SECTION 7.

4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS |||| 473

1
35. Prove the formula A ! 2 r 2( for the area of a sector of 39. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to verify that
a circle with radius r and central angle (. [Hint: Assume
y0 sa 2 " t 2 dt ! 12 a 2 sin"1!x#a" ! 12 x sa 2 " x 2
x
0 ' ( ' &#2 and place the center of the circle at the origin
so it has the equation x 2 ! y 2 ! r 2. Then A is the sum of the
area of the triangle POQ and the area of the region PQR in
(b) Use the figure to give trigonometric interpretations of
the figure.]
both terms on the right side of the equation in part (a).
y P
y
a y=œ„„„„„
a@-t@

¨ ¨
O Q R x
¨
0 x t
; 36. Evaluate the integral
dx
y x 4 sx 2 " 2
1
40. The parabola y ! 2 x 2 divides the disk x 2 ! y 2 # 8 into two
parts. Find the areas of both parts.
Graph the integrand and its indefinite integral on the same
screen and check that your answer is reasonable.
41. Find the area of the crescent-shaped region (called a lune)
; 37. Use a graph to approximate the roots of the equation bounded by arcs of circles with radii r and R. (See the figure.)
x 2 s4 " x 2 ! 2 " x. Then approximate the area bounded by
the curve y ! x 2 s4 " x 2 and the line y ! 2 " x.

38. A charged rod of length L produces an electric field at point r

P!a, b" given by
%b
E!P" ! y R
L"a
dx
"a 4& $0 !x 2 ! b 2 "3#2
where % is the charge density per unit length on the rod and
$0 is the free space permittivity (see the figure). Evaluate the
integral to determine an expression for the electric field E!P". 42. A water storage tank has the shape of a cylinder with diam-
eter 10 ft. It is mounted so that the circular cross-sections
y
are vertical. If the depth of the water is 7 ft, what percentage
P (a, b) of the total capacity is being used?

0 L x 43. A torus is generated by rotating the circle

x 2 ! ! y " R"2 ! r 2 about the x-axis. Find the volume
enclosed by the torus.

7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

In this section we show how to integrate any rational function (a ratio of polynomials) by
expressing it as a sum of simpler fractions, called partial fractions, that we already know
how to integrate. To illustrate the method, observe that by taking the fractions 2#!x " 1"
and 1#!x ! 2" to a common denominator we obtain

2 1 2!x ! 2" " !x " 1" x!5

" ! ! 2
x"1 x!2 !x " 1"!x ! 2" x !x"2

If we now reverse the procedure, we see how to integrate the function on the right side of
474 |||| CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

this equation:

yx 2
x!5
!x"2
dx ! y % 2
x"1
"
1
x!2
& dx

$ $ $
! 2 ln x " 1 " ln x ! 2 ! C $
To see how the method of partial fractions works in general, let’s consider a rational
function
P!x"
f !x" !
Q!x"
where P and Q are polynomials. It’s possible to express f as a sum of simpler fractions
provided that the degree of P is less than the degree of Q. Such a rational function is called
proper. Recall that if

P!x" ! a n x n ! a n"1 x n"1 ! * * * ! a 1 x ! a 0

where a n " 0, then the degree of P is n and we write deg!P" ! n.

If f is improper, that is, deg!P" ) deg!Q", then we must take the preliminary step
of dividing Q into P (by long division) until a remainder R!x" is obtained such that
deg!R" ' deg!Q". The division statement is

P!x" R!x"
1 f !x" ! ! S!x" !
Q!x" Q!x"

where S and R are also polynomials.

As the following example illustrates, sometimes this preliminary step is all that is
required.

x3 ! x
V EXAMPLE 1 Find y dx.
x"1
SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator,
≈+x +2
x-1 ) ˛ +x we first perform the long division. This enables us to write

% &
˛-≈

y
x3 ! x 2
≈+x
≈-x
y x"1
dx ! x2 ! x ! 2 !
x"1
dx
2x
2x-2 x3 x2
2
!
3
!
2
! 2x ! 2 ln x " 1 ! C $ $ M

The next step is to factor the denominator Q!x" as far as possible. It can be shown that
any polynomial Q can be factored as a product of linear factors (of the form ax ! b)
and irreducible quadratic factors (of the form ax 2 ! bx ! c, where b 2 " 4ac ' 0). For
instance, if Q!x" ! x 4 " 16, we could factor it as

Q!x" ! !x 2 " 4"!x 2 ! 4" ! !x " 2"!x ! 2"!x 2 ! 4"

The third step is to express the proper rational function R!x"#Q!x" (from Equation 1) as
a sum of partial fractions of the form

A Ax ! B
or
!ax ! b"i !ax 2 ! bx ! c" j
 SECTION 7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS |||| 475

A theorem in algebra guarantees that it is always possible to do this. We explain the details
for the four cases that occur.

CASE I N The denominator Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors.

This means that we can write

Q!x" ! !a 1 x ! b1 "!a 2 x ! b 2 " * * * !a k x ! bk "

where no factor is repeated (and no factor is a constant multiple of another). In this case
the partial fraction theorem states that there exist constants A1, A2 , . . . , Ak such that

R!x" A1 A2 Ak
2 ! ! ! *** !
Q!x" a 1 x ! b1 a2 x ! b2 a k x ! bk

These constants can be determined as in the following example.

x 2 ! 2x " 1
V EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate y dx.
2x 3 ! 3x 2 " 2x
SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, we
don’t need to divide. We factor the denominator as

2x 3 ! 3x 2 " 2x ! x!2x 2 ! 3x " 2" ! x!2x " 1"!x ! 2"

Since the denominator has three distinct linear factors, the partial fraction decomposition
of the integrand (2) has the form

x 2 ! 2x " 1 A B C
3 ! ! !
x!2x " 1"!x ! 2" x 2x " 1 x!2

N Another method for finding A, B, and C To determine the values of A, B, and C, we multiply both sides of this equation by the
is given in the note after this example. product of the denominators, x!2x " 1"!x ! 2", obtaining

4 x 2 ! 2x " 1 ! A!2x " 1"!x ! 2" ! Bx!x ! 2" ! Cx!2x " 1"

Expanding the right side of Equation 4 and writing it in the standard form for polyno-
mials, we get

5 x 2 ! 2x " 1 ! !2A ! B ! 2C"x 2 ! !3A ! 2B " C "x " 2A

The polynomials in Equation 5 are identical, so their coefficients must be equal. The
coefficient of x 2 on the right side, 2A ! B ! 2C, must equal the coefficient of x 2 on the
left side—namely, 1. Likewise, the coefficients of x are equal and the constant terms are
equal. This gives the following system of equations for A, B, and C:

2A ! B ! 2C ! 1

3A ! 2B " C ! 2

"2A ! 2B " 2C ! "1

476 |||| CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1 1 1
Solving, we get A ! 2 , B ! 5 , and C ! " 10 , and so

N We could check our work by taking the terms

to a common denominator and adding them. y 2x
x 2 ! 2x " 1
3
! 3x 2 " 2x
dx ! y % 1 1
2 x
!
1 1
5 2x " 1
"
1 1
10 x ! 2
& dx

N Figure 1 shows the graphs of the integrand

in Example 2 and its indefinite integral (with
1
$ $ 1
$ $
! 2 ln x ! 10 ln 2x " 1 " 10 ln x ! 2 ! K
1
$ $
K ! 0). Which is which?
In integrating the middle term we have made the mental substitution u ! 2x " 1, which
2 gives du ! 2 dx and dx ! du#2. M

NOTE We can use an alternative method to find the coefficients A, B, and C in

_3 3 Example 2. Equation 4 is an identity; it is true for every value of x. Let’s choose values of
x that simplify the equation. If we put x ! 0 in Equation 4, then the second and third terms
on the right side vanish and the equation then becomes "2A ! "1, or A ! 12 . Likewise,
_2
x ! 12 gives 5B#4 ! 14 and x ! "2 gives 10C ! "1, so B ! 15 and C ! " 101 . (You may object
that Equation 3 is not valid for x ! 0, 12 , or "2, so why should Equation 4 be valid for those
FIGURE 1 values? In fact, Equation 4 is true for all values of x, even x ! 0, 12 , and "2. See Exercise 69
for the reason.)

dx
EXAMPLE 3 Find y x2 " a2
, where a " 0.

SOLUTION The method of partial fractions gives

1 1 A B
! ! !
x2 " a2 !x " a"!x ! a" x"a x!a

and therefore A!x ! a" ! B!x " a" ! 1

Using the method of the preceding note, we put x ! a in this equation and get
A!2a" ! 1, so A ! 1#!2a". If we put x ! "a, we get B!"2a" ! 1, so B ! "1#!2a".
Thus

y
dx
x2 " a2
!
1
2a y % 1
x"a
"
1
x!a
& dx

1
!
2a $ $
(ln x " a " ln x ! a $ $) ! C
Since ln x " ln y ! ln!x#y", we can write the integral as

6 y 2
dx
x "a 2
!
1
2a
ln
x"a
x!a
!C ' '
See Exercises 55–56 for ways of using Formula 6. M

CASE 11 N Q(x) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.

Suppose the first linear factor !a 1 x ! b1 " is repeated r times; that is, !a 1 x ! b1 "r occurs in
the factorization of Q!x". Then instead of the single term A1#!a 1 x ! b1 " in Equation 2, we
 SECTION 7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS |||| 477

would use

A1 A2 Ar
7 ! ! *** !
a 1 x ! b1 !a 1 x ! b1 "2 !a 1 x ! b1 "r

By way of illustration, we could write

x3 " x ! 1 A B C D E
! ! 2 ! ! !
x 2!x " 1"3 x x x"1 !x " 1"2 !x " 1"3

but we prefer to work out in detail a simpler example.

x 4 " 2x 2 ! 4x ! 1
EXAMPLE 4 Find y x3 " x2 " x ! 1
dx.

SOLUTION The first step is to divide. The result of long division is

x 4 " 2x 2 ! 4x ! 1 4x
3 2
!x!1! 3 2
x "x "x!1 x "x "x!1

The second step is to factor the denominator Q!x" ! x 3 " x 2 " x ! 1. Since Q!1" ! 0,
we know that x " 1 is a factor and we obtain

x 3 " x 2 " x ! 1 ! !x " 1"!x 2 " 1" ! !x " 1"!x " 1"!x ! 1"
! !x " 1"2!x ! 1"

Since the linear factor x " 1 occurs twice, the partial fraction decomposition is

4x A B C
! ! !
!x " 1"2!x ! 1" x"1 !x " 1"2 x!1

Multiplying by the least common denominator, !x " 1"2!x ! 1", we get

8 4x ! A!x " 1"!x ! 1" ! B!x ! 1" ! C!x " 1"2

! !A ! C"x 2 ! !B " 2C"x ! !"A ! B ! C "

N Another method for finding the coefficients: Now we equate coefficients:
Put x ! 1 in (8): B ! 2.
Put x ! "1: C ! "1. A!B! C!0
Put x ! 0: A ! B ! C ! 1.
A " B " 2C ! 4
"A ! B ! C ! 0

Solving, we obtain A ! 1, B ! 2, and C ! "1, so

y
x 4 " 2x 2 ! 4x ! 1
x3 " x2 " x ! 1
dx ! y (
x!1!
1
x"1
!
2
!x " 1"2
"
1
x!1
) dx

x2 2
!
2 $
! x ! ln x " 1 " $
x"1
" ln x ! 1 ! K $ $
!
x2
2
!x"
2
x"1
! ln
x"1
x!1
!K ' ' M
478 |||| CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

CASE III N Q(x) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is repeated.
If Q!x" has the factor ax 2 ! b x ! c, where b 2 " 4ac ' 0, then, in addition to the partial
fractions in Equations 2 and 7, the expression for R!x"#Q!x" will have a term of the form
Ax ! B
9
ax 2 ! bx ! c
where A and B are constants to be determined. For instance, the function given by
f !x" ! x#*!x " 2"!x 2 ! 1"!x 2 ! 4"+ has a partial fraction decomposition of the form
x A Bx ! C Dx ! E
! ! 2 ! 2
!x " 2"!x 2 ! 1"!x 2 ! 4" x"2 x !1 x !4
The term given in (9) can be integrated by completing the square and using the formula

10 yx 2
dx
! a2
1
! tan"1
a
x
a
%& !C

2x 2 " x ! 4
V EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate y dx.
x 3 ! 4x
SOLUTION Since x 3 ! 4x ! x!x 2 ! 4" can’t be factored further, we write

2x 2 " x ! 4 A Bx ! C
! ! 2
x!x 2 ! 4" x x !4
Multiplying by x!x 2 ! 4", we have
2x 2 " x ! 4 ! A!x 2 ! 4" ! !Bx ! C "x
! !A ! B"x 2 ! Cx ! 4A
Equating coefficients, we obtain

A!B!2 C ! "1 4A ! 4

Thus A ! 1, B ! 1, and C ! "1 and so

y
2x 2 " x ! 4
x 3 ! 4x
dx ! y % 1
x
x"1
! 2
x !4
& dx

In order to integrate the second term we split it into two parts:

x"1 x 1
yx 2
!4
dx ! y 2
x !4
dx " y 2
x !4
dx

We make the substitution u ! x 2 ! 4 in the first of these integrals so that du ! 2x dx.

We evaluate the second integral by means of Formula 10 with a ! 2:

2x 2 " x ! 4 1 x 1
y x!x 2 ! 4"
dx ! y dx ! y 2
x x !4
dx " y 2
x !4
dx

$ $
! ln x ! 12 ln!x 2 ! 4" " 12 tan"1!x#2" ! K M
 SECTION 7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS |||| 479

4x 2 " 3x ! 2
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate y 4x 2 " 4x ! 3
dx.

SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is not less than the degree of the denominator,
we first divide and obtain

4x 2 " 3x ! 2 x"1
!1!
4x 2 " 4x ! 3 4x 2 " 4x ! 3

Notice that the quadratic 4x 2 " 4x ! 3 is irreducible because its discriminant is

b 2 " 4ac ! "32 ' 0. This means it can’t be factored, so we don’t need to use the
partial fraction technique.
To integrate the given function we complete the square in the denominator:

4x 2 " 4x ! 3 ! !2x " 1"2 ! 2

This suggests that we make the substitution u ! 2x " 1. Then, du ! 2 dx and

x ! 12 !u ! 1", so

4x 2 " 3x ! 2
y 4x 2
" 4x ! 3
dx ! y %1!
x"1
2
4x " 4x ! 3
& dx

1
!u ! 1" " 1 u"1
! x ! 12 y 2
2
du ! x ! 14 y 2 du
u !2 u !2

u 1
! x ! 14 y 2
du " 14 y 2 du
u !2 u !2

! x ! 18 ln!u 2 ! 2" "

1
!
4 s2
1
tan"1
u
s2
% & !C

! x ! 18 ln!4x 2 " 4x ! 3" "

4 s2
1
% &
tan"1
2x " 1
s2
!C M

NOTE Example 6 illustrates the general procedure for integrating a partial fraction of
the form
Ax ! B
where b 2 " 4ac ' 0
ax 2 ! bx ! c

We complete the square in the denominator and then make a substitution that brings the
integral into the form

Cu ! D u 1
y u2 ! a2
du ! C y 2
u ! a2
du ! D y 2
u ! a2
du

Then the first integral is a logarithm and the second is expressed in terms of tan"1.
CASE IV N Q(x) contains a repeated irreducible quadratic factor.
If Q!x" has the factor !ax 2 ! bx ! c"r, where b 2 " 4ac ' 0, then instead of the single
partial fraction (9), the sum

A1 x ! B1 A2 x ! B2 Ar x ! Br
11 ! ! *** !
ax 2 ! bx ! c !ax 2 ! bx ! c"2 !ax 2 ! bx ! c"r
480 |||| CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

occurs in the partial fraction decomposition of R!x"#Q!x". Each of the terms in (11) can be
integrated by first completing the square.

N It would be extremely tedious to work out by EXAMPLE 7 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the function
hand the numerical values of the coefficients in
Example 7. Most computer algebra systems,
x3 ! x2 ! 1
however, can find the numerical values very
quickly. For instance, the Maple command x!x " 1"!x 2 ! x ! 1"!x 2 ! 1"3
convert!f, parfrac, x"
SOLUTION
or the Mathematica command
Apart[f]
x3 ! x2 ! 1
gives the following values:
x!x " 1"!x 2 ! x ! 1"!x 2 ! 1"3
A ! "1, B ! 18 , C ! D ! "1,
15 A B Cx ! D Ex ! F Gx ! H Ix ! J
E! 8 , F ! " 18 , G ! H ! 34 , ! ! ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 M
x x"1 x !x!1 x !1 !x ! 1"2 !x ! 1"3
I ! " 12 , J!2
1

1 " x ! 2x 2 " x 3
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate y x!x 2 ! 1"2
dx.

SOLUTION The form of the partial fraction decomposition is

1 " x ! 2x 2 " x 3 A Bx ! C Dx ! E
! ! 2 ! 2
x!x 2 ! 1"2 x x !1 !x ! 1"2

Multiplying by x!x 2 ! 1"2, we have

"x 3 ! 2x 2 " x ! 1 ! A!x 2 ! 1"2 ! !Bx ! C "x!x 2 ! 1" ! !Dx ! E"x

! A!x 4 ! 2x 2 ! 1" ! B!x 4 ! x 2 " ! C!x 3 ! x" ! Dx 2 ! Ex

! !A ! B"x 4 ! Cx 3 ! !2A ! B ! D"x 2 ! !C ! E"x ! A

If we equate coefficients, we get the system

A!B!0 C ! "1 2A ! B ! D ! 2 C ! E ! "1 A!1

which has the solution A ! 1, B ! "1, C ! "1, D ! 1, and E ! 0. Thus

y
1 " x ! 2x 2 " x 3
x!x 2 ! 1"2
dx ! y % 1
x
x!1
" 2
x !1
! 2
x
!x ! 1"2
& dx

dx x dx x dx
!y "y 2 dx " y 2 !y 2
x x !1 x !1 !x ! 1"2

In the second and fourth terms we made the 1

$ $
N

mental substitution u ! x 2 ! 1. ! ln x " 12 ln!x 2 ! 1" " tan"1x " !K M

2!x 2 ! 1"

We note that sometimes partial fractions can be avoided when integrating a rational func-
tion. For instance, although the integral

x2 ! 1
y x!x 2 ! 3"
dx
 SECTION 7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS |||| 481

could be evaluated by the method of Case III, it’s much easier to observe that if
u ! x!x 2 ! 3" ! x 3 ! 3x, then du ! !3x 2 ! 3" dx and so

x2 ! 1
y x!x 2 ! 3"
1
$
dx ! 3 ln x 3 ! 3x ! C $
RATIONALIZING SUBSTITUTIONS

Some nonrational functions can be changed into rational functions by means of appropri-
ate substitutions. In particular, when an integrand contains an expression of the form
s
n
t!x", then the substitution u ! sn
t!x" may be effective. Other instances appear in the
exercises.

sx ! 4
EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate y x
dx.

SOLUTION Let u ! sx ! 4 . Then u 2 ! x ! 4, so x ! u 2 " 4 and dx ! 2u du.

Therefore

sx ! 4 u u2
y x
dx ! y 2
u "4
2u du ! 2 y 2
u "4
du

!2 y %
1!
4
u2 " 4
& du

We can evaluate this integral either by factoring u 2 " 4 as !u " 2"!u ! 2" and using
partial fractions or by using Formula 6 with a ! 2:

sx ! 4 du
y x
dx ! 2 y du ! 8 y 2
u "4

! 2u ! 8 !
1
2!2
ln
u"2
u!2
' '
!C

! 2 sx ! 4 ! 2 ln ' sx ! 4 " 2
sx ! 4 ! 2
!C ' M

7.4 EXERCISES

1–6 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the x4 t4 ! t2 ! 1
5. (a) (b)
function (as in Example 7). Do not determine the numerical values 4
x "1 !t ! 1"!t 2 ! 4"2
2

of the coefficients.
x4 1
2x 1 6. (a) (b)
1. (a) (b) !x ! x"!x 2 " x ! 3"
3
x6 " x3
!x ! 3"!3x ! 1" x 3 ! 2x 2 ! x
x x2
2. (a) 2 (b) 2 7–38 Evaluate the integral.
x !x"2 x !x!2
x r2
3. (a)
x4 ! 1
(b)
1 7. y x " 6 dx 8. y r ! 4 dr
x 5 ! 4x 3 !x 2 " 9"2
x3 2x ! 1 x"9 1
4. (a) 2
x ! 4x ! 3
(b)
!x ! 1" 3!x 2 ! 4" 2
9. y !x ! 5"!x " 2" dx 10. y !t ! 4"!t " 1" dt
482 |||| CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1 x#1 e 2x
y2 y0 y e 2x " 3e x " 2
3 1
11. 2
dx 12. 2
dx 47. dx
x #1 x " 3x " 2
ax 1 cos x
13. y x 2 # bx dx 14. y $x " a%$x " b% dx 48. y sin 2x " sin x
dx

x 3 # 2x 2 # 4 x 3 # 4x # 10 sec 2 t
15. y3
4

x 3 # 2x 2
dx 16. y0
1

x2 # x # 6
dx 49. y tan 2 t " 3 tan t " 2 dt
ex
17. y1
2 4y 2 # 7y # 12
y$ y " 2%$ y # 3%
dy 18. y
x 2 " 2x # 1
x3 # x
dx 50. y $e x # 2%$e 2x " 1% dx
1 x 2 # 5x " 16
19. y $x " 5%2$x # 1% dx 20. y $2x " 1%$x # 2%2 dx 51–52 Use integration by parts, together with the techniques of this
3
section, to evaluate the integral.
x "4 ds
21. y dx 22. y
x2 " 4 s 2$s # 1%2 51. y ln$x 2 # x " 2% dx 52. y x tan#1x dx
2 2
5x " 3x # 2 x #x"6
23. y x 3 " 2x 2
dx 24. y x 3 " 3x
dx
; 53. Use a graph of f $x% ! 1!$x # 2x # 3% to decide whether
2

10 x2 " x " 1 x02 f $x% dx is positive or negative. Use the graph to give a rough
25. y $x # 1%$x 2 " 9%
dx 26. y $x 2 " 1%2
dx
estimate of the value of the integral and then use partial fractions
to find the exact value.
x 3 " x 2 " 2x " 1 x 2 # 2x # 1
27. y $x 2 " 1%$x 2 " 2%
dx 28. y $x # 1%2$x 2 " 1% dx ; 54. Graph both y ! 1!$x # 2x % and an antiderivative on the
3 2

same screen.
x"4 3x 2 " x " 4
29. y x 2 " 2x " 5
dx 30. y x 4 " 3x 2 " 2
dx 55–56 Evaluate the integral by completing the square and using
Formula 6.
1 x
y y0
1
dx 2x " 1
31.
x3 # 1
dx 32.
x 2 " 4x " 13
dx 55. y x 2 # 2x 56. y 4x 2 " 12x # 7 dx

x 3 " 2x x3
y0 y x 3 " 1 dx
1
33. dx 34.
x " 4x 2 " 3
4
57. The German mathematician Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897)
noticed that the substitution t ! tan$x!2% will convert any
dx x 4 " 3x 2 " 1
35. y x$x 2 " 4%2 36. y x 5 " 5x 3 " 5x dx rational function of sin x and cos x into an ordinary rational
function of t.
(a) If t ! tan$x!2%, #! $ x $ !, sketch a right triangle or use
x 2 # 3x " 7 x 3 " 2x 2 " 3x # 2
37. y $x 2 # 4x " 6%2 dx 38. y dx trigonometric identities to show that

"# "#
$x 2 " 2x " 2%2
x 1 x t
cos ! and sin !
2 s1 " t 2 2 s1 " t 2
39–50 Make a substitution to express the integrand as a rational
function and then evaluate the integral. (b) Show that
1 # t2 2t
1 dx cos x ! and sin x !
39. y x sx " 1
dx 40. y 2 sx " 3 " x
1 " t2 1 " t2
(c) Show that
sx 1
y9 y0
16 1
41. dx 42. dx 2
x#4 1"s 3
x dx ! dt
1 " t2
x3 sx
y sx 2 " 1 dx y1!3 x 2 " x dx
3
43. 3
44. 58 –61 Use the substitution in Exercise 57 to transform the inte-
grand into a rational function of t and then evaluate the integral.
1
45. y sx # s
3
x
dx [Hint: Substitute u ! sx .]
6
58.
dx
y 3 # 5 sin x
s1 " sx 1 1
y y 3 sin x # 4 cos x dx y!!3
!!2
46. dx 59. 60. dx
x 1 " sin x # cos x