Professional Documents
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QUIZ
Close all your notes and leave on your desk only your
pens, calculators and a clean sheet of yellow paper.
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Objectives
Outline
– Dredging
– Scow Measurements (Volume)
– Stream Velocity
– Stream Discharge Measurement
– Capacity of Lakes and Reservoirs (Volume)
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Dredging
Dredging – process of widening, enlarging, cleaning or
deepening of channels in harbors, rivers, and canals.
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Clamshell Dredge
Clamshell Dredge
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Rainbow
Rainbow
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Scow Measurement
The amount of material dredged from any body of
water can be determined either by soundings or scow
measurements.
Scow Measurement
The volume estimate is made of the draft of a scow
before and after loading.
The amount of water displaced during the loading
process is essentially equal to the weight of the body.
The weight density of the excavated material and of the
water in which the scow float are important in the
computations.
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Scow Measurement
Scow Measurement
Example:
A rectangular deck scow 30.50m long, 6.10m wide and
3.66m high has a draft of 1.22m when light and a draft
of 3.05m when loaded. The bottom length of the scow
is 23.15m. The waterline is 29.26m long when the scow
is loaded with rocks and 25.60m long when light. If sea
water weighs 1026kg/cu m and the loaded dredged
material weighs 3208kg/cu m, determine the volume of
the loaded rock.
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Scow Measurement
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1. Velocity-area Method
2. Slope-area Method
3. Weir Method
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Velocity-area Method
Usually done in channels or rivers using current meters.
Velocities are observed at selected depths on several
verticals or subsections along a line transverse to the
direction of flow.
Qt = At * Vm
V = aN + b
where:
N = no. of revolutions per second
Qt = total discharge
At = total area
Vm = mean velocity
a, b = meter constants
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II
Velocity-area Method
Velocity – Area Method
Qt = At * Vm
V = aN + b
where:
N = no. of revolutions per second
Qt = total discharge
At = total area
Vm = mean velocity
a, b = meter constants
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Slope-area Method
Done for obtaining peak flow of a stream after the flood
has receded.
A straight stretch of river of uniform slope is needed and
cross-section is required.
The area of the cross-section at each end of the reach
(e.g. the length of channel uniform with respect to
discharge, depth, area, and slope) is determined, as well
as the slope of the water surface during the peak stage.
The Chezy formula (empirical/ used due to absence of
better and accurate stream flow data) for open channels
with Kutter’s coefficient is generally used to compute for
the mean velocity.
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Slope-area Method
Slope-area Method
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C = depends on roughness of the bed and inclination, and hydraulic mean depth.
n = depends on the shape and character of the stream
P = actual length of the line in the water cross-section when the water and the
ground are in contact.
R = A/P
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Weir Method
Weir – an overflow structure built across an open
channel or stream, used to measure discharge in
streams, irrigation ditched, canals, large sewers and
other hydraulic channels where the velocities and depths
are not suitable for measurement by current meters.
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Weir Method
Weir Method
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Weir Method
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2. Prismoidal Method
3. Contour Method
4. Cross-section Method
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Contour Method
A traverse is run from a shore line and the water line
and desired shore topography are located.
Sufficient number of soundings are taken and sub-
aqueous contours are plotted.
The area enclosed by a contour is determined by a
planimeter, a measuring instrument used to determine
the area of a 2D shape by tracing around its perimeter.
The average area of two consecutive contours
multiplied by the contour interval gives partial volumes,
and the summation them gives the total volume.
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II
Total Volume =
summation of partial
volumes
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II
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Section 2
Section 3
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Section 4
References
• Anderson, James & E. Mikhail (1998), Surveying: Theory
and Practice 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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