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Seawater
TA Initials: for finished Activity. 1 & 2
Or lose 10% of credit!
Seawater is an unusual substance. It is pure water mixed with various salts, trace
elements, and gases. The physical and chemical properties of seawater allow it to
store and transport heat, help keep atmospheric concentrations of CO2 low, and
support a remarkable variety of life forms.
Increasing temperatures cause substances to expand and become less dense. This
is because as a substance acquires heat, the molecules vibrate more and demand
more space. The addition of heat does not change the mass of the substance. An
increase in the volume without an increase in mass decreases the mass to volume
ratio; thus the density decreases. The maximum density of pure water occurs at
4˚C. As pure water cools below 4˚C, it becomes less dense until it freezes at 0˚C.
This is because as liquid water freezes, hydrogen bonds form an open structure of
ice. Because the structure of ice is more open than liquid water it occupies a
greater volume and is less dense. That is why ice floats on water.
Before we can understand this relationship, we must first define salinity. Salinity is
the total amount of dissolved salts per unit of water. The salinity of seawater is
commonly measured in g/kg or ‰ (parts per thousand or ppt). These two units
are equal because there are 1000g/kg. The typical salinity of seawater is about 35
ppt = 35‰, but there is a range of salinities seen in the ocean, depending on the
water depth, temperature, and other factors.
Seawater- 1
OS1 the Oceans Fall 2007
Water masses in the ocean are composed of volumes of seawater having the same
density (mass/volume). Water that is colder or more saline is denser. These two
primary controls on density (temperature and salinity) are illustrated in Figure 1.
2. Deep ocean water tends to be very dense. Which of the three water masses
would be most likely to form deep ocean water?
3. Imagine that the salinity of water mass B decreases, but the water mass
maintains the same density. How must the temperature change to allow this to
occur? Look at Figure 1 and explain your reasoning.
Seawater- 2
OS1 the Oceans Fall 2007
Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat (calories) required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1oC. Heat capacity values indicate the
extent to which a substance can absorb or release heat energy without a change
in temperature. Substances with high heat capacities absorb (or release) more
heat before changing temperature than do substances with low heat capacities.
The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 cal/goC, higher than all other common
substances. The high heat capacity of water is due to hydrogen bonding
between water molecules. The unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent
bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms result in bipolar water molecules
(the bonds forming the water molecule are described as polar covalent). A
hydrogen bond forms between the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of
one water molecule and the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of
another water molecule. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen
bonds. As a result, energy must be expended in breaking these hydrogen bonds
before the temperature of the water will rise. This is particularly important as
water changes state between solid, liquid, and vapor (gas).
Seawater- 3
OS1 the Oceans Fall 2007
2. How much heat would be required to raise the temperature of 10 grams of
pure water from 95oC to 110oC?
3. How much heat is released when reducing the temperature of pure water
from 57oC to 50oC? You can provide the answer as heat per unit volume, and
assume that we are talking about 1 cm3.
4. How much heat is released when reducing the temperature of pure water
from 8oC to -2oC?
Seawater- 4
OS1 the Oceans Fall 2007
Activity 3: World Ocean Salt (can take home !)
1. Calculate the amount of salt in the oceans today (in grams) using the following
information and steps:
Assume that the oceans of the world can be approximated by a basin with totally
vertical sides – like a bathtub whose bottom has a constant area.
a. In order to calculate the total volume of the ocean, you’ll need to first
determine the surface area of the Earth. Show your work.
b. The global ocean covers 70% of earth’s surface area, so take 70% of the value
you calculated for Earth’s surface area to determine the surface area of the
ocean.
c. The average depth of the ocean is 3800m. You have two components of
volume in the value you just calculated for ocean surface so multiply your
ocean surface area value by 3800m to get ocean volume.
d. Use water density to convert volume to mass so that you have the total mass
(in kg) of water in the ocean.
e. Use the salinity to calculate the total amount of salt in the ocean.
Seawater- 5
OS1 the Oceans Fall 2007
2. Determine how thick a layer covering the ocean floor this salt would form
using the following steps:
b. Distribute that volume on the ocean floor by dividing the volume of salt
by the area of the ocean to get thickness of salt covering ocean floor.
Extra Credit: There are about 30 million cubic kilometers of ice on the planet
(3x107 km3). If all of it melted and ended up in the oceans, what would the
new salinity of the oceans be? Don’t forget to correct for the change in
volume between ice and water! Pure water has a density of 1 gram/mL, ice
has a density of 0.92 gram/mL. How much heat would be required to melt all
of the ice if we assume that it starts at -2°C and we heated it to 4°C?
Seawater- 6