OF PROBA BLE SIMlJLTANEOlJS FLOW A PPLICAT ION USING TABLE 56

For tw elve hom e u n it s each hav ing three bedrooms and one bat hroom, t he maxi mum co ld water
inflo w to th e property w o u ld be 1.94 l it res per seco nd . Th e hot wa t er out f lo w f rom cent ral type
hot wa te r heat ers w o u ld be 0 .90 Iit res per seco nd .
TAB LE 57 is prov id ed as an i llustration of co ld w at er fl ow di str ibut ion t hroughou t a b loc k of t welve

horne u nits or f lats. T he i llu stration is only vali d w here one p ipework ri ser is used t o supp ly all out -
let points w it h in a dwe lling unit . Th is method is su it able for co ld and hot wa t er f lows .
4.8 DISTRIBUTION OF FLOWS IN PIPEWORK R ISER S W ITH I N HOME UNITS AN D F LATS

TAB LE 56 sets out dat a o n prob able sim u lta neous w ate r f lo w s f o r a given number of dwelling units.
W hen it is proposed to have t wo or mo re pipework riser s per dwe ll ing u n it th e "p rob ab le simu ltaneous
f lo w " must be p ro po rt io ned acco rd ing to th e t aps and san it ary fi xtures each pipework ri ser is to
su pply .
V ariation s of pipew ork ris ers are '

a. Sin gle or d oub le kitch en/laundry pipewo rk r iser s sho u ld c arr y 37 .0% of the "probable simu l-
t aneous f lo w" st ated in TABLE 56 for th e number of d we l l ing uni ts being supp lied .
b. Sin gle or doub le bathroom p ip ework riser s sho u ld car ry 62 .5% of the "probable simu ltaneous
f lo w " sta t ed in TABLE 56 fo r th e nu mber o f dwe lling un it s bei ng supp lied .
Thes e percent ages are derived from laundry tub (0 .23) p lu s sink (0 .22) f lows which total 0 .45 lit res
per seco nd and w h ich repr esent 37 .5% o f t he fu ll f lo w tot al for a dwel li ng unit. The full f lo w total
for on e dw elling un it is 1.20 l it res per seco nd .
TAB L ES 58 and 5 9 ill ust rat e a m eth od for d eterm ining t he probable simu It aneous f lo w w it h in
pipework riser s w here th ere are t wo o r m or e pipework ri sers supplying each dwell ing unit .
77
HOT WATE R SECTI O N
4 .9 T EMPE RAT UR ES OF WATER ASSOCIAT ED W ITH HOT WATE R PIPEWO RK SYST EMS
T he foll owing are temper at u res of wate r de signed to give th e user satisfacti on for h is or her
purposes , to m eet pu blic he alth st and a rd s and temperatures required in engin eering to allow
t ransfe ren ce of he at .
Wate r Piping Se rvice Tem per at u re 0C

Aut ho r it ies' mains wat er 10 to 15
Ho t wa te r flow from a wat er hea t er 60
Hot wate r ret u rn to a water he at er 55
War m wate r f low from a w at e r heat e r 43
Warm wa t e r return to a wate r heate r 40
Primary ho t water f low fr om a ho t w at er bo iler usu ally 8 2 ) So met ime s 88 f low with
Pr im ary hot water ret u rn t o a ho t wa t er bo iler usuall y 70 ) 7 6 retu rn
Hot Wat e r Use Temperat ure 0C

Hand washing 40
Shaving 46
Showers 43
T herapeutic baths 43
Com mercial and industrial dishwashing 82
Co m mercial and institutional laundry 82
Residential dishwashing and laundry 60
Surgical scrubbing 43
Water in heated swimming pools 26
(week -end leisure use)
4 .10 AVA ILABILI T Y OF HOT WATER AT O UT LET TA PS

Hot w at er pipework systems sho uld be designed so that ho t w ater appears qui ck ly at the draw -off
t aps when opened , to avo id the running to wa ste of an undu e amo un t o f water wh ich has co o led w hile
sta nd ing in the pipes . The user sho uld not ha ve to wait mor e th an 30 seco nd s fo r t he ho t wate r he or
she desires to run f rom t he tap .
With these criteria in view, a seco nd ary cir cul ation syste m , w it h f low an d return pipe s f rom and to
the hot water storage tank should be used where justified.
Whether such a system is used or not, the length of pip e to a hot wat er d raw-o ff t ap , me asu red alo ng
th e pipe from the tap back to the storage t an k or seco nd ary ci rcul at io n pi pe shou ld not be great er
th an those stated in topic 4 .11 fo llowin g.
4.11 HOTWATER PIPING DEAD LEG LENGT HS

Recommended lengths of hot w at e r supply piping w it ho ut recirculation flo w of wa te r are st at ed
below.
a. For pipes supplying spray t aps a maximum de ad leg of 1 metre (0.2 l itres).
b. For pipe diamet ers to and includ ing 20mm a ma ximum d ead leg of 12 metres (2. 7 litres).
c. For pipes from hot water meters meteri ng home units or flats a max im um len gt h to the
farthest tap of 10 metres (2 .3 litres).
d. For pipe diam eter 25mm, a ma x imum d ead leg of 7.5 metres (3 -1 litres).
e. For p ipe diameters in excess of 25mm a max im um dead leg of 3 metres (3 lit res) .
TABLE 62 sets out data relating to the qu antity of w at er co nta ined in copper tubes of di fferent
sizes and th e line ar metres of tube equivalent to the conta ining of one litre of wat er.
78
4.1 2 WATER FLOW FR OM SECONDARY HOT WATER R ET U RN CI RCULAT IN G PUM PS
The flow from hot water ret urn pum ps is o bta i ned by calcul ating th e total w atts em issio n f rom the
pi pew o rk system, bo t h fl ow and ret urn pipelines.
Wat er flow s are measur ed in vo lume per unit time , i n t his case litres per second.
The flow of hot wate r return is obtained from the formula :
W x 10- 3
Q kJ /kg x 0C
w here: Q flow in litres per seco nd.

W watts emitted per metre run of insulated and un in sulated pipework per ho ur.
kJ /kg specific heat of wat er, 4187 joul es, say 4 .2 k il ojoules per kil ogr am . (Water
at 40C has a density of 1000 kilograms per cubi c metre).
temperature difference between second ay hot water flow and secondary hot
water retu rn in 0C .
Norm all y th e hot wate r fl ow tem per ature is at 60 0C and no more than 5° C is the desir ed tempera-
ture drop i n the syst em .
Ex ample: What wou ld be the l it res per seco nd flow from a hot water return pump when t he total
heat em issio n from t he combined f low and return pipe s is 750 W in o ne hour?
W x 10-3
Q
kJ /kg x 0C
750 X 10-3
4 .2 x 5
0. 75
4 .2 x 5
Q 0 .03 6 litres per second
say 0 .04 l itres per secon d
T he hot water return pump w ou ld be req uir ed to mo ve 0.04 litres per seco nd of 55 0 C w ater against
a head w hich must be calcul ated.
The follo wing is a t able giving the app ro xim ate heat em ission s from second ary hot water flow and
return pipework in w atts per met re run of pipe.
The information is based on 40 0C diffe rence mean' wat er to air W /m run fo r copper t ubes. Air sur-
rounding hot wa te r flow pipes is assum ed t o be 20 oC. Heat em ission f ro m in sulat ed surfacesw i ll
vary for different typ es and t h icknesses of in sul at io n .
T ABLE OF HEAT EMISSIO NS FRO M SECONDAR Y HOT WA T ER FLOW AN D R ET U RN

PIP EWOR K
Copper Bare Insulat ed
T ube Size. T ube. T ube.
mm Wl m run Wlm run
15 28 8
20 39 11
25 48 13
32 58 16
40 68 17
50 88 20
65 106 24
80 120 26
100 160 35
Heat losses given for insul ated pipework are b ased on m agnesia type in sulation 25mm thi ck or
equivalent type of in sul ation.
4 .13 WATER FLOW FROM PRIMARY HOTWATER CIRCULATING PUMPS

Th e f low from primary hot wa te r pumps is obt ained by calculat ing the required kilo w atts heat
em issio n from the hot wate r heating battery and primary fl ow and return pipelines.
Water flo ws are measured in volum e per unit time , in this case litres per seco nd .
Th e f low of primary hot w ater is obtained from the fo rmul a:
kW
Q
kJ /k g x (t 4 - t 3 )
wh ere : Q f low in litres per seco nd.
kW required heat transfer from heat in g battery to stored w ater, in kilowatt s
per hour .
temper ature o f primary flow in 0C
tempe ratu re of pr imary return in 0C
79
kJ / kg spec ific heat o f wat e r, 41 87 jo ules, say 4 .2 kilo jo u les per kilogram . (Water
at 4 0C has a de nsity o f 100 0 k ilo gram s per cubic me tre ).
Normally t he p rimary ho t wate r flo w t e mp erat u re is 8 2 0 C and no mo re than 12 0C is t he des ired
tem perature drop by hea t emissio n fr om th e heat ing battery .
Example 1
What flow wo uld be required fro m a p rima ry ho t wat er pu mp w hen the heat t o be transferred has
been calculated at 13 .13 kW in on e hou r? T he t em perature of th e primary hot water flow is 82 0C
and th e ret u rn wa ter is to ente r th e boi ler at a te m perature not less than 70 0 C.
13. 13
4 .2 x (82 - 70 )
0 .26 I it res per seco nd
T he pri ma ry ho t wate r pu mp wou ld be requi red to move 0 .26 litres per second of 82 0C water against
a head w h ich m ust be calcu late d.
4.14 SI ZI NG O F BATT ERY TYP E HOT WAT ER HEATI N G CO I LS

Thi s t y pe o f heat ing coi l is used in hot wat er ca lorifiers, hot water and warm water floating draw -off
type storage t an ks.
Example 1
Calculat e t he su rface area o f 20 nominal size co p pe r tube required to raise t he temperature of water
cont ained in a ho t water flo at ing draw -off tank from 15 0C to 60 0C in a two hour period? Energy
req uired is 26 .26 kW divid ed by two hours, equal s bo iler power of 13.13kW. The temperature of the
p rim ary f low wa te r is 82 0C and t he te mperature of t he water returning to th e boiler from the heating
coil is 70 0 C.
Formula:
A
~t4 ~ t3 ) - (t 2 ;tl~ X W/m
2
wh ere : A su rface area o f t he heating battery in square metres . m 2

kW req u ired heat tr ansfer fro m heating battery to stored water, in kilowatts per
ho u r.
t emp e rat u re of primary flow in 0C
t em perature o f primary return in 0C
t e mpe rat u re t o which secondary hot water is to be heating in °c
tem perat u re o f sto red water befo re heat ing in °c
he at flo w rat e f ro m co ppe r heat ing ba tte ry in w atts per sq ua re metre =
500 W1m 2 . 50 0 W1m2 heat t ransfe r rat e is based on velo c ity in th e heati ng
tubes of 0 .3 met res per seco nd .
13.1 3 X 10 3
A
(82; 70) - (60 ~ 15) x 500
13 .13 x 10 3
(76 - 37 .5) x 500
13 130
38 .5 x 500
13 130
19 250
A 0 .68 squ ar e metres o f heating surface.
Example 2
Calcul at e th e len gth of 20 nominal size co ppe r tu be required to co nstr uc t a he ating battery w hich
wou ld have a heatin g surfac e o f 0 .68 squ ar e metres ?
80
Fo rmul a:
L A
w here: L leng t h of 20 nom ina l s ize co pper tube in t he he at ing battery in me tres . m
A surface a re a of t he heat ing battery in square m etres ca lcu lated f ro m exa mp le
1. m 2
Do outsid e di ameter of the co p pe r t u be used in t he heat ing battery in m et res.
m
(T ype B , 20 nomi na l size = 19 .05 mm 0 .0 .)
= 0 .01 9 05m 0 .0 .)
IT 3. 14 16
L 0 .68
3 . 14 16 x 0 .0 19 05 x 1
0 .68
0 .0 6
L 11 .3 metres o f 2 0 nomin a l size copper tube.
Exampl e 3
Ca lcu late the tube ve loc ity in metres per seco nd . T o ac h ieve a heat t ransfe r rat e o f 5 0 0 w atts per
squ are m etre o f heati ng surface t he velo c ity is no t to exceed 0.3 met res per second thro ugh each
U-tube .
Th e wa ter q ua nti t y requi red t o f low in t he pri ma ry ho t w at e r flow p ipe lin e is 0 .2 6 lit res per second
o f 8 2 0 C w ate r.
Th e heati ng surface required is to be 0. 68 sq uar e metres .
Th e m inimum length o f 2 0mm nomi na l s ize co ppe r tube req u ired fo r the co ns t ructi o n o f t he heating
batte ry has be en ca lcu lated to be 11 .3 me t res .
Assu mi ng that t he le ngt h o f eac h U-t u be is 1 metre (2 metres t otal len gth ) t hen th e number of U-t u bes
requi red wo uld be 11 .3 -;- 2 = say 6 . Each U-tu be is co ns id ered as o ne pa ss.
To de termi ne t he t u be velocity :
Formula :
T u be ve loci ty 4000 x Q/ s x No . of pa sses
IT d 2 in mm No . o f t u bes
4000 x 0 .26 x J..

3 .14 16 17 .01 2 6
10 40
54 5 3 .93
T u be ve lo c ity 0 .19 1 metres per sec o nd
Note : 17 .01 mm is t he in te rn al d iameter o f t y pe B co pp e r t u be.
4 .15 NATURAL HOT WATER CIRCULATION IN SECONDARY CIRCULATION PIPES

.1 Principles of Flow
Natural circu latio n o f ho t wa te r dep en ds o n the c irc u lat io n pr essure av a ilab le and th e fri ctio nal
resist ance of th e m ain pip e c irc uit .
Ho t w at e r return pipes s ho u ld be s ized so t h at t he to ta l heat e m issio n from th e c irc ui t do es no t low e r
th e hot wa ter flo w t emp er atur e less t h an 8 0 C or more t han 22 0C . An acc ept ab le tem pe rat ure drop
fo r a natura l ci rc u lat io n sys te m wo u ld be 60 0 C flow , 500C return , a llow ing a t emperature d ro p of
10 0 C.
Th e hot wa ter flo w required to co m pe nsa te for he at e m issio ns from t he pip ing sys te m and to ensure
th at w at er at th e req u ired tempera ture is avai lab le at tap s an d san itary fi xt u res ca n be d eterm ine d
from t he fo rm u la :
W X 10 -3
kJ /kg x 0C
w here: Q f low in lit res pe r seco nd .

W W ~ t ts em it te d per metre run of insu lated and uninsu lat ed pipework per
ho u r .
kJ /kg spec if ic heat of w ate r, 4 187 jo u les, say 4. 2 k ilo jo u les per ki log ram .
(Wate r at 4 0 C h as a de nsi t y of 1000 kilo g ram s p er c u bic m etre) .
t ernp er atur e differ en ce between sec o nda ry hot w ate r f lo w and second ary
hot wa te r ret urn in °C .
81
Example 1
What is the litres per second natural circulation flow in a hot water piping system, when the total
heat em ission from the combined flow and return pipes is 750 W in one hour? The water temperature
drop in the system is to be 10 0 C .
W X 10-3
Q
kJ /kg x 0C
750 X 10-3
4.2 x 10
0.75
4.2 x 10
Q 0.018
say 0 .02 litres per second circulation flow.
Information giving the approximate heat emissions from secondary hot water flow and return pipe-
work in watts per metre run is given in CHAPTER 4 , topic 12.
The flow pipe of a secondary circuit is also the hot water distributing pipe and should be sized to
carry the probable simultaneous flow required by the taps and sanitary fixtures .
TAB LE 47 gives data relating to hot water flows in litres per second and loading un its . TAB LE 48
relates total loading units to probable simultaneous flows .
.2 Density of Water at Various Temperatures

In the S.l. system of measurement, density of water is expressed as kilograms per cubic metre
(kg/m 3 ) .
Water is most dense at 4 0C (1000 kq/rn ' } . This density decreases with increase of temperature while
at the same time the volume increases. TABLE 60 sets out the densities of water over a temperature
range of OOC to 140 0C .
.3 Circulating Pressure
I n a natura I circu lation pipe ci rcu it, it is necessary to calcu late the circu lati ng pressu re In
order to determine the allowable friction loss per metre run of effective pipe length. This can be
obtained by the fo rmula :
Formula: CP (Densitv, - Density) ) x H X 10-3

where : CP circulating pressure in metres head. m
Densitv , density of water in hot water return pipe. (50°C) kq/rn :'
Density) density of water in hot water flow pipe. (60°C) kg/m 3
H vertical height from hot water storage tank to top main circu it
flow branch in metres. m
Example 2
What is the available metres head circulating pressure that can be lost due to friction from w at er
flow in the ma in circuit of a natural circulation hot water system ?
The vertical height from the hot water storage tank to the top main circuit flow branch is 21 .6
metres.
The secondary hot water flow temperature is expected to be 60 0C and the secondary hot water
retu rn 50 0C . The densities of water at different temperatures can be obtained from TAB LE 60.
CP (Densitv., - Densitv] x H X 10- 3

(988 .0 - 983.2) x 21 .6 x 10 - 3
4 .8 x 21 .6 x 10- 3
CP 0 .104 m head or 104 mm head
Therefore the total pressure lost to friction,due to flow of water in the main piping circuit must
not exceed 0.104 m head. The pressure available to be lost per metre can be derived by dividing.the
total main pipe circuit length, plus equ ivalent length for fittings and valves, into the metres head
circulating pressure, which in this example is 0.104 m or 104 mm .
.4 Friction Loss Data

Data relating to exceptionally small water flows and pressure losses expressed in millimetres per
metre run are not herein presented .
82
TABLE 47

4.1 COLDANDHOTWATERFLOWSTOTA~
AND SANITARY FIXTURES
COL. 1 COL. 2 COL. 3 COL. 4 COL. 5
HOT WATER FLOW
TAPS AND COMBINATION COLD WATER % RELATED LOADING UNITS
SANITARY FIXTURES COLD & HOT FLOW TO COL. 2 FOR COLD & HOT
WATER FLOW 100% OF COL. 2 Combination Single WATER FLOW
Outlet Outlet
75 % 100%
QJs QJs QJs QJs No .
BIB TAPS - Ov er any

sani tary fi xtu re 0.22 - 0.22 3
ot her th an
li sted below
BASIN 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.12 1

Wi th spr ay
BASIN -
taps 0.04 0 .04 0.03 0.04 %
BATH 0.30 0.30 0.30 8

I
-
CLEANEWS SINK 0.22 0.22 - 0.22 3
CISTERN - Uri nal 0.08 0.08 - - 2
CISTERN - Wat er cl oset 0.11 0.11 - - 2
DRINKING FOUNTAIN 0.04 0.04 - - '12

- Wat er
FLUSHOMETER storage tan k 0.08 0.08 - - 2
inf low per
flu shom eter
- 20 mm 0.30 0.30 - 0.30 8

HOSE TAPS
- 15 m m 0.22 0.22 - 0.22 4
KITCHEN SINK 0.22 0.22 - 0.22 3
LAUNDRY TUB 0.23 0.23 - 0.23 3

- N oz zle t y pe 0.22 0.22 0.17 - 3 for CWo 2 for HW.
SHOWER
- 100 mm rose 0.30 0.30 0.23 - 4 for CWo 3 for HW.
- Dom esti c
WASHING cl othes 0.10 0.10 - 0.10 3
MACHINE - Domesti c
dishes 0.10 0.10 - 0.10 3
APPLICAT ION APP LICATION APPLICATION APPLICATION
COLD & HOT COLD WA TER HOT WATER FLOWS LOADING UNITS ARE
WATER FLOWS FLOWS THROUGH THROUGH PIPES APPLIED TO A
REQU IRED A T PI PES WHERE WHERE DI VERSIT Y DIVERSIT Y TABLE
EACH TAP SET . DIVERSITY IS NOT IS NOT TO BE TO GI VE PROBAB LE
TO BE CONSIDER- , CO NSI D ER ED. SIMULTANEOUS
ED . FLOWS THROUGH
PIPES.
NOTE: Flows t o certa in taps, sa nitar y f ixt ur es and outl ets shou ld not be reduced by app lying a diversity factor.
These inclu de wash fo unta ins, wash basin s f itted w ith spray t aps, wash trough t aps, rows of showers in
ablution b locks and wat er demands of A .C. sy st ems. In bu ilding s wh ere h igh peak demands occur, loading
unit di versity is not app licab le and design flows mu st be based on full flow to each outl et.
83
TABLE 48
- -- -- ---- ---- -- - - - - - - - - - -
Topic No. Descri ption
PROBABLE DIVERSITY OF FLOW,
l
4.2 -
SIMULTANEOUS LOADING UNITS TO L1TRES PER SECO ND
FLOW DATA.
- -- --- --
PROBABLE PROBABLE PROBABLE PROBABLE
SIMULTA- SIMULTA· SIMULTA- SIMULTA·
NEOUS NEOUS NEOUS NEOUS
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
LOADING L1TRES/ LOADING ~LITRES/ LOADING ~;I TRES/ LOADING L1TRES/

UNITS ~SEC. UNITS ~ SEC. UNITS -- SEC. UNITS - SEC.
_ ._- ----- --------
1.57 8.78
.._
._._-- - -
1 0.1 0 170 1440 5. 60 2800
- f-- - - - - - - - - t-:--- -- - - ~ ._ - - -_ ._
2 0.12 180 1.65 1480 5. 68 2840 8.94

-- -_._._-_._--
~ --~;: l~~
3 0.15 190 1.72 9.0/
- _._ - - - - - -- ._ - - 2880
- - --- - --- - -
4 0.18 200 1.80 29 20 9.09
._ -- --- -- - - -- --
5 0.21 240 1.97 2960 9.24
- - ~- 1640-- - t - -- 6.06 -- - 1 - - - - -- .--
- - -- - - -- _____9_._3..:.1_ _-1
6 0.23 280 2.20 3000
7 0.24 320 2.42 .
1680 ~--- 6.13 9.39
-- f-- .- - - - -- - - - --- - . - - --. - - 30 4 0 -
--_._---_ . ..- - --_. _ - - - ~---- l~=-
f . .--:-::-~----
8 0.25 360 2.57 1720 6.29 3080 9.47
f----- -
9 0.26 400 2.73 1760 6. 3 6
~. -- - - - - - f - - -. - --'--- - I----,--- - - - - --c-- .- - ---- .- -- - - --3120 ----'..
10 0.27 440 2.95 1800 6.4 4 3 160
- - - - - -- """- ----- - -- - ---._--- ---- - -_._ - --_. /-- - - -- _ . _- - 1--9. 77-
11 0.2 8 480 3. 10 1840 b~ 5 1 32 00
. ..- -- _ . _ -- --- --._- - - - - - - -
3. 26 -- ' - - 324 0- - -1
12 0.29 520 1880 6.66 9.84
----- ----_._- --- - -- - - - _.- -----,-- - -- -- -
13
14
0.30
0.31
560
600
3.4 1
3.48
19 20
----- - --- --- -
6.74
-
f---
------
--
1960
-
- --
9.92
- _.. _
- -
6.82
- - -- - f-- --- - - - - -
~~ 32'o ~=l
3320
- --- -- -
10. 00
- - - - --
15 0.32 640 3. 64 2000
- ---.- -- -
6.89 3360 I 10./ 5
1
- 1--- -_. _ - - -- 1--- - - - - - - 1--. .- -- -- -- -, --- ~ - ~
16 0.33 680 3.79 2040 7.04 3400 10.22

f - - - - -.--. f---- - - --i - ---- --
17 0.34 720 3.86 2080 7. 12 3440 10. 30
1---. ._ - - - - 1--- - - --- - - -
18 0.35 760 4.01 2 '120 , 7. 19 3480 10. 45
..----r-- - - -- - - - - -- - -- - -- -- - -
19 0.36 800 4.09 2160 i 7.27 3520 10.5 3
=+= T--7.~__-- t--.

20 0.38 840 4. 17 __ _ 2200 __ 3560 10.60
1--- - -- .-
30 0.42 880 4.32 2240 7.50 3600 10. 68
f---- -- ~ . - - - - -- -- 1-- - -
4.39
_-"2320
.o .~ ~ ~ - - --3680- _.
40 0.45 920 3640 /0.8 3
._-
50 0.52 960 4.47 7.65 10.91
--- - - --- ---- - - - - - - - - . - ----1
60 0.64 1000 4.54 2360 7.80 3720 10.98
-- - _ ._--- _ ._ - - _.-
- - - -- - - f - - - -- - - -
7.88
70 0.73 1040 4.70 2400
- - - - - -- - - - -- -- -
4.77
__
- ---_. .- -_._ - - - - -._- - /1_.0._6 - -
7.95
37 60
80 0.83 1080 2440
- - -- - _.- - - _ ._- - --- - -- - - ._._---- - -
3800 11.1 3
f--- ----- -- -- -
I
- --- ~ - -
90 0.92 1120 4.85 2480 8.03 3840 11. 28

f - - --- - -- f - - - - - - --
-- 25 20----T 8. /8
--- f--.
100 1.00 1160 5. 00 3880 11. 3 6
- ._ - -- - - -- --_ .
1./0 1200 8.25 11. 4 4
-- """--- ---- -- -_.._--- - _ ._ - - - --- - - - - - - - - --
110 5.07 2560 3920
120 1.20 1240 5. 15 2600 I 8. 33 3960 11. 5 1
.- .- - -------- - ·-f-..- ·- --- ·- - · r·-.-- ------- -- - --- - ----- - - - - - --
130 1.27 1280 5.23 2640 I 8.48 . 4000 11. 6 6
:::.-:- ::;- --:: : :-:;;::===+-.: :~:l== =

--~
140 1.35
150
160
1.42
1.50 1400
-f-- -- - -----=r=:--- .--- -- ---
L...._ _ _ _ _ _ __ ...L_ _5.53
_ _ _ _ ._._ _ 2760
_ ___ _ _..__
8.71_._ _ ______ _._.___ -.1 _
NOTE : When assessing de sign fl ow s, taps and sa nita ry f ixt ure s used o ut of ho ur s, such as cleaner 's sin ks and
ho se taps should be ignor ed. In add it io n ta ps and o ut lets such as ai r co nd it io ni ng pla nt w hic h req ui re
full flow shou ld have th at fl ow added to th e prob abl e sim u lt aneo us fl o w req uired for al l ot he r t aps
and san ita ry fixtures in t he bui ld ing.
...._ - - -- ----,- - -_._- - -_.-._. __ ._•...._- --- -- - - -'
84
TABLE 49
Topic No. Description THE LOADING UNI T

4.2 PROBABLE SIMULTANEOUS - METHOD OF "PROBABLE
FLOW EXAMPLE SIMULTANEOUS FLOW"
\-
LEGEND : 79 LU . = 0 .82 Q/s
----
L U. = LOAD ING UN IT 59 L U. = 0 .63 Q/s _
-~
Qls = L1TRES PER SECOND CO L D WAT ER 79 LU .
STO RAGE = 0.82 Qls
T A NK
HOT
WATE R tJ CO L D ~
PLANT
ROOM.
T AN K ~ L U. =0 .82 Q/s'--,
U I WATE R
SU PPL Y
I
59 L U. = 0 .63 Q/s
- 79 LU . = 0 .82 Q/s
HW. _ _ H.W.
r-- CW. _ _
- 7
C.W.
I I I I
oJ
-
5T H. OJ OJ Q~ / / 66 66 6(5 66
FLOO R. 3-WC. CISTERNS B SIN 4-BAS IN S
54 LU . = 0.58 Q/s
68 LU . = 0 .72 Q/s
LL
ih
3·SHOW ERS ~~
IU SI N K
~l-?-f H,W._
CW. _
- 7
H,W
C.W.
?j
4T H . V / Lo La Lo
F LOO R . 3·WC. CISTE RN S
42 L U. = 0.47 Q/s
50 L U. = 0 .52 Q/s
2·SHOWE RS SINK
~I
~o 9~H.W _
C.W. _
_
_
-
,/
7 ~..~.---1 f I
3R D .
F LOOR . WC. CISTER N
./
66 BAS IN
32 L U. = 0.42 Q/s
38 LU . = 0.45 Q/s
LL
3·SHOWERS ~~ SHOWE R
fJ
IU
2ND .
Ll if ~I-=~.~.= -
-:
V
7
H.W.
C.W. I
66
I
66 CO
FLOOR. BAS I N BAS IN WC . CIST ERN
18 L U. = 0 .35 Q/s
22 LU. = 0 .39 Q/s
SINK SI NK
if ? f _ H .W-
C.W. _ _
-
./
7
H.W.
C.W. I I I
1ST.
FLOOR .
/
66 06
3-BA SINS
06
9 LU . = 0 .26 Qls
a:
~ f-'------- 13 LU . = 0 .30 Q/s
SH OWER
iI
SINK SHOWER ~
I
Ll H.W_ _
C.W.
-
- -
-V V
7
H.W.
C.W. fl
Lo Lo
GRD .
F LOOR. '-' 2-WC . CISTERNS
NOTE : Loading un it values for tap s and sanit ary fixt ures have been taken f rom TABLE 47. Loading unit conv ersion
values in Iit res per second have been tak en from TA B LE 48.
85
TABLE 50

4.2 EXAMPLE OF AN AUTHORITY'S APPLICATION FORM
FOR WATER SERVICES LARGER THAN 32 mm.
REQUEST FOR DOMESTIC AND/OR INDUSTRIAL WATER SERVICES LARGER THAN 32 mm IDIA.)
Name of Pr o per ty O w ner A d d r ess o f P r oper t y
N am e o f App li ca nt
R el at i on sh ip t o o w ner ( e . q , a rc hit ect p lu mb e r et c. )
W a t er re q ulred for - D D o m e st i c 0 I n d u st r ia l D O t h er P u rp oses ... ..... .......... ........ ... ... ............ (t i c k ap pr o p r iat e b ox )
S i z e o f con nect io n d esir ed to be made t o w a r er rn xtn ........ ...... ........ .. mm
F IXT U R ES (t o be i n st a li ed) Ai R CON D IT ION I NG
O ff ice Use
N umbe r On ly
(a) W ate r C losets .• .. .. ......... ..... ......... ........... I f a i r co nd it ion ing equ ipme nt is t o be insta ll ed i nd ic ate
( b ) Uri nal Cis tern s .. .. ......... .... . ....... .. ........... B ra n d. . .... .... .... . ... .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. ... .... .. .. .... .. ..... .. . .. .. ... ... ...
(c) Basi ns .. .. .. .. .. ....... ..... ... .... .. .... ...... . Tota l Ca paci ty ..... ...... ... .. ...... ..... .. .... ..... ....... .......... .. .. kW
(d ) Poi nt s at W ash Troug h s .. . ....... ...... .... .... ........ .... F l o w f or m a k e- u p wa te r . ......... ....... ........ ......... ........ ... titr esyse c.
(e) Bat hs .. .. .. .. ............. . .................... utr es/ no u r

(f) S howers .. .. .. ... ..........
, .. ..... ........ .....
(g ) Dr i n ki ng F o un t a in s .. .. . .......... ... ........... ......... F l o w f or b leed-off wa t e r ............... ................ ... ..... ..... l itr esyho ur
( h) S in ks - Kitc he n .. .. ...... .. ...... .. ..... ..... ........

C lea ne rs .. .. .. ............ ........ ....... .....
L ab o rato r y .. . .... .... .... . ........ ...... ...... O THER E Q U IPM EN T
( i) L a und r y T ubs .. .. . . .......... .. ... ........ .... .....
(j) Othe r .. I f a ny ot her wat er-us inq equ ipment i s t o be i n st a ll ed
... ...... ... .. ..... .... ....... ..... .... ...... .............. ........... .... ... .. a t t a c h l i st show ing :
.. ........ ....... ..... ... ...... .............. ....... .... ... ..... .... ... ... ..... l. It em
2. To tal qua ntity of water r eq uired p er day ( l it re s)
3. Water fl OW r eo u l r ed (I itres/ Se c.)
S T O R A G E TAN K S : I f st o rage t a n k s ar e to be erec t ed in d icate t h e n u m ber ... .. . .. . ... .. .. ... . .. .... ... ... . .. .. .. ... ...... a n d ca pacit y of -
D omest i c ........... .. ........... ..... ... ......... ...... Ki lo l it re s
Fire H ydran t ......................... ............... "

Fire S pr i nk le r .... ............ ....... ..... ............ "
PU MPS : I f pumps are to be in st a l le d o n th e se rv ice comp le t e Scheau le .......... .... ... and su b mi t i t w i t h this sta t e m e nt , attachin g o n e
co py of the p ump cha ra ct e r ist ic curve.
-- -
OT H ER I N FO R MAT IO N w hich m a y in f lu e nce t he a u t ho ri ties ' a e ci sion on t h is a p p licat io n .......... ............ .. .. .... ........ .. ...... ............ ...
.... ..... ........ ....... .. ..... ..... .......... ............ ............. ..... .. ....... ....... .. ..... ... .... ...... .. ........ ....... .................. ................ ... ....... ........... .. ..... .... ... .. ....
.. .... ................ .. ...... ...... .... .. ........ ........... .. ..... .... ...... ........................ ...... .... .. .... .......... .................. ............ ........... ... .......... .... ...... .. ..... .. ...
.. ................. ........... ......... ....... ............ .... .......... .......... ..... ........ ......... .... .... ..... ....... ............ ................ ...... .. ...... .... .. ........ ............ ............
... .... ........ .... ... ... .................... ............ ............ ... ................ ............. ...... ... ............... .......... .... ..................... .... ..... .... ..... ....... .. ... .. ...... ... ...
......... ......... .......... .................. .... ......... .. ...... ............... ..... .......... .... .... ... .............. .... ... ....................... ........ ..... .... .. .................. .... ..........
............. ........ ..... ............ ..... ........................ ........... ...... ........................ . ...... ............ .... .............. .... ......... ............... .... .... ..... . ....... .... ......
.. .... ... ..... .... .. ...... ........... ........ .... .... ........ ....... ....... .................. ......... ........ ..... ...... ....... ..... ............ ........ .... ... ..... ............ .... ........ ........... ....
.. ............. .... .... ... .... .......... .. ........................ ..... .... ............................... .... ......... ....................... ..... ............................... ...... .... ........... .....
APP U CANT' S REF ER E N CE : S ho u ld fu r t h er in f or m a ti o n be r eq ui r ed to whom shou ld the lnq u l r tes be add ressed ?
Na me. .. .... . .. . . ... .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. . ... .. .. . ... . ... .. ... ..... .. .. . .. . .... .. .. . T e l eph on e .. ...... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... ... ext . ........... ............ ........ .. ........
S igned . . .... . ... ... . . .... .... ... .. ... .. .. . ...... .... . ... . ... .... . ... .. .. ... ... Dow n er D A ge n t ( t ick a p pr op r iate b o x) ..... .. ........ / ............. / .........
NOTE: W he n co m p leted th e state me nt sho u l d b e se n t t o - T he Secretary of the a p pr o pr iate w a t e r di str ib u t ion autho r it y an d
m a r ked fo r t h e att en t i on of the D ist r i b ut i on Engineer.
86
TABLE 51
Topic No. Description THE BRITISH EMPIRICAL METHOD

PROBABLE EXTRACTED FROM CODE OF PRACTICE 342
4.4
SIMULTANEOUS - " F U L L FLOW" CORRESPONDING TO
FLOW DATA "PROBABLE SIMULTANEOUS FLOW"
FULL FLOW PROBABLE SIMULTANEOUS FLOW

(ALL TAPS OPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY)
L1TRES PER SECOND L1TRES PER SECOND
Upto 0.91 100% of the Max . Possibl e

1.06 0.98
1.21 1.10
1.36 1.21
1.51 1.33
1.74 1.44
1.97 1.55
2.27 1.70
2.65 1.82
3.03 1.97
3.48 2.12
4.01 2.27
4.62 2.42
5.38 2.57
6.13 2.80
6.36 2.95
8.10 3. 18
9.31 3.41
10.75 3.64
12.34 3.94
14.28 4.24
16.36 4.62
18.78 4.92
21.66 5. 38
24 .92 5.83
28 .63 6.43
32.94 7.19
37.86 7.88
Any Greater Flows 20% of the Max . Possible
THE SIMULTANEOUS FLOW FOR A GROUP OF SHOWERS MAY EXCEED 90% OF FULL FLOW.
87
z SHOW ER -l C1
o o ::I:
-l WASH ING . 0 .22 '2.
m MACH INE TUB n l>
I SINK Z iJ
"""0 -n 0 .10 ('\0 .23 0 .22 o -i
(3 0" ~ m
~ ::0
g-:::
0"< ·32 mm ~
- Q) 0 .12
ro -
'"
- · cro
3 V>
32 mm BAS IN BA T H W.C.CIS TERN
c ~
;::; 0- 1.30
Q) n
:J Q) 1.20 £1
ro ,...
o ro
c Q. SINK SIN K
'" ,... 22 -n"""OO C1
~o 1.-11..
1.00 Q/s 1°. 1°·22 r::lJro
o ro OOC!) o
~ ~ :E ttl ::!. r
< ::r t><J ~" - I I I :t>'tl o
~,... 32mm 10.12 60.12 LO o. 11 L.o0.11 Lo0.11 -0 0 .11 ~.
m ttl
c Q) XrO l>
ro '"0 40 mm BASIN BASIN 4 - W.C. CISTERNS »m:J z
"" Q)
::r:J S:en o
~ Q.
I "Fu ll F l ow" ! 2 .4 2 ,,-
ro V> 1.75QI rS: ::I:
Q) " Probab le Simult an eou s F lo w "l
O"" CLE ANER 'S SINK o
ro :J
-,
mer
ro ,... 1.39 SINK -I
-i
:J ~ 22 :t> ~
,...-< 1~£ls ~ , 1 °. 0 .22 z -i
Q)
7' _
- .
r m l> l>
ro X o -i to
:J ,... m
00 c 32~ C O. 30 L:()0.30 10.12 10.12 LO o .11 e r
00 en ::0 m
o-...,ro 50 mm BATH BATH BAS IN BASIN W.C . CISTERN ." c.n
3 ~ N
-l ~ URINA L iJ
:t> ;::; 3.8 1 4 - SHOW ERS m
CIST ER N
OJ m 2.18 QI 0 .22 " 0 .22 0 .22 0.22 0 .08 en
r '" N
m"O 1.20 0-1
Ul ~ ill Qls "Tl:I: Z
'"
.~ ro · m C)
o ';ttl
o ::lJ::lJ
:::J 32 mm 0. 12 0 . 12 0-
Q. -0 Q
Q)
ttl~
50 mm BASIN BASIN »en
:J
Q. ttl:I:
::T
rm
Q)
\ " Fu ll Fl ow " 1 5 .0 1 ms:
<
ro l "Probab le Simu ltaneou s Flow" 2.50 Ql s SI N K SI NK en"
0- ~i
ro
ro 02 2 e -
:::J SINK Lao 12 rn
,...
Q)
l-~ ~0 . 22 1. 0.22
1 . [ 0.12 LOo.12 . -I»
7'
ro 0 .96 0 'AS IN BASI N
»r
32 mm zs:
:J mm
-
~, BA SI N
0-1
6.0 3
o
- 2.70 QI e:I:
3 eno
-l 50 mm "Tl0
:t> r
OJ FLOW FR OM W AT ERMAIN
o
r :E
m
.j:>
-...J
TABLE 53
Description TYPES OF PROPERTIES,

Topic No.
WATERMAIN TO WATER METER PIPE SIZING
4.5 - WATERMAIN TAPPINGS ,
DATA, WHERE MAIN TO METER DISTANCE COPPER TUBE SIZE,
DOES NOT EXCEED 30 m. WATER METER SIZE.
COL. 1 COL. 2 COL. 3 COL. 4
HOME UNITS,
FLATS & SHOPS, WATERMAIN COPPER TUBE WATER METER
TOWN HOUSES & TAPPINGS. SIZE . SIZE .
VI LLA HOMES .
No . No . mm mm mm
1 ONE x 20 20 20
2 ONE x 25 25 20
.
3 TO 5 ONE x 25 32 25
6 TO 10 ONE x 25 40 32
11 TO 16 TWO x 25 50 40
17 TO 50 TWO x 25 65 50
51 TO 100 TEE BRANCH 100 COPPER OR 100 C.I.C .L . 50 OR 80
FOR 30 OR MORE
DWELLING UNITS THE
PRESSURE LOSSES DUE
TO FLOW MUST BE
CALCULATED AND THE
SIZES GIVEN IN COL
UMNS 2,3 & 4 ADJUSTED
ACCORDINGLY .
MARKET GARDENS,
I FLOWER FARMS,
ONE x 25
MA XIMUM SIZE
40
MA XIMUM SIZE
32
MAXIMUM SIZE
POUlTRY FARMS.
lAUNDROMAT
WASHING MACHINES
No.
1 TO 5 ONE x 25 32 25
6 TO 9 ONE x 25 40 32
10 TO 13 TWO x 25 50 40
OVER13 TWO x 25 65 50
89
TABLE 54
Description TYPES OF PROPERTIES,

Topic No.
WATERMAIN TO WATER METER PIPE SIZING _ WATERMAIN TAPPINGS,
4.5 DATA, WHERE MAIN TO METER DISTANCE COPPER TUBE SIZE,
EXCEEDS 30 m BUT IS NOT GREATER THAN 130 m. _WA T ER METER SIZE.
COL. 1 COL. 2 COL.3 COL. 4
HOME UNITS,
FLATS & SHOPS, WATERMAIN COPPER TUBE WATER METER
TOWN HOUSES & TAPPINGS. SIZE. SIZE.
VI LLA HOMES.
No. No. mm mm mm
1 ONE x 25 25 20
2 ONE x 25 32 20
3 TO 5 ONE x 25 40 25
6 TO 10 TWO x 25 50 32
11 TO 16 TWO x 25 65 40
17 TO 50 TEE BRANCH 80 50
51 TO 100 TEE BRANCH 100 COPPER OR 100 C.I.C.L. 50 OR 80
FOR 30 OR MORE
DWELLING UNITS THE
PRESSURE LOSSES DUE
TO F LOW MUST BE
CALCULATED AND THE
SIZES GIVEN IN COL -
UMNS 2,3 & 4 ADJUSTED
ACCORDI NG LY.
90
-I CO)
o :::I:
'tl
I (;. »""C
NOTE 1: SIZING OF COMBINED WATER NOTE 3: SIZING OF WATER SERVI CE 2
OFFTAKE PIPE
-i
SERVICE PIPE. I fo '? m
WHE R E MA IN TO FART HEST WA TER METER WHER E WATE R SER VI CE en :JJ
O FFTAK E DOE S NOT EX CEE D 30 m , OFFTA KE PIPE DOE S NOT ~
SELE CT PIPE SI ZE FR OM T A B L E 53 . EX CEED 30 m T O WATER

THE PIPE SI Z E MU S; CONT I N U E UN D IM IN I SHED ME T ER , SE L ECT PIPE SIZ E
T O ST OP END . FR OM T ABLE 53 .
TOWN HOUSES
OR
VILLA HOMES
S:::§:O CO)
ml>~ 0
-I -I ~ r
WA T ER J: rn ::!.
o :0 'tl 0
2~M ET ER ~ 20mm 1.. . . . 20 mm j.. . . . 20 m m o s: ct.
en l> g »
Z
"Tl-
::---i2H><l-::l 1--iZl-i><H t~ t-lZrC><8 0
z 0 2
1/ :0 -1 :::I:
<{
t WA TER 1"- -1 0 0
l/20mm 20 m m METER l- 20 m m O::§: -i
A IN
~~ I I;M:PPING PATH v 20 m m v O F FT AK E ::§: l> -i
T AP 2-1 ~
TEE J:m » »
OJ
~ COMBI NED WATER SE RVI CE -i
CD Vl ---.J....-
, PIP~I ~~STOPEN D 0:0 r
w c s: m m
f-
/I'- ':\ \:
40mm T EE 40 m m en m :JJ
40 mm .: m -l 0'1
a: WA T ER
enm ""C 0'1
M ET ER Q:O :O ""C
I 20 m m O F FTAK E 20 m m l / 20 mm V 20 m m m
f-
° v v < ~
=:> - "'0 en
<{
~m N
l>~
Z
20 mm 20 mm 20 mm J:!:::! G)
-~r/ f 2 0 mm 02
t S:C;)
Tt ~I
WATER I-i"'C-i
METER °0°<
CZ!!?"'C
(I)(I)-i m
L-.-- NOTE 2: SIZING OF COMBINED WATER rn11000
SERVICE PIPE. I
° z"T1
Jl~(I)(")
WHER E MA I N TO FA RTHEST WAT ER METER TOWN HOUSES <~O~
OFFTA KE IS LON G ER THAN 3 0 m, BUT DOES OR i=!!?;;:O
NOT EXCE ED 130 m , SIZ E LAST 30 m FROM
rNm:2
VILLA HOMES l>mJll>
TABLE 53 , AND REMAININ G SECTIO N FROM :1:(I)<-i
O"T1-m
M AIN TO THAT PO INT FROM TABLE 54 . ~O("}Jl
mJlm(l)
EACH SECTION PIP E SIZE MUST CONTINUE (l)tD("}m
UNDIMINISHED . . -i 0 Jl
OZ<
I :2 z-
m(")
zc;'l!"
TA B LE 5 6
CHA PT ER 4 COLD A ND HOT WAT ER PIPE SIZ ING
Descripti o n D IVE RSI T Y OF FLOW FO R

To pic No .
PROBA BLE - H OM E U N I T S, FLAT S, TOW N HOUSES AN D
4.7 SI MUL T A NEO US V I L LA HOM ES, CO LD A N D HO T WA T E R.
FLOW DATA
H OM E PRO BA B LE HOM E PRO BABL E HO M E PR O BA B L E

U N I T S, SIMULTA NEO US U N IT S, SI MULT A N EO US UNITS, SIMULTAN EO US
FLAT S, F LOW FLATS, FLOW F LAT S, F L OW
TOWN oQ T OWN oQ T OWN oQ
HOUSES, Litres per Seco nd HO USES, Li t res per Seco nd HO USES, Li t r es per Second
V I L LA VILLA V I LLA
HO M ES. HO M ES. HOM ES.
COLD HOT COL D HOT CO L D HOT
No . Max . Min. N o. Max. Min. No. Max . M in.
1 0.48 0.48 0.40 35 3.7 4 2.99 2.6 3 68 5.79 I

4. 68 5.1 0
2 0. 70 0.54 0.56 36 3.81 3.04 2.70 69 5.8 5 4 .73 5 .18
3 0.88 0 .6 8 0.6 7 37 3.88 3.10 2.78 70 I 5.9 1 I 4 .78 5.25
4 1.03 0.80 0.75 38 I
3 .9 5 3. 15 2. 85 71 5.9 6 I 4 .8 2 5 .3 3
5 1.17 0 .91 0.78 39 I 4 .0 1 3 .21 2.9 3 72 6 .0 2 I 4.87 5. 40
6 1.30 1.01 0.80 40 4 .0 8 3 .26 3.00 73 6. 08 4 .9 2 5. 48
7 1.41 1.10 0.82 41 4 .14 3.32 3.08 74 6 .1 3 4.97 5. 55
8 1.53 1.19 0. 83 42 I 4.21 3.37 3 .15 75 I
6. 19 5.01 5.63
9 1.64 1.28 0 .85 43 4.27 3. 4 2 I 3.23 76 6 .25 I 5.0 8 5.70
10 1.74 1.38 0.87 44 I
4.34 3.4 8 3.30 77 6 .30 5.11 5.7 8
11 1.84 1.44 0.89 45 4. 40 3.53 I 3.38 78 6 .36 5.15 5 .85
12 1.94 1.52 0.90 46 4.47 3.5 8 3. 45 79 I 6.41 5. 20 5. 93
13 2.03 I 1.60 0.97 47 4.53 3.63 3 .53 80 6. 4 7 5.25 6.0 0
14 2.1 2 1 .67 1.05 48 4.59 3.6 9 3.60 81 6. 53 5.29 6.0 8
15 2.21 1.74 1.13 49 4.66 3.7 4 3.68 82 6.58 5.34 6 .1 5
16 2.30 1.81 1.2 0 50 I 4.72 3. 79 3.75 83 6.64 5.38 6. 25
17 2.39 1.88 1.28 51 4.7 8 3 .8 4 3.8 3 84 I 6.69 5.43 6.30
18 2.47 1.95 '1.3 5 52 4. 84 3.89 3.90 85 6. 7 5 5.48 6 .38
19 2.55 2.0 2 1.43 53 4.90 I 3.94 3.98 86 6 .7 8 I 5.5 2 6.45
20 2.64 2.08 1.50 54 I 4.9 6 3.9 9 4. 0 5 87 6.86 5. 5 7 6.53
21 2.72 2.15 1.5 8 55 5.0 2 I 4. 04 4. 1 3 88 6.91 5.61 6.60
22 2.79 2 .2 1 1.65 56 5.0 9 4.09 4.20 89 I
6 .9 6 5.6 6 6. 68
23 2.87 2.28 1.7 3 57 I 5.15 I
4. 14 I
4.28 90 7.0 2 5.7 0 6.7 5
24 2.95 2.34 1.80 58 5.21 4. 19 4.3 5 91 I 7.07 5.7 5 6.8 3
25 3.03 2.40 1.88 59 5. 27 I 4.2 4 4.43 92 7.1 2 5.7 9 6 .90
26 3.10 2.46 1.9,5 60 5.32 I 4.29 4.50 93 7.1 8 5.84 6 .98
27 3 .17 2.55 2 .03 61 5.38 4.34 4.5 8 94 7.23 5.88 7.05
28 3.25 2.58 2.10 62 5.44 4 .39 4.65 95 7.29 5.93 7.13
29 3 .32 2.6 4 2.18 63 5.50 I
4.44 4.73 96 7.34 5.97 7. 20
30 3.39 2.70 2.25 64 5.56 4.49 4. 80 97 7 .39 6. 02 7.28
31 3.46 2.76 2. 33 65 5.62 4.54 4. 88 98 7.44 6.06 7.35
32 3.53 2.82 2.40 66 5.68 4.59 4 .9 5 99 7.50 I 6.11 7.43
33 3.60 2.87 2.48 67 5.73
I 4.63 5.03 100 7.55 6 .15 7.50
34 3.67 2.93 2.55
NOTE: Th e methods of app ly ing th e abo ve valu es a re set o ut in chap ter 4, t o pic 7.
92
TABL E 57
CHAPT ER 4 CO LD A ND HOT WAT ER PIPE SIZ ING
T opic No. Di st ribution of cold and hot water flo ws in

Descript ion
4.8 pipework risers withi n home units and
PROBABL E SIM UL TA N EOUS
fl ats, f or risers supplying bat hrooms,
FLO W EX AMP LE
kitchens and laund ries.
TWELV E HOME UN ITS OR F LATS
= 0 .48 Q/s
= 0.48 Q/s Max.

co ld = 0 .7 0 Q/s = 0. 70 £/s = 0.70 £Is = 0.7 0 Q/s = 0.70 Q/s = 0 .70 £/5
f low= 1.9 4 Q/s
= 1.74 Q/s = 1.5 3 Q/s = 1.30 Q/s = 1.0 3 Q/s = 0 .70 Q/s
= 0. 70Qls ? DWE LLIN GS OF F EAC H RISER
A
...
•
= 0 .88 £/5
= 1.0 3 £/5
Ma x. = 0. 88 £/5 = 0 .88 Q/s = 0.8 8 Q/s = 0.88 Q/s

col d
f low=1 .9 4 £/s
= 1.64 Q/s = 1.30 £/5 = 0.88 Q/s

= 1.30 £/5
--.
3 DWELLI NGS OF F EACH RI SER
= 1.41 Q/s
= 0.7 0 £Is
= 0.8 8 £Is
= 1 .74 £/ s = 1.0 3 £/s
= 1.84 Q/s = 0 .88 £/5 = 0 .88 £/5 = 0. 88 Q/ s
Max .
Max . = 1 .9 4 Q/s Max . = 1.30 £Is = 1.30 £Is co ld = 1.0 3 Q/s = 1.0 3 £Is = 1.0 3 Q/s
co ld co ld f low
f low = 1 .94 £/s f low = 1.94 Q/s =1.94 Q/s
= 1.30 £/5 = 1.53 Q/s = 1.03 Q/s
12 DWELLINGS OFF 6 DWELLINGS OFF EACH 4 DWELLINGS OFF EACH

RISER RISER RISER
NOTE: V alu es f o r maxi m um co ld water p ro bab le sim u lta neo us fl ow s have been t aken f rom TABLE 56 . In a sim i lar
w ay, f low values f or cent r al t ype m et er ed hot wate r syste ms co u ld be tak en f rom TABLE 56 and app lied as
f o r co ld w ater f lo w s.
93
T A BL E 58
CHAPTER 4 COLD A ND HOT WA T ER PIPE SIZ ING
Description
T opic No. PROBABL E
D IST RI BUT IO N O F COL D WA T ER FLOWS IN PIPEWO R K RISERS
WITHI N H OM E UN I TS AN D FLATS. SEPER A TE RISERS FO R
4 .8 SIM U L TANE O US
SINGL E KITCH EN / L AUNDRY AND SI N G L E BAT HROOM .
FLOW EXAMPL E
TWELVE HOM E UNITS OR FLATS
UNIT UN I T UNIT
10 11 12
KITCHEN/ BATHROOM K IT CH EN/ BA T HROOM KI TCH EN/ BA TH ROOM
LAUNDRY RISER LA UNDR Y RISER LA UN DRY RI SER
RISER RI SER R ISER
4th.FLOOR
Fl ow to one Flow to one

majo r point major point
(0.23Q/ s to UNIT
laundry t ub)
= 0.23 Q/s '<,
7
(0 .30 Q/s
to bath)
= 0.30 Q/s
UN IT
8
= O. 23 Z UN IT
9 = 0.30 Q/s
/
~ ->
,.-[><J---..-
~ V
3rd.F LOO R
Max. cold flo w fo r two

dwell ing units = 0.70 Q/s
UNIT
37 .5% of
0.70 Q/s
= 0.26 Q/s
4 62.5% of
0.70 u«
= 0.44 Q/s
UN IT
5 = 0.26
-. Q/s
UN IT
6
V· 44
£/ S
r-
-.... I-C><Jo---.
'" ~ """ -
2nd . FLOOR
Max . cold flow f or t hree

dwell ing units = 0.88 Q/s
UN IT UNI T UN IT
37 .5% of
0.88 £/ s
= 0.33 Qi s
-----r><J-
1 62 .5% of
0.88
= 0.55 Q/s
f-v<l---
u,
2
f-t><J-
= 0.33
-.
Qis 3
V .A
-v
= 0.55
_
Qis
1st.FLOOR
Max . cold flow for four Max. cold fl ow f or fou r

dwell ing un it s = 1.03 Qis dwell ing unit s = 1.03 £/s
37 .5% of 62.5% of 37.5% of 62.5 % of
CAR
1.03 Q/s
Z 1.03 Q/s 1.03 Qi s 1.03 £/s
PARK
Max. cold flow f or
twelve dwelling
= 0.39 V.64 u«
Max. cold flow for
eight dwel ling
= 0.39 Qi s
Max . cold flo w

four dwelling
fO ~ V 64 R1
'
units = 1.94 Q/s " un its = 1.53 Q/s " un its = 1.03 £/s,
\ \ \
NOTE: Valu es for maximum cold water probable simu lt aneous fl ow s have been t aken from TAB LE 56.
94
TAB LE 59
CHA PTER 4 COLD A ND HOT WATE R PIPE SIZ ING
Topic No. Descript ion D IST R I BUT I O N O F COLD WA TE R FLOWS I N PIPEWORK RISERS
PRO BA B LE W ITH I N HO M E U N IT S AND FL A TS. SE PA RA TE R ISERS FOR
4.8 SIM U LT A N EO US
- DO U B L E KITCH EN / LA U ND R Y AND DO U B L E BA T H ROO M .
F LOW EX AMP L E
TWENTY FOUR HOME UN ITS OR FLATS
UNIT UNI T UN IT
19 & 20 21 & 2 2 23 & 24
K ITCHEN/ BAT HR OOM KITCH EN/ BATH ROOM KI TCH EN/ BATHROOM
LAUNDRY RI SER LAUNDRY R ISER LAUNDRY RISER
-
RISER RISE R R ISER
"-/
"
--e><l 1-.....1 "-
4th.F LOOR
Max. cold fl ow fo r two

dwelli ng units = 0.70Q/s
37.5% of UNIT 62 .5% of UN IT UNIT
0 .70 Q/s
= 0.26 Q/s
13 & 14
A
0 .70 Q/ s
= 0.44 Q/s
15 & 16 0 .26 Q~ 17 & 18
,
V 44 Q s
/
v v /
~ ......-t><l ~
3rd.FLOOR
Max. co ld f low for fo ur
dwel lin g un it s = 1.03Q/ s
37 .5% of UNIT
62.5% of UNI r UNIT
1.03 u«
7& 8
1.03 u« 9& 10 0.3 9 u« 11 & 12 = 0.64 Q/s
= 0 .39 Q/s
V v ~
; 0.64 u« ~
" -,, V
V
" A
"
'"
v~ v ~
V -
2nd.FLOOR
Max. co ld fl ow for six
dw ell ing un it s = 1.30Q/s
UNIT UNIT UNIT
37 .5% o f 62 .5% of
-
1& 2 3&4 0.49 Q/s 5&6 / 8 1£/ s
-
1.30 Q/s
= 0.49 Q/s
"
1.30 Q/s
; 0.81 Q/s
----.{><)- --{><]- ----e><J v

<,
" "- ....

v
1st.FLOOR
~
I.
Max. co ld fl ow fo r eight Max. co ld f low for eight

dwell ing unit s = 1.53 Q/s dwe lli ng unit s = 1.53 Q/s
CAR 37.5% of 62.5 % of 37.5% of 62 .5% of
PARK 1.53 Q/s 1.53 Q/s 1.53 Q/s 1.53 Q/s
= 0.57 u« = 0.96 Q/s = 0.57 QI;, l /0.96 u«
Max. cold f low for "" ~~x . co ld f low for Max. co ld fl ow for
t wenty f ou r dwelling sixteen dw ell ing eight dwel li ng
un its = 2.95 Q/s _ uni ts = 2.30 Qls un its = 1.53 Q/s
-. \, \, - .
NOTE : V alues f or max im um co ld water pro babl e simu ltane ous f lows have been ta ken f rom T AS LE 56 .
95
TA BLE 60
CHAP T ER 4 COLD A ND HOT WAT ER PIPE SIZI NG

4 .15.2 DENSITY O F WAT ER AT V A RIOU S TEM PERAT URES
T EMPERATURE D ENSITY T EMPERAT U RE DE NSITY
°c kg/ m
3
°C k g/m 3
0 999.8 62 9 8 2.1
4 100 0 .0 64 981 .1
10 999.7 66 97 9 .9
12 999.4 68 978.9
14 999.2 70 977.7
16 998.9 72 976.6
18 998.6 74 975.4
20 9 98. 2 76 97 4 .3
I
22 99 7.7 78 973.1
I
24 997.2 80 971 .8
26 996.7 82 970.6
28 996.2 84 969.3
30 995.6 86 968.0
32 9 9 5.0 88 966.7
34 994.3 90 965.3
36 993.6 92 964.0
38 993.0 94 9 6 2.7
40 992.2 96 I 961 .2
42 991.4 98 959.8
44 990.6 100 958.3

I
46 989.8 102 956.9
48 988.9 104 955.5
50 988.0 10 6 954.0
52 987.2 108 952.6
54 986.2 110 951.0
56 985.2 120 943.1
58 984.3 130 934.8
60 983.2 140 926.1
96
Chapter 5 COPPER TUBE SELECTION
5.1 COPPER TUBE TYPE TO BE USED IN PRIVATE WATER SERVICES

Th e info rma ti o n sta te d belo w de fi nes wate r di st ribution a ut ho rities' requ irem ents re lati ng to the
installat ion locatio ns of var io us co p pe r tu be types co m p lyin g wi th t he Au st ral ia n St an d a rd 1432 .
a. F ro m the water dist rib utio n aut hori ties' wa te rmain to t he foot of t he o utlet riser at t he
water met e r.
- Co pper t ube conforming to ty pes A o r B.
b. From t he foo t o f t he wat e r met e r outlet riser to outlet taps, bot h below a nd a bo ve gro und ,
in a nd o ut of wa lls, othe r t han in reinfo rced concrete.
- Cop pe r tu b e co nform ing t o t ypes A, B, Co r D.
c. T ubes insta lled w it h in rein forced co ncrete floo rs or o t he r reinforced con cret e str uct ure s.
- Co pper t ube confo rmi ng to types A o r B.
TABL E 61 , se ts out da ta re lat ing t o co p per tub e d iam et er s, thick nes ses , ma ss per metre a nd b urst ing
press ures.
TAB LE 62 , provides da ta on th e bo re area of coppe r tub es an d t he amo unt of wa t e r conta ined

wit h in tubes.
5.2 FABRICATED PULLED BENDS IN COPPER TUBE

a. Pull ed bend s may be formed in co p pe r t ubes , co nfor mi ng to t y pes A, B or C,
(w he n t echn ica lly feasib le).
b. Bends a re not t o be pull ed in copper tube, confo rmi ng to type D, a Ith ou gh slight ben ds o r set s
may be made at larg e rad ius wh e re fi tt ings ca n not be ut ilized .
5.3 FABRICATED TEES IN COPPER TUBES

T ees ca n be fo rmed in cop per t u bes, confo rming to ty pes A , B, C o r D.
5.4 COPPER TUBE CONDITION

T y pe A, B an d C tu bes ca n be obtai ned in har d dr aw n or annea led conditions.
T yp e D tu bes ca n o nly be o btai ne d in h ard d rawn co ndit ion.
5 .5 STANDARD LENGTHS OF HARD DRAWN COPPER TUBES

10 m m to 50 mm tube 6 met re lengt hs
over 50 mm t o 125 m m t ube 5 o r 6 met re lengt hs
o ver 125 mm tu be random 4 to 6 metre len gths.
5.6 STANDARD LENGTHS OF ANNEALED COILED COPPER TUBE

10 mm to 40 m m tub e 18 met re leng t hs in co iled form .
Insu lat ed co pp er tub es fo r use in hot wa te r syste ms can be o btained in anneal ed condition,
co iled in 18 metre lengt hs. The insu lat io n on these t ube s is mad e from foam ed pol yeth y lene
or ot her plas tic o r hai r felt with an ou t er plasti c cov ering.
Th e fo llo wi ng sizes and tub e typ es can be obta ined ready lagged -
15 mm x 1.0 mm wa ll t hickn ess, (does not co mp ly wit h AS.14 32)
15 mm x 0 .9 mm wall t hickn ess, type B
18 mm x 1.0 mm wal l thickness, typ e B
18 mm x 0.9 mm wa II thickn ess, type C
20 mm x 1.0 mm wall th ickn ess, typ e B
20 mm x 0. 9 mm wall thi ckn ess, t y pe C
97
5.7 MANUFACTURING STANDARD OF COPPER TUBES
All copper tubes used in private w at er se rvices und er th e juri sd ict ion of a wate r d istribution
au tho rity mu st be brand ed t o indicate conformity of manufacturing sta nda rd t o th e A ustrali a n
St andard 1432.
Unb rand ed cop per tub e is no t t o be used in privat e wat er se rvices und er th e juri sd ict ion o f a
wat er di str ibution author ity.
5.8 IDENTIFICATION OF COPPER TUBES

All copper tub es manufa ctured to th e Au strali an Stand ar d 1432, ar e identif iabl e b y an ind elibl e
form o f marking, or a sta m ped imp ression o n th e tube wa ll. Th ese ma rkings a re spaced at int e rval s
not ex cee d ing 0.5 metres a pa rt. The markin g ind icat es th e manufa cturer' s nam e or trad e mark ,
t he numb er of th e Au stralian St and ard and the tub e type (i. e. A. B, C o r OJ,
98
TABLE 61
CHAPTER 5 COPPER TUBE SE LECTION
To pi c No. Descript io n
COPPER TUBE FOR COPPER TUBES
5.1 -
DATA COMPLYING WITH A.S.1432
COPPER NOMINAL ACTUAL TUBE CALCU LAT ED BURSTING PR ESSURE

TUBE T UBE
SI Z E DIMENSIONS (mm) MASS (In Anneal ed Co nd it ion )
TYPE
mm 0 .0. THICKNESS kg /m METRES HEAD k Pa
1 5 x 1. 2 12.70 1.2 2 0. 394 3 9 17 38430

18 x 1.2 15.88 1.2 2 0.503 3 132 30 7 30
20 x 1. 4 19 .05 1.42 0.704 303 9 29820
TYPE A 2 5 x 1.6 25.40 1.63 1.089 2616 25670
32 x 1.6 3 1.75 1.6 3 1.380 2093 20540
I 40 x 1.6 38.10 1.63 1.671 17 4 4 17 110

50 x 1.6 50.80 1.63 2.253 13 0 7 12 8 30
10 x 0 .9 9.52 0 .9 1 0.220 3898 38 240
15 x 0 .9 12.70 0 .91 0.302 2921 28660
18 x 1.0 15.88 1.0 2 0.426 261 8 25 69 0
I
20 x 1.0 19.0 5 1 .0 2 0.5 17 21 8 3 2 1 420

2 5 x 1. 2 25.40 1. 2 2 0.829 19 5 8
I 19 2 10
3 1.75 15 370
3 2 x 1.2 1.22 1.0 47 15 66
I
40 x 1.2 38.10 1.22 1.2 65 1305 12 810
45 x 1.2 44.45 1.22 1.483 11 19 10 9 8 0
TYPE B 5 0 x 1. 2 50.80 1.2 2 1.700 97 9 9 6 10
65 x 1. 2 63.50 1.22 2. 13 6 78 3 7690
8 0 x 1.6 76.20 1. 6 3 3. 4 17 872 8560
90 x 1.6 88.9 0 1.6 3 3.9 9 9 7 47 7 330
4.581
100 x 1.6 10 1.60 I 1.63 654 6420
5.744
125 x l .6 127.00 I 1.6 3 5 22 5130
150 x 2.0 152.40 2.03 8.58 1 543 5330
17 5 x 2.0 177.80 2. 0 3 10.030 465
I 4 570
20 0 x 2. 0 203.2 0 2 .0 3 11.4 79 40 7 4 0 00
2 25 x 2.6 228.60 2.64 16.769 470 I 4 62 0
10 x 0 .7 9.52 I 0 .71 0. 176 3040 29830
I 15 x 0 .7 12.70 0 .71 0.239 2279 2 2 3 60

TYPE C I 18 x 0 .9 15.88 0.9 1 0. 38 3 23 3 6 22920
I
20 x 0.9 19.05 0 .9 1 0. 4 64 19 4 8 19 1 10
25 x 0 .9 2 5.40 0 .9 1 0.626 1460 I 14 3 30
32 x 0.7 3 1.75 I 0 .71 0.619 9 11 I 8940
40 x 0 .9 38.10 0.91 0.951 9 73 9 55 0
45 x 0 .9 44 .45 0.9 1 1.11 4 834 I 8 19 0 I
50 x 0. 9
--
50.80
I 0 .9 1 1.276 730 7 170 I
TYPE D I
6 5 x 1.2 63.50 I 1.2 2 2.1 3 6 783 7 69 0
2.57 1
,I
8 0 x 1.2 76.20 1.2 2 652 6 400
I
I 90 x 1.2 88.90 1.2 2 3.007 5 59 5 490

3.442
I 100 x 1. 2 101 .60 1.22 489 4 800
125 x 1. 4 127.00 I
-------r---
1.4 2 5.013 455 4470
I 150 x 1.6 152.40 ! 1.6 3 6.9 08 436 4 280
!
99
TABLE 62
CHAPTER 5 COPPER TUBE SELECTION
Topic No . Descri pt ion

5.1 COPPER TUBE - FOR COPPER TUBES
COMPL YING WITH A.S.1432
DATA
NOMINAL ACTUAL BORE L1TRES IN LINEAR

COPPER
TUBE AREA OF ONE METRE METRES PER
TUBE
SIZE TUBE LENGTH LI TRE
TYPE
mm mm 2
15 83 0.08 3 12.048
18 142 0.142 7.042
20 204 0.20 4 5.598

TYPE A 25 385 0. 385 2.597
32 637 0 .637 1.5 70
40 953 0.953 1.050
50 1 175 1.775 0.563
10 47 0 .0 47 2 1.276
93
15
I 0.093 10.75 3
18 15 0 0 .150 6.666
20 227 0.2 27 4. 405
25 4 14 0 .4 1 4 2.4 15
32 675 0.6 75 1.481
40 999 0 .9 9 9 1.000
45 1386 1.3 86 0.722

TYPE B 50 1837 1.8 37 0.544
65 2928 2.9 2 8 0.342
80 4 179 4 .1 79 0.239
5768
90
I 5. 768 0.173
100 7595 7.595 0. 132
12 5 12026 12 .0 26 0.083
1 50 1728 3 17.2 83 0.058
17 5 23708 23.708 I 0.042
20 0 3 1 146 31. 146 0.032
225 39 169 39.1 6 9 0.026
10 52 0.052 19.2 30
15 100 0.100 10.0 00
TYPE C 18 155 0 .1 55 6.452
20 233 0 .2 33 4.292
25 437 0. 437 2.288
32 722 0 .722 1.385

40 1 034 1.034 0.967
45 1 42 7 1.427 0. 700
50 1884 1. 88 4 0.530
TYPE D 65 2 928 I 2.928 0.342
80 4 2 73 4.273 I 0.234
90 5 871 5. 871 0.170
100 7723 7 .72 3 0.1 30

I
12 5 121 0 7 12. 10 7 0.08 3
150 17 469 17.46 9 0.057
1nn
Chapter 6 PIPE SIZES REQUIRED BY AUTHORITIES
6.1 SIZES OF COLD WATER PIPES

Wat er d istr ib utio n a ut hor it ies have o ve r a pe riod of year s st ip u late d m inimum sizes fo r water pipes
in st all ed in part icular locations. Some sizes a nd locations ar e:
a. Any tube used in water su p p ly syste ms un der t he jurisdi ct ion of a water distribu t ion author ity.
- min imum s ize o f tu be is 15 mm.
b. Water se rvice pi pe from aut ho riti es wa ter ma in to any pr operty.

- mi nimum size o f tub e is 20 mm.
c. St andp ip e to a n ex te rn a l ho se tap.
- m inimum size of tub e is 20 mm .
d. Wat e r se rvice inl et pipes to ma ins pressure st orage o r inst antan eous water heaters and gravity
ro o f mo d el stora ge water heater s.
- size of tube no t less t han th e ho t water outl et pi pe f rom th e wa ter heat er.
e. Wate r se rvice pipes su p p ly ing sto rage t ank s, b ut ex c ludi ng :

. 1 su p p ly to sanita ry fixture cis te rn~ .
.2 in let p ip e to flu shomet er wa te r storag e tank su pp lying only one flu shometer .
.3 sup p ly to co ld wa te r m ak e-up tank attached to grav ity roof mod el hot wat er sto rage heate r.
- m in imum size of t u be is 20 mm .
f. Wat er se rvice pipes su p p ly ing sa nitar y fix tur e ci st erns.

- min imum size of t ube is 15 mm, not exceed ing 2 met res in length.
g. Wate r service in let pipe t o a flu sh om et e r water sto rage tank su p p ly ing only one f lus ho met er.
- m inimum size o f t u be is 18 mm, not exceedi ng 6 metres in length. Limitat ions on length do
not a p p ly to pipe sizes larger t han 18 mm t u be.
h. Water se rvice pip e to a gravit y roof model hot wa te r st o rage heater and one showe r off th e pipe
riser to t he t ank.
- minimum size o f tube is 18 mm , not ex cee d ing 6 met res in length. Limitations on length do
not a p pl y to pipe sizes larger th an 18 mm t u be .
I. Water se rvice p ipes connect ing to th e followin g taps or sa nit a ry fi xtures.

. 1 Kitchen sinks a nd ot he r sinks and dr a ine rs.
.2 Laun d ry tubs.
.3 Domest ic clothes was h ing machin es.
.4 Domest ic d ish was hi ng machin es.
.5 Bath s.
. 6 Sh o wer s.
.7 Bath s and Sh ow er s when th e showe r is ov e r th e bat h.
.8 Basin s.
.9 Wat er c lo set cist ern s.
. 10 Ur inal ci st erns.
. 11 Conn ections to m a ins pre ssu re st o rage and inst antaneous water heate rs.
- m in imum s ize of tube is 15 mm, not ex ceed ing 2 metr es in leng th . Limitations on length do not
a p p ly to pip e sizes lar ge r t han 15 mm t u be.
6.2 SIZES OF HOT WATER PIPES

The Au str al ia n St andard 1529 states p referred sizes fo r ho t water pip es in situat ion s where non-
circ u lat o ry pip ing syste ms are used . These size s a pp ly t o pipework inst a lled in sin gle st o re y resid ential
b ui ldi ngs su ch as houses, indiv idual hom e units or f lats, t o w n hou ses and villa homes.
Hot wa ter pipi ng sys te ms catego rise d as non-ci rculato ry w ith in th ese types of bu ildings would embrace
outlet pipewor k from :
a. Ma ins pressure st or age heat er s.
b. Mains pressu re ins ta nt aneous wa ter heat e rs.
c. G rav ity s up p ly roof mod el wate r heat er s.
The pr ef erred sizes for hot wa te r pipes are stated in th e follow ing sc hed u le;
10 1
SCHEDULE OF PREFERRED SIZES FOR HOT WATER PIPES
SYSTEM OPERATING HEAD PRESSURE
ABOVE 17.3 METRES HEAD

PIPE PRESSURE
SECTION
BELOW 8.7 BETWEEN 8 .7 STORAGE INSTAN-
METRES HEAD and 17.3 HEATER TANEOUS
PRESSURE METRES HEAD SYSTEM HEATER
PRESSURE SYSTEM
Heat er to 20 mm tu be 18 mm t ube 18 mm t ube 15mm tub e

f irst
bran ch
A branch to 15 mm tu be 15 mm tu be 15 mm tub e 15 mm t ube
a kit ch en wi th a
si nk o r hand max imum length
basin of 9 m t o a
kitch en sin k
A branch to 15 mm tube 15 mm t ube 15 mm tube 15 mm tube
kitchen si nk
and laundry
A branch t o 20 mm tub e 18 mm tu be 15 mm t ube 15 mm t ube
bathroom and
o ne other roo m
A branch to 18 mm t ub e 15 mm tu be 15 mm tube 15 mm tube
bathroom only.
all pip es in
bathroom exce pt
hand basin
NOTE : Th e cold wa t er supp ly pipe to any mains pressure sto rage heat er mu st be at least eq ual to the outl et
pipe size of th e heat er .
102
TABLE 63
PIPE SIZING TABULATION SHEET
FITTINGS AND VALVES VELOCITY PRESSURE LOSS METHOD
PIPE FLOW FITTINGS & VALVES PIPE PRESSURE PIPE VELOCITY TUBE PRESSURE
SECTION SECTION LOSS PER SECTION SIZE REQ 'D
Pressure Pipe LENGTH 100 m PRESSURE
Loss Each Section TUBE LOSS
Pressure
Loss
No . Q/s No. Type m. head m . head m. m . head m . head m/s mm m. head
Vert ical
heigh t
O u t let
p ressu re
I
I
Subtract
pre ssu r e
ga ins I
M inimum
pr essu re
r equi red
Avail abl e
so ur ce
pressur e
Pump fl ow
and
head
© SA R R I E SM IT H 19 77 103

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The Institute of Plumbing Australia acknowledges the assistance of the Australian Copper Industry in

the preparation of this technical publication.

The preparation of this publication has been sponsored by —

The Australian copper tube manufacturers —

Crane Enfield Metals Pty. Ltd.,

Metal Manufacturers Ltd.,

and the Australian Copper Producers through —

The Copper & Brass Information Centre.

THE INSTITUTE OF PLUMBING AUSTRALIA Inc.

COPPER AND BRASS INFORMATION CENTRE

ISBN: (Electronic Book). 978-0-9807837-2-8

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. 7

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS

1.1 Function of water supply systems.................................................................. 9

.1 Function of cold water systems

.2 Function of hot water systems

1.2 The water supply system ............................................................................... 9

.1 Why engineer the piping systems?

.2 Design for flows

1.3 The composition of water ............................................................................. 9

CHAPTER 2 WATER FLOW

2.1 Water flow in pipes ........................................................................................ 10

.3 The effect of viscosity on water flow

2.2 Velocity of water flows ................................................................................. 10

2.3 Flow velocity and waterhammer.................................................................... 11

2.4 Noise vibrations generated by high velocity water flows……………………… 11

2.5 Flow of water from pipes ............................................................................. 12

2.6 Comparison of flows from pipes.................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 3 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS AND LOSSES

3.1 Water system pressures ................................................................................. 15

.3 Pressures required within buildings

3.2 Friction pressure loss ..................................................................................... 15

3.3 Pressure losses of the system ........................................................................ 16

3.4 Pressure losses due to flow of water in copper tubes ................................. 16

— Domestic cold water systems

— Domestic hot water systems

— Chilled water systems

— Heating water systems

3.5 Pressure losses due to fittings and valves .................................................... 17

.1 Fittings and valves, equivalent length method ................................ 17

.2 Fittings and valves, velocity pressure loss method.......................... 18

3.6 Pressures required at float and tank filling valves ....................................... 19

.2 Tank filling valves

3.7 Flows and pressure losses through water meters ........................................ 19

.1 Requirements, types and pressure losses

.2 Hot water meters

3.8 Conversion of pressures ............................................................................... 20

.1 Conversion of pressure in metres head to pressure in kilopascals

.2 Conversion of pressure in kilopascals to pressure in metres head

CHAPTER 4 COLD AND HOT WATER PIPE SIZING

4.1 Flow of water from taps ............................................................................... 74

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS SECTION

4.2 Assessment of probable simultaneous water flow in commercial

4.4 The British empirical method of flow diversity .......................................... 75

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS SECTION

4.7 Assessment of probable simultaneous flows for home units, flats,

HOT WATER SECTION

4.10 Availability of hot water at outlet taps ...................................................... 78

4.11 Hot water piping dead leg lengths ............................................................... 78

4.14 Sizing of battery type hot water heating coils ........................................... 80

4.15 Natural hot water circulation in secondary circulation pipes .................... 81

CHAPTER 5 COPPER TUBE SELECTION

5.1 Copper tube type to be used in private water services............................... 97