COMPLEX NUMBERS AND DEMOIVRES THEOREM 23.

Distance between two vertices

1. General form of Complex numbers x + iy where x is Real part and Z1, Z2 is .z1 − z2
y is Imaginary part.
24. z − z 0 = is a circle with radius p and center z0
2. Sum of nth root of unity is zero
3. Product of nth root of unity (–1)n–1 25. zz + zα + zα + β = 0 Represents circle
4. Cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2
With radius α 2 − β where α is nonreal complex and β is const
5. 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, ω3 = 1, ant
−1 + 3i 2 − 1− 3i
ω= ,ω =
2 2 z − z1
26. If = k (k≠1) represents circle with
b z − z2
6. Arg z = tan −1 principle value of θ is
a –π∠θ≤π kz 2 ± z1
ends of diameter
y k ±1
7. Arg of x + iy is θ = tan −1 for every
x If k = 1 the locus of z represents a line or perpendicular bisector.
x > 0, y > 0
27. z − z1 + z − z2 = k, k > z1 − z2 then locus
y
8. Arg of x – iy is θ = − tan −1 for every
x of z represents Ellipse and if k < z1 − z2
x>0,y>0 it is less, then it represents hyperbola
9. Arg of –x + iy is θ = π − tan −1
y
for every 28. A(z1),B(z2),C(z3), and θ is angle between
x x > 0, y > 0
y z1 − z2 AB iθ
10. Arg of –x – iy is θ = −π + tan −1 for every AB, AC then = e
x x > 0, y > 0 z1 − z3 AC
29. eiθ = Cosθ + iSinθ = Cosθ, eiπ = –1,
11. Arg z1z2 = Arg z1 + Argz2 π
i π
e 2 = i,log i = i
z1 2
12. Arg = Arg z1 − Argz2
z2
30. (Cosθ + iSinθ)n = Cosnθ + iSinnθ
13. Arg z = − Argz 31. Cosθ+iSinθ=CiSθ,
1+ i 1− i Cisα. Cisβ=Cis (α+ β),
14. i = −1, = i,
1− i 1+ i Cisβ
= Cis(α + β)
= −i,(1 + i) 2 = 2i,(1 − i) 2 = −2i Cisβ
x+a x−a 1
a + ib = +i , a − ib 32. If x=Cosθ+iSinθ then =Cosθ–iSinθ
2 2 x
x+a x −a 1 1
= −i where x = ⇒x+ = 2Cosα ⇒ x − = 2Sinα
2 2 a 2 + b2 x x 1
⇒ xn + = 2Cosnα
nπ 1 xn
15. (1 + 3i) n + (1 − 3i)n = 2n +1 Cos ⇒ x n − n = 2Sinnα
3 x
nπ 33. If ΣCosα = ΣSinα = 0
n
+1
16. (1 + i) n + (1 − i)n = 2 2 Cos
4 ΣCos2α = ΣSin2α = 0
z1 + z 2 ≤ z 1 + z 2 ; ΣCos2nα = ΣSin2nα = 0,
17.
z1 + z 2 ≥ z 1 − z 2 ; ΣCos2α = ΣSin2α = 3/2
z1 − z 2 ≥ z 1 − z 2 ΣCos3α = 3Cos(α + β + γ),
ΣSin3α = 3Sin(α + β + γ)
If three complex numbers ΣCos(2α – β – γ) = 3,
Z1, Z2, Z3 are collinear then ΣSin(2α – β – γ) = 0,
34. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)
 z1



z1 1
  (a + bω + cω2) (a + bω2 + cω)
z
 2



z2 1 = 0
 z


 3 z 3 1 Quadratic Expressions
18. Area of triangle formed by Z, IZ, Z + Zi 1. Standard form of Quadratic equation is ax2 + bx +c = 0
1 b
is Z2 Sum of roots = − , product of roots
2 a
19. Area of triangle formed by Z, ωZ, Z + ωZ c
, discriminate = b2 – 4ac
3 2 a
is Z
4 If α, β are roots then Quadratic equation is x2 – x(α + β) + αβ = 0
20. If Z1 − Z1Z2 + Z2 = 0 then 2. If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
2 2

origin, Z1, Z2 forms an equilateral triangle 1, c a then a + b + c = 0

21. If Z1, Z2, Z3 forms an equilateral triangle and Z0 is circum center
then 3. If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are in ratio m : n then mnb2 = (m
+ n)2 ac
Z12 + Z 2 2 + Z32 = 3Z02 ,
4. If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is square of the other then ac2 + a2c
22. If Z1, Z2, Z3 forms an equilateral triangle and Z0 is circum center + b3 = 3abc
then 1
5. If x > 0 then the least value of x + is 2
x
Z12 + Z2 2 + Z32 = Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1
6. If a1, a2,....., an are positive then the least value of
 (a1 + a 2 + .... + a n )
1
+
1 1
+ .... +  is n2 10. If f(x) = (x + y)n then sum of coefficients is equal to f(1)
 a1 a 2 an 
11. Sum of coefficients of even terms is equal
7. If a2 + b2 + c2 = K then range of f (1) − f (−1)
to
 −K  2
ab + bc + ca is  , K 
 2  12. Sum of coefficients of odd terms is equal
8. If the two roots are negative, then a, b, c will have same sign f (1) + f (−1)
to
9. If the two roots are positive, then the sign of a, c will have differ- 2
13. If Cr −1 Cr Cr +1 are in A.P (n–2r)2 =n + 2
n n n
ent sign of 'b'
10. f(x) = 0 is a polynomial then the equation whose roots are recipro- 14. For (x+y)n, if n is even then only one
th
cal of the roots of middle term that is  + 1  term.
n
  1 2 
f(x) = 0 is f   = 0 increased by 'K' is
x 15. For (x + y)n, if n is odd there are two mid-
n +1
th
term and n + 3
th
f(x – K), multiplied by K is f(x/K) dle terms that is
11. For a, b, h ∈ R the roots of 2 2 term.
(a – x) (b – x) = h2 are real and unequal 16. In the expansion (x + y)n if n is even
12. For a, b, c ∈ R the roots of greatest coefficient is
n
Cn
(x – a) (x – b) + (x – b) (x – c) + (x – c) (x – a) = 0 are real and 2

unequal 17. In the expansion (x + y)n if n is odd great-

n n
13. Three roots of a cubical equation are A.P, they are taken as a – d, a, est coefficients are C n2−1 , C n2+1 if n is odd
a+d
14. Four roots in A.P, a–3d, a–d, a+d, a+3d 18. For expansion of (1+ x)n General notation
15. If three roots are in G.P
n
C0 = Co , n C1 = C1 , n Cr = Cr
a 19. Sum of binomial coefficients
,a,ar are taken as roots
r Co + C1 + C2 + ........ + Cn = 2 n
16. If four roots are in G.P 20. Sum of even binomial coefficients
a a Co + C2 + C4 + .... = 2 n −1
, ,ar,ar 3 are taken as roots
r3 r 21. Sum of odd binomial coefficients
17. For ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 C1 + C3 + C5 + .... = 2 n −1
(i) Σα2β = (αβ + βγ + γα)
(α + β + γ) –3αβ γ = s1s2 – 3s3 MATRICES
(ii) α + β + γ = s − 2s2
2 2 2 2 1. A square matrix in which every element is equal to '0', except those
1
of principal diagonal of matrix is called as diagonal matrix
(iii) α 4 + β4 + γ4 = s14 − 4s12 s2 + 4s1 s3 + 2s22 2. A square matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in
the principal diagonal are equal and Other elements are zero's
(iv) α 3 + β3 + γ3 = s31 − 3s1s2 + 3s3 3. A diagonal matrix A in which all the elements in the principal diag-
onal are 1 and the rest '0' is called unit matrix
(v) In ax n + bx n −1 + cxn −2 ............ = 0 4. A square matrix A is said to be Idem-potent matrix if A2 = A,
to eliminate second term roots are 5. A square matrix A is said to be Involu-ntary matrix if A2 = I
−b 6. A square matrix A is said to be Symm-etric matrix if A = AT
diminished by
na A square matrix A is said to be Skew symmetric matrix if A=-AT
7. A square matrix A is said to be Nilpotent matrix If their exists a
Binomial Theorem And Partial Fractions positive integer n such that An = 0 'n' is the index of Nilpotent
1. Number of terms in the expansion matrix
(x + a)n is n + 1 8. If 'A' is a given matrix, every square mat-rix can be expressed as a
2. Number of terms in the expansion sum of symme-tric and skew symmetric matrix where
(x1 + x 2 + ... + x r ) is n +r −1 Cr −1
n

Symmetric part = A + A
T
3.
Tr +1 n − r + 1 2
In (x + a ) ,
n
=
Tr r A + AT
n unsymmetric part =
 b  2
4. For  ax p + q  independent term is
 x  9. A square matrix 'A' is called an ortho-gonal matrix if
np
+1 AAT = I or AT = A-1
p+q 10. A square matrix 'A' is said to be a singular matrix if det A = 0
np − s 11. A square matrix 'A' is said to be non singular matrix if det A ≠ 0
5. In above, the term containing xs is p+q
+1
12. If 'A' is a square matrix then det A=det AT
6. (1 + x)n – 1 is divisible by x and 13. If AB = I = BA then A and B are called inverses of each other
(1 + x)n – nx –1 is divisible by x2. 14. (A-1)-1 = A, (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
7. Coefficient of xn in (x+1) (x+2)...(x+n)=n 15. If A and AT are invertible then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
8. Coefficient of xn–1 in (x+1) (x+2)....(x+n) 16. If A is non singular of order 3, A
is (
n n + 1) AdjA
is invertible, then A −1 =
2 det A
9. Coefficient of xn–2 in above is a b −1 1  d −b if ad-bc ≠ 0
17. If A=  ⇒ A = ad − bc  −c a 
n (n + 1)(n − 1)(3n + 2 ) c d  
24 18. (A-1)-1=A, (AB)-1=B-1 A-1, (AT)-1 =(A-1)T (ABC)-1 = C-1 B-1
 A-1. If A is a n x n non- singular matrix, then N 
iv) Median =  −F
l+  ×C
a) A(AdjA)=|A|I 2
b) Adj A = |A| A-1 f
c) (Adj A)-1 = Adj (A-1) where l = Lower limit of Median class
d) Adj AT = (Adj A)T f = frequency
e) Det (A-1) = ( Det A)-1 N = Σfi
f) |Adj A| = |A|n -1 C = Width of Median class
g) lAdj (Adj A ) l= |A|(n - 1)2 F = Cumulative frequency of class just preceding to median class
h) For any scalar 'k' v) First or lower Quartile deviation
Adj (kA) = kn -1Adj A N 
 −F
19. If A and B are two non-singular matrices of the same type then Q1 = l +  4  .C
f 
 
(i) Adj (AB) = (Adj B) (Adj A)  
(ii) |Adj (AB) | = |Adj A| |Adj B | where f = frequency of first quarfile class
= |Adj B| |Adj A| F = cumulative frequency of the class just preceding to first quar-
20. To determine rank and solution first con-vert matrix into Echolon tile class
form vi) upperQuartiledeviation
1 2 3 4 
 3N 
i.e. A =  2 3 1 2  1 2 3 4  4 −F
Q3 = l +   .C
 3 2 1 0  Echolon form ofA = 0 x y z 
 f 
 0 0 k l   
No of non zero rows=n= Rank of a matrix  f m − f1 
vii) Mode Z = l +   .C where
If the system of equations AX=B is consistent if the coeff matrix A  2 f m − f1 − f 2 
and augmented matrix K are of same rank l = lower limit of modal class with maximum frequency
Let AX = B be a system of equations of 'n' unknowns and ranks of f1 = frequency preceding modal class
coeff matrix = r1 and rank of augmented matrix = r2 f2 = frequency successive modal class
If r1≠ r2, then AX = B is inconsistant, f3 = frequency of modal class
i.e. it has no solution viii) Mode = 3Median - 2Mean
If r1= r2= n then AX=B is consistant, it has unique solution ix) Quartile deviation = Q3 − Q1
If r1= r2 < n then AX=B is consistant and it has infinitely many 2
number of solutions x) coefficient of quartile deviation
Q3 − Q1
Random Variables- =
Q3 + Q1
Distributions & Statistics
xi) coefficient of Range
1. For probability distribution if x=xi with range (x1, x2, x3 ----) and Range
= Maximum + Minimum
P(x=xi) are their probabilities then
mean µ= Σxi P(x-xi)
Variance =σ2 =Σxi2 p(x=xi) -µ2
VECTORS
Standard deviation = var iance 1. A system of vectors a1 , a2 ,.....an are said to be linearly independent
2. If n be positive integer p be a real number such that 0≤ P ≤ 1 a ran- if are exists scalars x1 , x2 .... xn .
dom variable X with range (0,1,2,----n) is said to follows binomi- Such that x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ... + xn an = 0
al distribution. ⇒ x1 = x2 = x3 ........ = xn = 0
For a Binomial distribution of (q+p)n 2. Any three non coplanar vectors are linea-rly independent
i) probability of occurrence = p A system of vectors a1 , a2 ,.....an are said to be linearly dependent
ii) probability of non occurrence = q if there
iii) p + q = 1 x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ... + xn an = 0
iv) probability of 'x' successes atleast one of xi≠0, i=1, 2, 3….n
P ( x = xi ) = nC x q n −x p x And determinant = 0
v) Mean = µ = np 3. Any two collinear vectors, any three coplanar vectors are linearly
vi) Variance = npq dependent. Any set of vectors containing null vectors is linearly
vii) Standard deviation = npq independent
3. If number of trials are large and probab-ility of success is very 4. If ABCDEF is regular hexagon with center 'G' then AB + AC + AD
small then poisson distribution is used and given as + AE + AF = 3AD = 6AG.
e−λ λ k 5. Vector equation of sphere with center at c and radius a
P (x = k ) =
is (r − c ) = a 2 or r − 2r.c + c = a 2
2 2 2
k
4. i) If x1,x2,x3,.....xn are n values of variant 6. a, b are ends of diameter then equation of sphere (r − a ). (r − b )= 0
x , then its Arithmetic Mean x = ∑ xi 7. If a, b are unit vectors then unit vector along bisector of ∠ AOB is
n
a+b (a + b )
ii) For individual series If A is assumed or
a+b ± a + b
average then A.M x = A+
∑ ( xi − A)
n 8. Vector along internal angular bisector is
 a b
iii) For discrete frequency distribution: ±λ  + 
x = A+
∑ fi di  a

b

where (d i = xi − A )
∑ fi 9. If 'I' is in centre of ∆ ABC then,
le
 27. Let, a ≠ 0 b be two vectors. Then
BC IA + CA IB + AB IC = 0
i) The component of b on a is b.a
ii) The projection of b on a is b.a a ( )
10. If 'S' is circum centre of ∆ ABC then, SA + SB + SC = SO
le
b .a
28. i) The component of b on a is
11. If 'S' is circum centre, 'O' is orthocenter of ∆ ABC
le
a
then, OA + OB + OC = 2OS ii) the projection of b on a is
(b .a )a
12. If a = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) & if axes are rotated through an
2
a
i) x - axis iii) the projection of b on a vector perpe-ndicular to' a' in the plane
(a1 , a2 cos α + a3 sin α , a2 cos α + a1 sin(90 − α ) generated by
ii) y - axis (a 3 cos (90 + α ) + a1 sin (90 + α ), a
a,b is b −
(b .a )a
, a2 , ( a3 cos α + a1 sin α ) ) a
2

iii) z - axis (a cos α + a

1 2 sin α , 29. If a,b are two nonzero vectors then
, (a1 cos (90 + α ) + a2 sin (90 + α ), a3 )) cos (a , b )=
a .b
If 'O' is circumcentre of ∆ ABC then a b
le

30. If a,b are not parallel then a×b is perpendicular to both of the vec-
ΣOA sin 2 A =
2
3
OA + OB + OC( ) tors a,b.
(Consider equilateral ∆ )
le
31. If a,b are not parallel then a.b, a×b form a right handed system.
13. a.b = a b cos θ where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180° 32. If a,b are not parallel then
i) a.b > 0 ⇒ 0 < θ < 90° ⇒ θ is acute a × b = a b sin (a.b ) and hence
ii) a.b < 0 ⇒ 90° < θ < 180° ⇒ θ is obtuse 33. If a is any vector then a×a = 0
iii) a.b = 0 ⇒ θ = 90° ⇒ two vectors are ⊥ r to each other. 34. If a,b are two vectors then a×b = - b×a.
14. In a right angled ∆ ABC, if AB is the hypotenuse and AB = P then
le
35. a×b = -b×a is called anticommutative law.
AB.BC + BC.CA + CA.AB = P 2 36. If a,b are two nonzero vectors, then
15. ∆ABC is equilateral triangle of side 'a' then AB.BC a×b
sin (a, b ) =
AB.BC + BC .CA + CA.AB = a b
 
3a 2 37. If ABC is a triangle such that AB = a, AC = b then the vector area of
−
2 ∆ABC is
1
16. (a.i ) + (a. j ) + (a.k ) = a ; (a × b ) and scalar area is 1 [a × b ]
2 2 2 2

2 2

(a × i ) + (a × j ) + (a × k ) = 2 a 38. If a,b,c are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle, then the
2 2 2 2

vector area of the triangle

17. Vector equation. of a line passing through the point A with P.V. a 1
= (a × b + b × c + c × a )
and parallel to 'b' is r = a + tb 2
 
18. Vector equation of a line passing through A (a ), B (b ) is r =(1-t)a 39. If ABCD is a parallelogram AB = a, BC = b and then the vector area
+tb of ABCD is la×bl
19. Vector equation. of line passing through a & ⊥ to b, c
r
40. The length of the projection of b on a vector perpendicular to a in
r = a + t b×c( ) the plane generated by a,b is
a ×b
20. Vector equation. of plane passing through a pt A (a ) and- parallel a
to non-collinear vectors b & c is r = a + sb + tc . 41. The perpendicular distance from a point P to the line joining the
s,t∈R and also given as  
AP × AB
 r − a bc  = r b c  = a b c  points A,B is 
      AB

21. Vector equation. of a plane passing through three non-collinear

Points. 42. Torque: The torque or vector moment or moment vector M of a
force F about a point P is defined as M = r×F where r is the vector
() () ()
A a , B b ,C c is  AB AC AP  = 0 from the point P to any point A on the line of action L of F.

i.e = r = a + s (b − a )+ t (c − a )
43. a,b,c are coplanar then [abc]=0
44. Volume of parallelopiped = [abc] with a, b, c as coterminus edges.
= (1 − s − t )a + sb + sc =  r − a, b − a , c − a  45. The volume of the tetrahedron ABCD is
22. Vector equation. of a plane passing through pts A (a ) ( ) and
B b 1   
±  AB AC AD 
parallel to 6
46. If a,b,c are three conterminous edges of a tetrahedron then the vol-
()
C c is  AP AB C  = 0 ume of the
23. Vector equation of plane, at distance p (p >0) from origin and ⊥
r
1
 is r.n = p
 tetrahedron = ± [a b c ]
to n 6
24. Perpendicular distance from origin to plane passing through a,b,c 47. The four points A,B,C,D are coplanar if
  
 AB AC AD  = 0
 abc   
b × c + c × a + a × b  48. The shortest distance between the skew
lines r = a +s b and r = c+ td is [
25. Plane passing through a and parallel to b,c is [r - a, b - c] = and [r a − c, b − d ]
b c] = [abc] b×d
26. Vector equation of plane passing through A,B,C with position vec- 49. If i,j,k are unit vectors then [i j k] = 1
tors a,b,c is [ r - a, b-a, c-a] =0 and r.[b×c + c×a+a×b] = abc 50. If a,b,c are vectors then [a+b, b+c, c+a] = 2[abc]
51. [a×b, b×c, c×a] = (abc)2 to the difficult ones later.
52. Σix (a × i ) = 2a
Remember that cut-off in most of the exa-ms moves between 60 to
2 2 2 2 70%. So if you fo-cus on easy and average question i.e. 85% of the
53. a × b + a.b = a b
. questions, you can easily score 70% marks without even attempting
( )( )
a.c a.d difficult qu-estions. Try to ensure that in the initial 2 hours of the
54. a×b . c×d =
b.c b.d paper the focus should be clea-rly on easy and average questions,
55. If A,B,C,D are four points, and After 2 hours you can decide whether you want to move to difficult
AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD = 4 (∆ABC ) questions or revise the ones attempted to ensure a high strike rate.

b×c −1 c×a a×b Topic-wise tips

56. a = abc , b = abc , c = abc
1 1

[ ] [ ] [ ] Trigonometry:
are called reciprocal system of vectors In trigonometry, students usually find it diffi-cult to memorize the vast
57. If a,b,c are three vectors then [a b c] = [b c a]= [c a b] = -[b a c] = number of formul-ae. Understand how to derive formulae and then
-[c b a] = -[a c b] apply them to solving problems.The mo-re you practice, the more
58.Three vectors are coplanar if det = 0 ingrained in your br-ain these formulae will be, enabling you to re-call
If ai + j + k, i + bj + k, i + j + ck where a ≠ b ≠ c ≠ 1 are coplanar them in any situation. Direct questions from trigonometry are usually
then less in number, but the use of trigonometric concepts in Coor-dinate
1
+
1
+
1
=1
Geometry & Calculus is very profuse.
i) 1 − a 1 − b 1 − c Coordinate Geometry:
1 1 1 This section is usually considered easier than trigonometry. There are
+ + =2
ii) ab bc ca many common conc-epts and formulae (such as equations of tang-ent
and normal to a curve) in conic sections (circle, parabola, ellipse,
Preparation Tips - Mathematics hyperbola). Pay att-ention to Locus and related topics, as the und-

Memorizing land mark problems (rememb-ering standard formulae, erstanding of these makes coordinate Geome-try easy.
concepts so that you can apply them directly) and being strong in Calculus:
mental calculations are essential (Never use the calculator during Calculus includes concept-based problems which require analytical
your entire AIEEE preparation. Try to do first and sec-ond level of skills. Functions are the backbone of this section. Be thorough with
calculations mentally properties of all types of functions, such as trigonometric, algebraic,

You are going to appear for AIEEE this year, you must be very con- inverse trigonom-etric, logarithmic, exponential, and signum.
fident, don't pa-nic,it is not difficult and tough. You need to learn Approximating sketches and graphical interp-retations will help you
some special tips and tricks to solve the AIEEE questions to get the solve problems faster. Practical application of derivatives is a very vast
top rank. area, but if you understand the basic concepts involved, it is very easy

Don't try to take up new topics as they con-sume time, you will also to score.
lose your confide-nce on the topics that you have already pre-pared. Algebra:

Don't try to attempt 100% of the paper unl-ess you are 100% confi- Don't use formulae to solve problems in topi-cs which are logic-ori-
dent: It is not nece-ssary to attempt the entire question paper, Don't ented, such as permuta-tions and combinations, probability, location of
try if you are not sure and confident as there is negative marking. If roots of a quadratic, geometrical applicati-ons of complex numbers,
you are confident about 60% of the questions, that will be enough to vectors, and 3D-geometry.
get a good rank.

Never answer questions blindly. Be wise, preplanning is very impor- AIEEE 2009 Mathematics Section Analysis of CBSE syllabus
tant. Of all the three sections in the AIEEE 2009 paper, the Mathematics

There are mainly three difficulty levels, si-mple, tough and average. section was the toughest. Questions were equally divided between the
First try to finish all the simple questions to boost your Conf-idence. syllabi of Class XI and XII. Many candidates struggled with the Calcu-

Don't forget to solve question papers of previous years AIEEE before lus and Coordinate Geometry portions.
the examinat-ion. As you prepare for the board examinat-ion, you Class XI Syllabus
should also prepare and solve the last year question papers for Topic No. of Questions
AIEEE. You also need to set the 3 hours time for each and every pre- Trigonometry 1
vious year paper, it will help you to judge yourself, and this will let Algebra (XI) 6
you know your weak and strong areas. You will gradually become Coordinate Geometry 5
confident. Statistics 3

You need to cover your entire syllabus but don't try to touch any new 3-D (XI) 1
topic if the exa-mination is close by. Class XII Syllabus

Most of the questions in AIEEE are not dif-ficult. They are just dif- Topic No. of Questions
ferent & they requi-re a different approach and a different min-dset. Calculus 8
Each question has an element of sur-prise in it & a student who is Algebra (XII) 2
adept in tack-ling 'surprise questions' is most likely to sail through Probability 2
successfully. 3-D (XII) 1

It is very important to understand what you have to attempt and what Vectors 1
you have to omit. There is a limit to which you can improve your
speed and strike rate beyond which what becomes very important is
your selec-tion of question. So success depends upon how judi-
ciously one is able to select the questions. To optimize your per-
formance you should quickly scan for easy questions and come back