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Disadvantages:
1-Unwanted noise in recording.
2-If we transmit data at long distance then unwanted disturbance is
there.
3-Generation loss is also a big con of analog signals.
Digital:-
Is a type of signal that can take on a set of discrete values (a quantized signal)
Digital signals can represent a discrete set of values using any discrete set
of waveforms .. And we can represent it like (0 or 1) ,( on or off )….. etc
Digital signals can be optical, electrical, acoustic, or others. Digital signals are
present in all digital electronics, notably computing equipment and
telecommunications.
Digital signals must have a finite set of possible values. The number of values in the
set can be anywhere between two and a-very-large-number-that’s-not-infinity. Most
commonly digital signals will be one of two values – like either 0V or 5V. Timing
graphs of these signals look like square waves
Or a digital signal might be a discrete representation of an analog waveform. Viewed
from afar, the wave function below may seem smooth and analog, but when you look
closely there are tiny discrete steps as the signal tries to approximate values.
• That’s the big difference between analog and digital waves. Analog waves are
smooth and continuous, digital waves are stepping, square, and discrete.
• Working with electronics means dealing with both analog and digital signals,
inputs and outputs. Our electronics projects have to interact with the real,
analog world in some way, but most of our microprocessors, computers, and
logic units are purely digital components. These two types of signals are like
different electronic languages; some electronics components are bi-lingual,
others can only understand and speak one of the two.
ADC
There are two step Process :-
• Quantizing - breaking down analog value is a set of finite states
• Encoding - assigning a digital word or number to each state and matching
it to the input signal
Quantizing :-
The number of possible states that the converter can output is: N=2n
(Where n is the number of bits in the AD converter)
Analog quantization size:
Q= (V max -V min)/N
Example: For a 3 bit A/D converter, you have 0-10V signals. Separate them into
a set of discrete states
Sol: Output States Discrete Voltage Ranges (V)
N=23=8 0 0.00-1.25
2 2.50-3.75
3 3.75-5.00
4 5.00-6.25
Quantization 5 6.25-7.50
6 7.50-8.75
7 8.75-10.0
Here we assign the digital value
Output States Output Binary Equivalent
(binary number) to each state for
the computer to read. 0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
Encoding 6
7
110
111
Sampling :-
• It is a process of taking a sufficient number of discrete values at point on a
waveform that will define the shape of waveform.
• The more samples you take, the more accurately you will define the waveform.
• It converts analog signal into series of impulses, each representing amplitude of
the signal at given point…….
Disadvantages :-
• Lower resolution
• Expensive
• For each additional output bit, the number of comparators is doubled
Dual Slope ADC
Also known as Counter-Ramp or Digital Ramp ADC, A dual slope ADC is
commonly used in measurement instruments
Dual Slope
Flash
Successive Approx
0 5 10 15 20 25
Resolution (Bits)
(1-2)
binary weighted resistor DAC :-
Vo = -If × Rf =-(I1+I2+I3+I4)×Rf
Digital/analog example :-
calculate the output voltage for an input code word 0110 if a logic
1 is 10V and logic 0 is 0V
and R = Rf =1k
I=V/R
I1=I4=0
I2=10V/2R = 10/2K= 5 mA
I3=10V/4R=10/4K=0.25 mA
Vo = -If × Rf = -(0.0052) × 1000
= -5.2 volts
Basically, digital-to-analog conversion is the opposite of analog-to-digital conversion.
In most cases, if an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is placed in a communications
circuit after a DAC, the digital signal output is identical to the digital signal input.
Also, in most instances when a DAC is placed after an ADC, the analog signal
output is identical to the analog signal input.
Signal transformation life cycle
The final step
There is a huge deferent between these signals :
Analog Digital
Analog signal is a
continuous signal which Digital signals are discrete
Signal
represents physical time signals
measurements.
Waves Denoted by sine waves Denoted by square waves
More likely to get affected reducing Less affected since noise response are
Response to Noise
accuracy analog in nature
Digital hardware is flexible in
Flexibility Analog hardware is not flexible.
implementation.
Can be used in analog devices only.
Best suited for Computing and digital
Uses Best suited for audio and video
electronics.
transmission.
Applications Thermometer PCs, PDAs