Content Outline

Group 2
1. Condeza. Princess Diane
2. Cudia, Mary Jesrel
3. Elandag, Clarinel
4. Leoni, Irish Keith

Topic: Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that occurs when your blood sugar (glucose), is too high (hyperglycemia).
Glucose is what the body uses for energy, and the pancreas produces a hormone called insulin that helps
convert the glucose from the food you eat into energy.
When the body either does not produce enough insulin, does not produce any at all, or your body becomes
resistant to the insulin, the glucose does not reach your cells to be used for energy. This results in the
health condition termed diabetes.

Signs and symptoms of diabetes:

blurred vision
fatigue
increased hunger and thirst
frequent urination
numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
sores that do not heal
unexplained weight loss

Diabetes Mellitus
refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose).

There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2.

Type I diabetes: Also known as juvenile diabetes, this type occurs when the body fails to produce insulin.
People with type I diabetes are insulin-dependent, which means they must take artificial insulin daily to stay
alive.

Type 1 diabetes is treated by using insulin.

Type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes affects the way the body uses insulin. While the body still makes insulin,
unlike in type I, the cells in the body do not respond to it as effectively as they once did. This is the most
common type of diabetes, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases, and it has strong links with obesity.
There are multiple medications used to treat type 2 diabetes.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

Frequent urination (from urinary tract infections or kidney problems)
Weight loss or gain
Fatigue
Irritability
Blurred vision
Slow-healing wounds
Nausea
Skin infections
Darkening of skin in areas of body creases (acanthosis nigricans)
Breath odor that is fruity, sweet, or an acetone odor
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet

TYPE 1
Type 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes, because it usually is diagnosed during childhood. Type 1
diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the body does not produce insulin because the body’s
immune system attacks insulin-producing cells from the pancreas called beta cells. Type 1 diabetes is
treated by using insulin.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1

Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Unexplained weight loss
Presence of ketones in the urine
Fatigue
Irritability
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores
Frequent infections

CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1

The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system which normally
fights harmful bacteria and viruses mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans)
cells in the pancreas.

RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 1

Family history.
Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the
condition.
Genetics.
The presence of certain genes indicates an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Geography.
The incidence of type 1 diabetes tends to increase as you travel away from the equator.
Age.
Although type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs
in children between 4 and 7 years old, and the second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.
TYPE 2
Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which cells cannot use blood sugar (glucose) efficiently for energy. This
occurs when blood sugar levels get too high over time, and the cells become insensitive or resistant to
insulin (termed insulin resistance). There are multiple medications used to treat type 2 diabetes.

SIGNS AND SYPMTOPMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

Increased thirst
Increased
Dry mouth
Frequent urination
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue (weak, tired feeling)
Blurred vision
Headaches
Loss of consciousness (rare)

CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas is unable to
produce enough insulin.

COMPLICATIONS ON TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2

Cardiovascular disease
Nerve damage (neuropathy).
Kidney damage (nephropathy).
Eye damage (retinopathy).
Foot damage
Skin conditions
Hearing impairment
Depression.

PREVENTING DIABETES MELLITUS

Healthy Lifestyle includes:

Eating healthy foods.

Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Getting active.
Aim for a minimum of 30 to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity or 15 to 30 minutes of vigorous
aerobic activity on most days. Take a brisk daily walk. Ride a bike. Swim laps. If you can't fit in a long
workout, spread your activity throughout the day.
Losing weight.
If you're overweight, losing 5 to 10 percent of your body weight can reduce the risk of diabetes. To keep
your weight in a healthy range, focus on permanent changes to your eating and exercise habits. Motivate
yourself by remembering the benefits of losing weight, such as a healthier heart, more energy and
improved self-esteem.
Avoiding being sedentary for long periods.
Sitting still for long periods can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. Try to get up every 30 minutes and
move around for at least a few minutes.

TREATMENT FOR TYPE1

Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:

Taking insulin
Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
Frequent blood sugar monitoring
Eating healthy foods
Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight

TREATMENT FOR TYPE 2

Treatment for type 2 diabetes includes:
Weight loss
Healthy eating
Regular exercise
Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy
Blood sugar monitoring

FOOT CARE GUIDELINES

Inspect your feet daily. Check for cuts, blisters, redness, swelling or nail problems. Use a magnifying hand
mirror to look at the bottom of your feet. Call your doctor if you notice anything.

Bathe feet in lukewarm, never hot, water. Keep your feet clean by washing them daily. Use only lukewarm
water—the temperature you would use on a newborn baby.

Be gentle when bathing your feet. Wash them using a soft washcloth or sponge. Dry by blotting or patting
and carefully dry between the toes.

Moisturize your feet but not between your toes. Use a moisturizer daily to keep dry skin from itching or
cracking. But don't moisturize between the toes—that could encourage a fungal infection.

Cut nails carefully. Cut them straight across and file the edges. Don’t cut nails too short, as this could lead
to ingrown toenails. If you have concerns about your nails, consult your doctor.

Never treat corns or calluses yourself. No “bathroom surgery” or medicated pads. Visit your doctor for
appropriate treatment.

Wear clean, dry socks. Change them daily.

Consider socks made specifically for patients living with diabetes. These socks have extra cushioning, do
not have elastic tops, are higher than the ankle and are made from fibers that wick moisture away from the
skin.

Wear socks to bed. If your feet get cold at night, wear socks. Never use a heating pad or a hot water bottle.
Shake out your shoes and feel the inside before wearing. Remember, your feet may not be able to feel a
pebble or other foreign object, so always inspect your shoes before putting them on.

Keep your feet warm and dry. Don’t let your feet get wet in snow or rain. Wear warm socks and shoes in
winter.

Consider using an antiperspirant on the soles of your feet. This is helpful if you have excessive sweating of
the feet.

Never walk barefoot. Not even at home. Always wear shoes or slippers. You could step on something and
get a scratch or cut.
Get periodic foot exams. Seeing your foot and ankle surgeon on a regular basis can help prevent the foot
complications of diabetes.
 REFERENCES
(Cunha, 2019). Diabetes Early Symptoms and Signs. Retrieved from
https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_symptoms_in_men/article.htm

(Footh Health Facts, 2019). Diabetes Foot Care Guidelines. Retrieved from:
https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/diabetic-foot-care-guidelines

(Mayo Clinic, 2019). Diabetes. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444

(Nail, 2018). An overview of diabetes types and treatments. Retrieved from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323627.php