Chapter 10

EMC Design of IGBT Module

CONTENTS Page

1 General information of EMC in Power Drive System ··························· 10-1

2 EMI design in Power Drive System ··························· 10-4

3 EMI countermeasures in applying IGBT modules ··························· 10-10

In this chapter, EMC measures when IGBT module is applied are introduced.

1 General information of EMC in Power Drive System

Recently EMC measures coping with European CE Marking and Japanese VCCI(Voluntary Control
Council for Information Technology Equipment) standards are indispensable in designing power electronic
equipments such as Power Drive System(PDS) and Uninterruptible Power Source(UPS) using IGBT
modules.
EMC is Electro Magnetic Compatibility, which is classified into EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) and
EMS (Electro Magnetic Susceptibility). EMI is adverse effects of electronic devices on peripheral
equipments, and it is also called Emission. There are two kinds of EMI, one is conducted emission which
leaks to power line and the other is radiated emission radiated as electromagnetic wave. EMS means
immunity performance of electronic devices against disturbance, such as electromagnetic wave, voltage
sag, electrostatic discharge, EFT/burst and lightning surge from the surrounding and it is also called
Immunity. These are simplified as shown in Fig.10-1.
Since IGBT modules turn on and off several hundreds of voltage and several hundreds of current in
several hundreds nanoseconds, both conducted emission and radiated emission are easily generated due
to high dv/dt and di/dt of IGBT module. It is important to reduce those emissions when designing power
electronics equipments.
In this chapter, effects of switching on others (EMI characteristics), which tend to become troubles in the
application of the IGBT module, and countermeasures are introduced.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Conducted emission
EMI
Radiated emission

EMC Electromagnetic wave

EMS Instantaneous voltage drop/voltage sag
Electrostatic Discharge(ESD)
EFT/Burst
Lightning surge

Fig.10-1 Classification of EMC

1.1 EMI performance

The IGBT module is used for equipments in a wide range of application field and power including such
home appliance as air-conditioner and refrigerator, automobile and traction system as well as industrial
PDS. Here are EMI standards related to PDS including general-purpose motor drive which is one of main
application of the IGBT module.

(1) Conducted emission

In IEC61800-3, the limits (QP (Quasi-Peak) values) of the conducted emission are stipulated as shown in
Fig.10-2 for PDS (Power Drive System).
The limits in the standard are classified into Category (C1) applied for equipments used in commercial
area and Category (C2, C3) applied for equipments used in industrial area, and the industrial PDS are so
designed as to clear Category C3 limits.

IEC61800-3, Conducted Emissions

(Frequency: 0.15~30MHz (conducted emissions))
Level [dBuV/m]

C1: commercial area

C2, C3: industrial area

Frequency [MHz]
Fig.10-2 Limits of Conducted Emissions in IEC61800-3

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

(2) Radiated emission

Fig. 10-3 shows the standard limit values of radiated emission for each category. The category
classification is defined as Fig. 10-4.

IEC61800-3, Radiated Emissions

(Frequency: 30MHz~1GHz (radiated
(Frequncy:30MHz~1GHz (conductedemissions), 3meters’
emissions), method)
3meters’ method)
Level [dBuV/m]

C1: commercial area

C2, C3: industrial area

Frequency [MHz]
Fig.10-3 Limits of Radiated Emissions in IEC61800-3

High voltage line

Category C3

Low voltage line

Category C1 Category C2

Consumer A Consumer B Consumer C

Unrestricted Unrestricted
Distribution Distribution

(General purpose) (For users who can

cope with EMC)

(Connected to high-voltage system (Other than First

through transformer) Environment)

Fig.10-4 Category Classification in IEC61800-3

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2 EMI design in Power Drive System

2.1 Common mode and normal mode noise
The propagation path of conducted emission is mainly classified into two types, normal mode and
common mode.
The normal mode noise is generated by high dv/dt and di/dt due to switching of IGBT, is propagated in the
main circuit and appears as noise at AC input terminal and output terminal. The path of the normal mode
noise is shown in Fig. 10-5

Inverter
Motor
Load

Fig.10-5 Path of Normal Mode Noise

On the other hand, the common mode noise is generated by potential fluctuation against ground due to
charge and discharge of stray capacitance existing between main circuit and ground and in the transformer,
and noise current is propagated through the ground line. The path of common mode noise is shown in Fig.
10-6.

Inverter
Motor
Load

Fig.10-6 Path of Common Mode Noise

With actual equipment, there is impedance imbalance in the wirings of phases (e.g. R/S/T phase), and so
the normal mode noise is changed to the common mode noise via the ground line (Fig. 10-7) or reversely
the common mode noise is changed to the normal mode noise. In actual noise spectrum, therefore, it is
very difficult to separate the noise through the normal mode path and the noise through the common mode
path. As general caution, it is necessary to prevent the imbalance as much as possible for the phase
wirings.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Impedance of wiring, etc. Phase

A Normal mode noise

Potential difference

Phase
B Noise changed to
Floating capacity common mode
Ground line

Fig.10-7 Path of Common Mode Noise

2.2 Measures against EMI noise in PDS

Fig. 10-8 shows general measures against noise in Power Drive System (PDS).
It is possible to control noise (mainly harmonics current and conducted emission) occurring in PDS by
inserting such countermeasure parts as commercial noise filter and reactor.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

The effects of the parts are as follows.

(1) Common mode reactor
(1) Common mode This is a reactor of the common mode to be inserted
in the input/output line. It is effective for controlling
reactor
noise up to the band of several MHz.
(2) Arrester
(3) Input filter (2) Surge protective device(Arrester)
This is installed to protect the PDS from induced
common mode and normal mode lightning inflowing
from the input power line.

(3) Input filter

This, composed of L and C, R, controls noise out
flowing to the input power line. Various products
having different noise attenuation characteristics are
PDS available in the market and proper selection should
be made in accordance with the specification and
purpose.
Since attenuation effect may be inferior depending
on the installation method, proper wiring and
installation are required in accordance with the
instruction manual.

(4) Output filter

(4) Output filter
This is used for controlling surge voltage applied to
(1) Common mode
the motor and controlling noise induced from the
reactor output cable.
Motor

Fig. 10-8 Measures against Noise of PDS

Such filters as described above to be installed outside the PDS are effective for noise control in the bands
of 100kHz to several MHz, but may be less or not effective for higher bands (conducted emissions of
10MHz or higher and radiated emissions of 30MHz or higher).
This is because the frequency characteristics of filters are limited, and in order to effectively control
emissions over a wide range of frequency, it is necessary to install optimum filters to meet the
respective frequency.

2.3 Occurrence mechanism of emission attributable to module characteristics

One of factors to cause emission near the range of 10MHz to 50MHz is wiring inductance and/or stray
capacitance around the IGBT module in the PDS, and it is considered that resonance occurs accompanying
switching. In this section, the mechanism of emissions occurring around the IGBT and the countermeasures
are introduced.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Fig. 10-9 shows the block diagram of a typical power drive system. In this figure, AC power source is
rectified into DC by rectifier diodes and then reversely converted into AC by switching at high frequency the
IGBT of the inverter portion, thereby achieving variable speed driving of the motor. The IGBT module and
rectifier diode are mounted on a cooling fin, and this cooling fin is a part of a PDS body and is normally
grounded for safety.

PDS

Converter Inverter
Snubber

Motor

Load

Insulated
substrate

Cooling fin

Fig.10-9 Path of Common Mode Noise

In this system , the metal base of IGBT module mounted on a cooling fin and the electric circuit side such
as IGBT chip are insulated each other by a highly thermal conductive substrate. (For the detailed structure
of the module interior, see Chapter 1)
A snubber capacitor which suppresses surge voltage is connected to the IGBT of the inverter portion.
In the area of MHz order such as radiated and conducted emission, however, the wiring inductance, stray
capacitor which are not appeared on circuit diagram may give large effects.
Fig. 10-10 shows a schematic diagram of PDS in such high-frequency bands as hundreds of kHz to tens
of MHz. At a high frequency, stray capacitance and stray inductance existing in IGBT module and electrical
parts give a very large effect. On the wiring around IGBT module, tens to hundreds nano henry of stray
inductance may exist, and on the insulating substrate described above, hundreds pico farad of stray
capacitance exists. There exists Junction capacitance at the PN junction of the IGBT itself.

Cooling fin

Fig.10-10 Equivalent Circuit Considering Parasitic L/C

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Assuming, for example, that the stray inductance of the wiring is 200nH and the stray capacitance of the
substrate is 500pF, and if they are looped, the resonance frequency fo of the loop is calculated as Fig.
10-11.

1 1
fo   ≒16MHz
2π LC 2π 200nH  500pF

Fig.10-11 Resonance phenomenon between stray inductance and stray capacitance

If switching of IGBT becomes a trigger and the resonant current of 16MHz flows in the loop, the
resonant current will generate conducted emission and radiated emissions. In the case shown in Fig. 10-10
common mode noise current of 16MHz via the insulated substrate of IGBT module flows out to the ground
line, and it is propagated to the input power line and appears as the peak of conducted emissions. If this
resonance frequency becomes 30MHz or higher, it is observed as radiated emissions.
Table 10-1 shows an example of stray capacitance and inductance values of circuit components.

Table 10-1 Example of stray Capacitance and Inductance values in components of PDS
Stray
Circuit Components Stray Inductance Remarks
Capacitance
Between P and N terminals
 20~40nH
of IGBT module
IGBT chip 100~200pF  Voltage dependency is large
Snubber capacitor 20~40nH
Insulated substrate 500~1,000pF 
Between internal electrode
Electrolytic capacitor 100pF 
and mounting metallic band
At several MHz or higher a
Iron-core reactor 50~200pF 
reactor works as a capacitor.
The higher voltage resistance
Varister 100~200pF 
is, the smaller stray C is.
Example of 3-phase 15kW
Motor 13,000pF 
induction motor
Hundreds of Hundreds of nH
Shielded 4-core cable Per meter
pF ~several micro H
Wiring busbar  Hundreds of nH About 100nH per 10cm

In an actual system, these components are connected in a complicated way, and an unintended L-C
resonance circuit will be formed. Due to the IGBT switching, resonance current will be occurred in the L-C
circuit and will generate peak value of conducted emission and radiated emission.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Table 10-2 and Fig. 10-12 show resonance loops that tend to cause the peaks in the conducted and
radiated emissions.

Table 10-2 Example of Resonance Loops in PDS

Frequency Conducted/radiated Normal/common Path
(1) Motor capacitance ~ wiring
1~4MHz Conducted Common
inductance
(2) DBC substrate capacitance and
5~8MHz Conducted Common
wiring inductance
(3) DBC substrate capacitance and
10~20MHz Conducted Common
wiring inductance
(4) Device capacitance ~ snubber
30~40MHz Radiated Normal
capacitor

Fig.10-12 Example of Resonance Loops in PDS

The wire length (inductance) and stray capacitance vary depending on the system configuration, but
approximate resonance frequency can be estimated by roughly calculating inherent stray L and C values in
a subject system.

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2.4 Frequency bands affected by IGBT module characteristics

As aforementioned, the frequency of the conduction noise for a power drive system such as
general-purpose motor drive is 150kHz ~ 30MHz. Fig. 10-13 shows an example of measured data of the
conducted emissions in PDS. As shown in Fig. 10-13, the conducted emission is highest near 150kHz, and
as the frequency becomes higher, it is mildly attenuated. In the spectrum of the conducted emissions, the
harmonics of rectangular switching waveform at the carrier frequency (several kHz ~ 20kHz) appears, and
therefore, it is hardly affected by the switching characteristic of the IGBT module itself. This is because, as
shown in Fig. 10-14, the voltage rise time and fall time in the switching of IGBT module are about 50~200
nanoseconds which is equivalent to 2~6MHz in terms of frequency, and in the frequency band lower than
this, spectrum of conducted emission does not depend on the rise time and fall time of IGBT module.
[dBuV]

120
Emission[dBuV]

100
ConductedEmission

80 IEC61800-3
（Category C3）
Conducted

60

40
0.1 1 10 100
周波数[MHz][Hz]
Frequency

Fig.10-13 Example of Conducted Emission of PDS

Device
difference
R G value
difference

Switching cycle Rise time

(carrier frequency) (dV/dt)
Assuming T=100us Assuming tr=50ns,
(10kHz), f1 = 6kHz f2=6MHz

Fig.10-14 IGBT Voltage Waveform and Frequency Spectrum

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Fig. 10-15 shows measurement results of radiated emissions (30MHz ~). Like the conducted emissions,
the radiated emissions become the highest near 30MHz, which is the lowest frequency of the standard, and
tend to attenuate as the frequency becomes higher. As shown in Fig. 10-15, the noise spectrum due to
switching of IGBT does not have a sharp peak such as the CPU clock but a relatively broad.

60
Emission [dBuV/m]

50
Feild　Strength[dBuV/m]

40

30
Conducted

20

10
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency [Hz]
周波数[MHz]

Fig.10-15 Radiated Emission Spectrum of 7MBR100U4B120 with Standard Gate Drive

3 EMI countermeasures in applying IGBT module

3.1 Measures against conducted emissions
3.1.1 Filter installation
Normally as the measures against the conducted emission, an input filter is installed on the input AC side
to prevent the noise current produced in the inverter from out flowing to the AC power line. The input filter is
composed of L and C elements, and the cutoff frequency of the filter is so designed that sufficient
attenuation will be obtained for the target standard value. Since various filters for preventing emission are
marketed by magnetic material and capacitor manufactures, a proper one should be selected in accordance
with the relevant standard and necessary input current.
Fig. 10-16 shows reducing effects of an input filter designed for Category C2 of IEC61800-3. The
conducted emission that was about 125dBμV at 150kHz without filter was attenuated to 70dBμV thanks to
the filter, thus clearing the standard value with the margin of several dBμV.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Without input filter

Conducted Emission [dBuV]

With input filter

Frequency [MHz]
Fig.10-16 Measurement Results of Conducted Emissions in 3-Phase PDS 200V/37kW (QP Value)

3.1.2 Cautions when filter is applied

In case of an ideal filter, the attenuation becomes large as the frequency increases, but in actual filter
circuits, ideal attenuation characteristic can no more be obtained at a certain frequency or higher, as shown
in Fig. 10-17. This is because, as aforementioned, stray L and C exist in parts used for the filter circuit, and
the attenuating effect tends to decrease at the frequency of 1MHz or higher, like the measurement results of
conducted emissions shown in Fig. 10-16.
Furthermore, the peak appears in a high frequency band near 10MHz, and so the margin against the
standard is the smallest. Depending on the measuring environment, the level near 10MHz may rise and
exceed the standard value.

LC filter
Converter

Gain
Attenuation
characteristic of Ideal attenuation
actual filter characteristic

Parasitic LCR Cutoff

component frequency
Frequency

Fig.10-17 Attenuation Characteristics of Ideal Filter and Actual Filter

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

As one factor of the peak appearing in the band of 10MHz or higher of the conducted emissions,
described in the preceding section, the resonance via the insulating substrate of the IGBT module can be
cited.
Assuming, for example, that stray capacitance of the insulating substrate and stray inductance of main
circuit are such values as shown in Fig. 10-11, the peak value of conducted emissions appears at 16MHz.
The LC values of a loop that resonates with the frequency of 10MHz or higher are in the order of hundreds
of pF and hundreds of nH, and the causes may be the capacitance of IGBT chip, insulating substrate
capacitance and wiring inductance inside the package.
Fig. 10-18 shows an example of common mode circuit model of resonance via the DBC (Direct Bonding
Cupper) substrate.

W iring inductance
Inverter side DBC
substrate capacitance
Line
impedance
stabilization
network
(LISN)

dV/dt of
IGBT

Input filter Converter side DBC

substrate capacitance

Fig.10-18 Example of Circuit Model of Resonance via Insulating Substrate of IGBT

This shows the resonance between the inductance of capacitor connected as an input filter and the
substrate capacitance of inverter side module and the resonance between converter and inverter modules.
When the filter or varistor is added to prevent emissions, it should be noted that the peak may appear due
to the resonance with the parasitic L/C of the filter.

3.1.3 Measures against conducted emissions caused by IGBT module

In order to reduce the peak occurring in the high-frequency band of conducted emissions spectrum as
described above, it is necessary to:
[1] to decrease dV/dt of IGBT for switching
[2] to make resonance current smaller by raising the impedance the resonance loop

But there are such demerits as shown below.

[1] IGBT loss will be increased when dV/dt is decreased.
[2] Only increasing/decreasing the constants of L and C will result in moving the resonance frequency, and it
is difficult to decrease the peak value. It is impossible to eliminate the stray L and C components structurally
and physically.

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3.1.3.1 A measure of conducted emissions by adjusting gate resistance

Fig. 10-19 shows an example of conducted emissions spectrum of PDS (with input filter) applying
7MBR75U4B120. From Fig. 10-19, it is known that the peak near 10MHz of the conducted emissions is
controlled about 5 dBμV when the gate resistance is 2 times or 3 times as big as standard value.
Conducted Emission [dBuV]

Frequency [MHz]
Fig.10-19 Measurement of Conducted Emissions of 7MBR75U4B120

Even if the gate resistance is increased to 2 times or more, the reducing effect is smaller, and so it is
necessary to judge the reducing effect considering the demerit of increased switching loss.

3.1.3.2 Controlling of resonance with ferrite core

The ferrite core is one of parts often used for reducing the emissions. Its equivalent circuit is normally
shown as a series circuit of L and R. The characteristics of L and R as magnetic material of the ferrite core
are as shown in Fig. 10-21.

Fig.10-20 Equivalent Circuit of Ferrite Core

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

L [uH]

R []
Frequency [MHz]
Fig.10-21 Impedance (L, R) Characteristics of Ferrite Core

If this ferrite core is inserted in the resonance loop to produce the noise peak described above, the
following circuit model is made.

Ferrite core Inverter side DBC

substrate capacitance

dV/dt of IGBT

Input filter

Fig.10-22 Equivalent Circuit When Ferrite Core Is Installed

By selecting a ferrite core material with optimum impedance characteristic in accordance with the
constant (resonance frequency) of the loop, it becomes possible to control the noise peak by damping the
resonance.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Fig. 10-23 shows the impedance characteristic of the resonance loop before and after the core measure
is taken. At the resonance point, the impedance becomes the lowest and large resonance current runs, and
so the peak occurs in the conducted emissions. By inserting the core here, the impedance is increased, and
by damping the resonance, the conducted emissions can be effectively controlled.
Fig. 10-24 and Fig. 10-25 show an example of inserting the common mode/ferrite core in the PDS main
circuit and reducing effects, respectively.
Since the loop impedance when no measure is taken is about 8Ω, peak reduction of about 10dB can be
achieved by increasing it to about 30Ω by means of the ferrite core.
Unlike the gate resistance method, applying the core can reduce the emissions without increasing the
loss of IGBT. In Fuji’s 5th generation IGBT modules, U4 series, the tradeoff between high-speed switching
and low-noise characteristic is greatly improved when a core is applied. Furthermore, lower noise of
equipment can be achieved without sacrificing the high-speed switching characteristic by arranging the
ferrite core effectively. (Various patents are applied)

100
Converter Inverter
with core
Snubber
Z [Ω]

コアあり

10

1 Ferrite core
コアなし
without core

1M 10M
f [ Hz ]
Fig.10-23 Impedance Characteristic of Fig.10-24 Example of Measure by means of Common
Resonance Loop before and after
Conducted Emission [dBuV]

Without core

Frequency [MHz]

Fig.10-25 Measurement Results of Conducted Emissions

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3.1.4 Measures against radiated emissions of IGBT module

The main cause of the radiated EMI emissions is considered to be the high-frequency L-C resonance
produced by the junction capacitance of a semiconductor chips and stray inductance on the wiring (mainly
the wiring between a module and a snubber capacitor) that is triggered by high dV/dt produced when the
IGBT turns on (a FWD on the opposing arm side acts as reverse recovery) (Fig. 10-26). This is the same
occurrence mechanism as the peak in the conducted emissions described above.
Generally, the far electric field Ef at frequency f radiated
from a very small current loop (aforementioned L-C loop Radiated emission
here) placed in a free space is given by the following formula
(Maxwell’s equations).

1.32  10 -14
Ef ＝  S  If  sin θ　　　　
(1)
r

r: distance from loop, S: area of loop,

If: current value of loop, θ: angle from loop surface
Fig.10-26 Loop formed by a module
From this formula (1), it is known that the Ef is in inverse
proportion to the distance from the loop and the loop area is proportional to the loop current.
The current value If is given by the following formula.

E
If ＝ (2)
　　　　　
Z

E: voltage spectrum of switching waveform of IGBT (Fig. 10-14), Z: impedance of loop

In order to reduce the radiated emissions, therefore, the following measures may be considered.
[1] Increasing the distance from the loop
[2] Decreasing the loop area S
[3] Decreasing the loop current [3]a Decreasing the spectrum of switching voltage
[3]b Increasing the loop impedance

As for [1], the measurement at the distance of 10m or 3m is specified in the standard, and therefore,
realistic measures are [2] or [3].

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3.1.4.1 Reducing loop area S

As described above, the high-frequency noise current induced when switching is the parasitic
capacitance of the device and the resonance current of L-C loop formed by the snubber capacitor (path [4]
of Fig. 10-12). With medium/large capacity module of 2in1 package class, it is necessary to minimize the
radiation area of the loop by screwing the mold type snubber capacitor directly to the terminals. This is also
effective from the viewpoint of controlling the spike voltage when switching.
Pin terminal type modules such as 6in1 and 7in1 types are installed on the power substrate in most cases,
but it is important for the snubber capacitor to be arranged near the P/N terminal pins as much as possible.

3.1.4. 2 Decreasing voltage spectrum

As described above, the spectrum of voltage waveform when IGBT and FWD chips are switching is as
shown in Fig. 10-27.

small
large

Fig.10-27 Spectrum of IGBT Switching Voltage Waveform

Conventionally, the method to make the rise time tr slower by increasing the gate resistance has been
generally applied, and this means to make lower frequency of f2 in Fig. 10-27 and reduce the spectrum of
30MHz or higher. In comparison with the voltage component E(1) at 30MHz when RG is small and the
voltage rise and fall time are short (dV/dt is large), the voltage component when RG is large and dV/dt is
small becomes smaller like E(2).
Since E(1), E(2) is equivalent to E in Formula (2), reducing the dV/dt means to control the noise current If
consequently.
Fig. 10-28 shows the dependency on gate resistance of the radiated emissions of 7MBR100U4B-120. By
approximately doubling the standard resistance, the radiated emissions can be greatly controlled. Thus, the
radiated emissions can be easily controlled by adjusting the gate resistance for U4 series, and the emission
and loss are balanced well.

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 Chapter 10 EMC Design of IGBT Module

Fig.10-28 Dependency on Gate Resistance of Radiated Emissions of 7MBR100U4B-120

3.1.5 Summary
As described above, the EMI (especially the peak value of high-frequency conducted emission at not less
than 10MHz and radiated emission) produced by IGBT switching is generated by the resonance of stray L
and C existing in the IGBT itself and on its peripheral circuit. These stray L and C components cannot be
reduced to zero in principle and physically. As the measures against the emissions, therefore, it is important
to accurately discover the resonance of the loop to be the problem and take proper measures.

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