CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

As a source of many nutritional benefits, people want to engage in growing and

planting Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), because of this, some people make it as an

agribusiness, for them to earn money or for their own health benefits. Mushroom cultivation

is the best way in planting Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), because of our temperature

it’s easy for us to grow Oyster Mushroom (Pleuroyus spp.), it can be either outdoor or

indoor. This research study will determine the best treatment for Oyster Mushroom

(Pleuterus spp.) to grow faster and healthy and find out if water is enough as growing media

to complete the needed nutrients of the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.).

Background of the Study

Oyster mushroom or Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which

includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms. Species of Pleurotus may be called

oyster, abalone or tree mushroom, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible me

mushroom in the world. Pleurotus fungi are found in both tropical and temperate climates

thorough the world. It grows either wild in the forest and is cultivated in the temperate and

sub-tropical regions. It’s commonly found in lawns and other grassy places. Because of

many benefits of oyster mushroom in our health and having an excellent taste, People wants

to grow their own mushroom, and mushroom cultivation is the method to successfully grow

your mushroom. Mushroom growers especially those beginners uses different variety of

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chemical products to grow their mushroom faster. On this case, it may cause many negative

effects, on mushroom, People and environment, because of chemicals applied and sprayed

on them. This led me to study and find out what is the best and good organic ways to grow

your mushroom successfully without those harmful chemicals. Modern bananas come from

two different species with the scientific names Musa acuminate and Musa balbisiana.

Cardava or popularly known as “saba”has the highest content of nutrients because it has the

deepest roots among other banana plants, of which can absorb more nutrients from the soil.

No wonder their trunk is long and big so with their fruits. The name "banana" comes from

an Arabic word meaning "finger.".. Banana peels are not poisonous. In fact, they're edible,

and packed with nutrients. "Banana peel is eaten in many parts of the world, though [it's] not

very common in the west," Flores said. "It contains high amounts of vitamin B6 and B12, as

well as magnesium and potassium. It also contains some fiber and protein." According to a

2011 article in the journal of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, banana peels also

have "various bioactive compounds like polyphenols, carotenoids and others." Fermentation

is a natural process. Fermentation is one of the oldest known food preservation techniques.

Along with drying and salting, fermentation was a key method of extending the life of

foods, allowing them to be available, and eaten safely, in times of scarcity or seasonal non

availability. A wine is an example of beverage that undergo fermentation many scientific

medical studied indicated that fermented foods help people to be healthy. Fermentation is

one of the oldest known food preservation techniques. Along with drying and salting,

fermentation was a key method of extending the life of foods, allowing them to be available,

and eaten safely, in times of scarcity or seasonal non availability. The clear variations were

defined between plant and human immune system. Even though molecule is different the

immune function has high impacts of similarity. It is very possible that fermented juices can

also help plants including the mushroom (kingdom fungi) in their development and growth..
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Statement of the Problem

 Which treatment that the oyster mushrooms grows faster?

a. Banana Peel

b. Water

c. No application

 Which treatment can produce more Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)?

a. Banana Peel

b. Water

c. No application

 Is there any significant difference between the growths of mushroom using:

a. Banana Peel

b. Water

c. No application

Significance of the Study

Mushroom cultivation was introduced source as a nutritional supplement and an

agricultural business for the landless poor. There are many benefits that we can get on them,

they are known to help lower cholesterol levels and are great source of potassium, iron and

protein. However, some first timer Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) grower uses different

kinds of chemicals in their growing media to complete the provided nutrients needed by the

Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), but this practices can harm any living organism that are

very important on the ecosystem. Also it can risk the health of an individual. This is the

reason why the life span of the people is getting lower because of the synthetic chemicals

that mainly found in our food. In this study, the use of organic and natural ways of growing

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Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) to produce a safe food for the people that can help them

to be more healthy because there are no chemicals applied to their food.

This study will also give the mushroom farmers the idea on what treatment is better

in growing Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) in that ways this study will help them to

produce more and good quality Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) without applying harmful

synthetic chemicals.

Scope and Delimitations

This study aims to determine what the best way to grow Oyster Mushroom

(Pleurotus spp.). it focuses only to the specific type of mushroom and that is Oyster

Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.). The study will use Banana peel fermented juice as a substitute

for water, on the other hand water is absolutely effective in growing all kinds of plants.

However, in this study, it will find out the effect of fermented banana peel in growing media

and determine if water is enough to produce the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) faster

and healthy.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the ideas, concepts, theories and principles gather from books,

journals, magazines, unpublished thesis and dissertations written by both Filipinos and

foreigner which were found useful and relevant in the study.

Foreign Literature

According to Yashvant Patel et al.(2012), mushroom have been use as food

supplement not only for their flavour, nutritive values but they can also used it for medicinal

purposes.Pleurotus or Oyster mushroom as health promoter is gaining more importance

compared to other medicinal mushrooms. They collected and presented information about

Pleurotus species for the researchers to upgrade the holistic mushroom medicine.

The comparative study of S. R. Mondal et al. (2010) evaluate the better

performance of oyster mushroom in different substrates as well as to find out the better

substrate for mushroom cultivation and the results show that highest mycelium running rate

was found in banana leaves and rice straw (1:1) but the lowest in control. Completion of

mycelium running time was lowest in banana leaves and rice straw (1:3 and 3:1). Number of

total primordial and effective primordial, found highest in control but the maximum pileups

thickness was measured from rice straw.

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 According to T. Jayakumara et al. (2008) the data they generated strongly shows that

an ethanol extract of the oyster mushroom has potent antioxidant activity. They investigated

the antioxidant potential of an ethanol extract of the Pleurotus sp. Hence, their study is

considerable, relevant o the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (2013) investigated oyster mushroom growing

media. They cultivated the Pleurotus on rice straw, basal substrate, wheat straw basal

substrate, and cotton seed supplemented with different proportions of cotton seed to find a

most effective substrate. The results shows that for all substrate, oyster mushroom on rice

straw and wheat basal have faster mycelia growth. The addition of cotton seed hull slowed

spawn running for rice straw.

Local Literature

According to Sánchez, Carmen (2010) Edible mushrooms are able to colonize and

degrade a large variety of lignocellulose substrates and other wastes which are produced

primarily through the activities of the agricultural, forest, and food-processing industries.

Particularly, P. ostreatus requires a shorter growth time in comparison to other edible

mushrooms. The substrate used for their cultivation does not require sterilization, only

pasteurization, which is less expensive. Growing oyster mushrooms convert a high

percentage of the substrate to fruiting bodies, increasing profitability. P. ostreatus demands

few environmental controls, and their fruiting bodies are not often attacked by diseases and

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pests, and they can be cultivated in a simple and cheap way. All this makes P. ostreatus

cultivation an excellent alternative for production of mushrooms when compared to other

mushrooms.

Journal of Agronomy (2007) four lignocellulose substrates (sawdust, peat of coconut

husk, narrow leaf cattails and bagasse) were used for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation and 3-6

flushes were obtained from these substrates. A bagasse substrate accelerated the mushroom

growing processes. The mycelia completed colonization, primordium initiation and fruiting

body formation were found within 28, 40 and 44 days, respectively. The sawdust (control)

gave the maximum mushroom yield (536.85 g per 1 kg substrate) and this yield was

significantly different to those found from bagasse (360.84 g), peat of coconut husk (278.78

g) and narrow leaf cattails (112.10 g) at a confidence level of 95%. Even the mushroom

yield obtained from bagasse was lower than sawdust but m term of biological efficiency

(BE) value the result achieved from bagasse (103.56%) was slightly higher than sawdust

(95.02%). Low BE values were revealed in both peat of coconut husk (56.76%) and narrow

leaf cattails (44.67 %) and these values were significantly different and two times less than

those found in bagasse and sawdust. Therefore, when BE value was taking into account the

lignocellulose substrate likes bagasse has shown great potential for use as a raw material

instead of sawdust since tiffs substrate provides an economically acceptable production

alternative for P. ostreatus cultivation.

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 The study of Delos Santos, Sophia Rose et al.(2016) is to observe the development

of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir using different watering agents that are drunk by

people.The plants height are recorded, after ten days their final height are compared and it

shows that besides water, tea can also support plant's growth.

The objective of the research of Mungcal Ryan M. et al.(2016) is to find out the

efficiency of banana peelings to substitute those commercial vinegars. The pH level of the

vinegar made out of banana peelings was compared to the different kinds if commercial

vinegars and to know if the banana peelings have significant effect in making of vinegar.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The preparation of the materials, apparatus, procedures, treatment and data

gathering are stated in this part of research.

a. Preparation of Materials and Procedures

Making Fermented Juice

In making fermented juice (Banana Peel), collect banana peels at least 1kg.

Chop the materials into small pieces so it can be easily extracted. Put the chopped

banana peel in a pot, add sugar and 1 liter of water and then mix thoroughly. Cover

the pot and make it boil. After boiling, put the mixture in a basin, separate the

banana peels and the juice, let it cool down and add yeast. Put the mixture in a

container. To cover the container, use paper or cloth to allow the gas escape during

fermentation. Store the fermented for 7 days in a cool dry shady place.

Making Growing Media or the Mushroom Bag for planting the Oyster

Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)

The materials needed in making growing media or the mushroom bags are

Polypropylene plastic bag (8inches x 12inches), rice straw, rubber band, PVC pipe ,

cotton, drum and water.

Cut the rice straw into small pieces about 2inches, after cutting, soak the rice

straw on a drum full with water overnight. After a day removes the rice straw in the

drum and let it dries for about 60%. After drying, put the rice straw on the

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polypropylene plastic bag, put the spawn of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), and

lock the mushroom bag using the PVC pine and rubber band, put cotton on the

mouth of the PVC pipe to avoid bacteria to colonize the media. Spray the fermented

juice and water daily.

b. Date Gathering

Using the ruler measure the growth of the mushrooms daily until harvesting

time.

c. Statistical treatment

ANOVA is a statistical method that stands for analysis of variance. ANOVA

was developed by Ronald fisher in 1918 and is the extension of the t and z test.

ANOVA creates a way to test several null hypothesis at the same time. The logic

behind this procedure has to do with how much variance there is in a population.

It is likely the researcher will not know the actual variance in the population but

they can estimate this by sampling and calculating the variance in the sample.

You compare the differences in the samples to see if they are the same or

statistically different while accounting for sampling error. It is the most used

statistical analysis. It is used to determine whether mean of the different

treatments differed significantly or not from each other.

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the main results of the study based on the data gathered from

the experiment conducted. Findings of the study, analysis of data and interpretation of the

data are also included in this study.

Table 1. The growth of mushroom using fermented banana peel juice and water.

days of observation
Treatment day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 Average
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
Fermented Banana
20 40 70 90 120
Juice 68
water 10 20 25 60 110 45
no treatment 7 12 18 27 60 24.8

Table 1 shows the growth of mushroom using fermented banana peel, water and the

other which doesn’t apply any treatment. As shown in the table the fermented banana peel

treatment had a great and positive effect on the growth and development of the Oyster

Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) tham the water. While the no application treatment had a least

number of height of mushroom produced. The fermented banana peel had made the Oyster

Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) grow more than the water and no application treatments. By

using the banana peels the mushrooms had reached the biological maturity from day 1 up to

day 5.

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Statistical Analysis

ANOVA is a statistical method that stands for analysis of variance. ANOVA was

developed by Ronald fisher in 1918 and is the extension of the t and z test. ANOVA creates

a way to test several null hypothesis at the same time. The logic behind this procedure has to

do with how much variance there is in a population. It is likely the researcher will not know

the actual variance in the population but they can estimate this by sampling and calculating

the variance in the sample. You compare the differences in the samples to see if they are the

same or statistically different while accounting for sampling error. It is the most used

statistical analysis. It is used to determine whether mean of the different treatments differed

significantly or not from each other. These computations are usually summarized in tabular

form, as shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2. statistical analysis of ANOVA

Anova: Single
Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Fermented juice 5 340 68 1570
Water 5 225 45 1675
No Treatment 5 124 24.8 442.7

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 4672.1333 2 2336.066667 1.900426 0.191869 3.885294
Within Groups 14750.8 12 1229.233333

Total 19422.933 14

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The table 2 shows the result of ANOVA. The F-critical value for treatment of variation

(growth of mushrooms in Fermented banana peel, water and no treatment) is 3.885294. The

F-calculated value is 1.900426. The F-tabular value is greater than the F-calculated value.

Therefore, there is a significant difference between the growth of mushroom in each

treatment (Fermented banana juice, water and no treatment).

Table 2. The mass of harvested mushrooms

Treatment Mass in grams

Fermented Banana Peel 170

Water 145

No treatment 100

The table 2 shows the mass of harvested mushrooms. This table shows the average

mass of the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) in the different treatments, the banana peel

has produced more mushrooms than the two treatments of the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus

spp.). By the time it harvested. Distinctly, the fermented banana peel has a good effect on

the growing media of the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), as it made the mushroom

become healthy and made it grow faster.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings based on the collected data, the

conclusion and recommendation.

Summary

This study was conducted to determine the growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus

spp.) in applying fermented banana juice and water.

Distinctively, this aims to answer the following questions:

 Which treatment that the oyster mushrooms grows faster?

 Which treatment can produce more Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)?

 Is there any significant difference between the growths of mushroom using?

The study shows the growth of mushroom using fermented banana peel, water and

the other which doesn’t apply any treatment. As shown in the tables the fermented banana

peel treatment had a great and positive effect on the growth and development of the Oyster

Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) tham the water. While the no application treatment had a least

number of height of mushroom produced. The fermented banana peel had made the Oyster

Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) grow more than the water and no application treatments. By

using the banana peels the mushrooms had reached the biological maturity from day 1 up to

day 5. It is just an indication that fermented fruit juice had a good effect to the growth and

development of mushrooms.

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Conclusion

Based on the conducted study and experimentation, the fermented juice is a good

substitute to produce a good quality and healthy mushrooms. Water is proven that is good in

growing any types of plants and edible fungi like Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) but

fermented banana juice were able to produce more and high quality mushrooms than water.

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Recommendation

Based the study and experimentation, the following recommendations are written:

1. It is highly recommended that fermented banana fruit juice must use in growing

Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.).

2. The future researcher must conduct another study using another fruit juice.

3. The future researcher must conduct another study using another type of mushroom

aside from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APENDICES

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