MSEG302 Exam 1

Chapter 1: Introduction (page 24)

 Historical Perspective (page 25)
 Materials Science and Engineering (page 26)
o Materials Science - involves investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of materials
o Materials Engineering - designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties
o Structure – arrangement of internal components
o Important Properties - mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical,
and deteriorative (page 26)
o Processing and Performance (page 26)
 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? (page 28)
 Classification of Materials (page 28)
o Metals
 Composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also
nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen)
in relatively small amounts.
 Relatively stiff and yet ductile.
 Non-localized electrons. Good conductors.
o Ceramics
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides
 Clay, cement, glass
 Very hard yet extremely brittle and susceptible to fractures.
o Polymers
 Plastic and rubber
 Organic compounds based on C, H, and nonmetallic elements
 Large molecular structure
 Extremely ductile and pliable
 Tendency to decompose at modest temperatures
o Composites
 Composed of two or more of the materials above.
 Advanced Materials (page 34)
o Semiconductors
o Biomaterials
o Materials of the Future
 Smart Materials
 Nanoengineered Materials
 Modern Materials’ Needs (page 35)
o Nuclear energy
o Transportation
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding (page 38)
 Fundamental Concepts
 Electrons in Atoms (page 40)
o Quantum Numbers (page 42)
o Electron Configurations (page 44)
 Periodic Table (page 46)
 Bonding Forces and Energies (page 47)
o Attractive and repulsive
 Separation or interatomic distance
 FN = FA + FR
 Energy(E) and Force(F) (page 48)
 E =int(F dr)
 Primary Interatomic Bonding (page 49)
o Ionic Bonding
 Metallic and nonmetallic
 Give up electrons
 Attractive and repulsive bonding force (page 50)
 Table of bonding energies and melting temperatures for various
substances (page 51)
o Covalent Bonding
 Sharing of electrons
 Percent Ionic Character (page 52)
 {1 – exp[-(0.25)(Xa – Xb)^2]} x 100
 Xa and Xb are the electro negativities for elements
o Metallic Bonding
 Electrons can drift throughout the entire metal
 Sea of electrons
 Secondary Bonding or Van der Waals Bonding (page 53)
 Molecules (page 55)

Chapter 3: The Structure of Crystalline Solids (page 61)

 Fundamental Concepts (page 62)
o Crystalline – atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array over large
atomic distances.
 Unit Cells (page 63)
 Metallic Crystal Structures (page 64)
o Table of Atomic Radii (page 64)
o Face Centered Cubic Crystal Structure (page 64)
 Atomic Packing Factor (page 65)
 APF = (volume of atoms in a unit cell) / (total unit cell volume)
 .74 is maximum
o Body – Centered Cubic Crystal Structure (page 65)
o Hexagonal Close – Packed Crystal Structure (page 66)
  Density Computations (page 68)
 Polymorphism and Allotropy (page 69)
o Polymorphism - more than one crystal structure
o Allotropy – polymorphism in elemental solids
 Crystal Systems (page 69)

Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes

 Point Coordinates (page 72)
o No commas, no parentheses, just numbers. Can be fractional
 Crystallographic Directions (page 74)
o Vector
o Moved to origin, multiplied or divided to smallest integer, no commas
enclosed in square brackets [].
o Negative numbers get bars on top.
 Crystallographic Planes
o Take reciprocals of each intercept. If no intercept, 0. Multiply or divide to
smallest integer. No commas enclosed in parentheses ().
 Linear and Planar Densities (page 83)
o Linear Density = (number of atoms centered on direction vector) / (length
of direction vector)
o Planar Density = (number of atoms centered on a plane) / ( area of plane)
 Close – Packed Crystal Structures (page 84)

Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials

 Single Crystals (page 86)
o When the periodic and repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or
extends throughout the entirety of the speciment without interruption
 Polycrystalline Materials (page 87)
o Composed of a collection of many small crystals or grains
 Anisotropy (page 87)
o Variance of atomic or ionic spacing with crystallographic direction
 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures (page 89)
o Bragg’s Law example on page 93
 Noncrystalline Solids (page 94)

Chapter 4: Imperfections in Solids (page 103)

 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials (page 104)
o Vacancy – vacant lattice site
o Equilibrium number of vacancies Nv for a given material depends on and
increases with temperature
 Nv = N * exp( -Qv / kT )
 N is total number of atomic sites, Qv is the energy required for the
formation of a vacancy, T is absolute temperature in Kelvin, and k
 is Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10^-23 J/atom-k or 8.62 x 10^-5
eV/atom-k)
 To find N, example on (page 106)
o Self-interstitial – an atom from the crystal that is crowded into an
interstitial site
 Impurities in Solids (page 106)
o Impurities or foreign atoms will always be present
o Solid Solutions
 Substitutional or interstitial
 Specification of Composition (page 108)
o Weight percent and atom percent
 Concentration of X in wt%
 Cx = (mx / (mx + my)) x 100
 Atom percent is in moles
 Cx = (nx / (nx + ny)) x 100
 Composition Conversion formulas on page 109
 Atom percent 4.6a and 4.6b
 Weight percent 4.7a and 4.7b
 Mass per unit volume 4.9a and 4.9b
 Density of binary alloy 4.10a and 4.10b
 Atomic weight of binary alloy 4.11a and 4.11b
 Dislocations – Linear Defects (page 111)
o Edge dislocation (page 111) – linear defect that centers around the line that
is defined along the end of the extra half-plane of atoms
o Screw dislocation (page 112) – the upper front region of the crystal is
shifted one atomic distance to the right relative to the bottom portion
o Mixed dislocation (page 112) – exhibit both screw and edge
o Burger’s Vector
 Interfacial Defects (page 115)
o External Surfaces – surface atoms are not bonded to maximum number of
atoms so they have a high energy state
o Grain Boundaries – atoms are bonded less regularly along a grain
boundary, so there is the energy situation that external surfaces have
o Twin boundaries – special type of grain boundary, atoms on one side of
the boundary are located in mirror image positions of the atoms on the
other side.
 Bulk or Volume Defects (page 119)
 Atomic Vibrations (page 119)
o The vibrational energy of any specific atom will vary in a random manner
 General Microscopic Examination (page 120)
 Microscopic Techniques (page 121)
 Grain Size Determination (page 125)
o Intercept method
  Straight lines all the same length are drawn through several
photomicrographs that show the grain structure. The grains
intersected by each line are counted and the line length is divided
by the average number of grains intersected. Divide this result by
the linear magnification of the photomicrographs.
o Grain Size number
 Magnification of 100x. n represents the grain size number and N is
the average number of grains per square inch.
 N = 2 ^ (n-1)

Chapter 5: Diffusion (page 132)

 Introduction (page 133)
o Diffusion – the phenomenon of material transport by atomic motion
 Diffusion Mechanisms (page 134)
o There must be an empty adjacent site
o The atom must have sufficient energy to break bonds with its neighbor
atoms and then cause some lattice distortion during the displacement.
o Vacancy diffusion – interchange of an atom from a normal lattice position
to an adjacent lattice site or vacancy
o Interstitial diffusion – migrate from an interstitial position to a neighboring
one that is empty
 Steady – State Diffusion (page 135)
o Diffusion flux (J) – defined as the mass diffusing through and
perpendicular to a unit cross-sectional area of solid per unit of time
 J = M / At
 M is mass, A is the area across which the diffusion, t is the elapsed
diffusion time, the units for J are kg or atoms per meter squared per
second
 Differential form
 J = (1/A) (dM / dt)
 If flux does not change with time, a steady state condition exists
o Concentration gradient is the slope of a curve of concentration C plotted
versus position (distance) within the solid x (page 136)
 Concentration gradient = (dC / dx)
 Concentration gradient = (Ca – Cb) / (xa – xb)
o Diffusion coefficient – constant of proportionality for:
 J = -D (dC / dx)  concentration gradient
 Fick’s first law!
 Nonsteady – State Diffusion (page 137)
o Diffusion flux and concentration gradient vary with time
o Fick’s Second Law (page 138)
 Use Equation 5.5 on page 138
 (Cx – Co) / (Cs – Co) = 1 – erf( x / (2sqrt(Dt)) )
  Cx represents the concentration at depth x after time t, Cs is
the constant surface concentration, and Co is concentration
of solute atoms in the solid initially.
 erf table on page 139
 Factors that Influence Diffusion (page 141)
o Diffusing Species
o Temperature
 Table of Diffusion Data on page 142
 Diffusion coefficient changes according to page 142
 D = Do * exp( -Qd / RT)
o Do is a temperature independent preexponential, Qd
is the activation energy for diffusion, R is the gas
constant (8.31 J/mol-K or 8.62 x 10^-5 eV/atom-K),
and T is absolute temperature K.