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ABSTRACT
The purpose of the project was to design and construct a capacitor because of the need
we saw in the students as they struggle to build a 555 timer at homes for certain
projects without the correct/required value of the capacitor. The manufacture of the
capacitor Aluminum foil will be used as dielectric since it is easy to find and cheap. We
used a 555 timer to test our capacitor if its working properly.

THE PROBLEMS
THE CAPACITOR
During the design of a 555-timer circuit, it was found that a certain capacitor was
needed in order to produce an accurate pulse. The clock of our 555 timers is too fast
that we cannot even notice if the led is toggling or maybe is not really conducting
electricity properly

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
 Research the material and do calculations of the capacitor.
 We will use Plastic as dielectric to build a capacitor because it is a cheap, easy to
find and easy way to build a capacitor. It is also easy to measure the area and
thickness of plastic.
 Buy a capacitor

PREFERRED SOLUTIONS
 Investigate, design and construct a capacitor. It is because we possibly have
enough information about it and that we believe that all our problems will be
solved.

THEORY
On this section we cover some of the chapters dealt with on S1 and S2 modules which
are as follows:
Elec Eng. 1 (Notes prepared by A Fish): Chapter 6 Capacitors
Elec Eng. 1 (Introductory Circuit Analysis): Chapter 4 Ohm’s law, Power and Energy
Chapter 10 Capacitors
Projects 1(Notes written by T. du Bruyn): Basic Components
Electronics 1: Electronic Devices conventional current version by Thomas L Floyd:
Introduction to Electronics
LITERATURE REVIEW
Description
In this section Capacitor, Resistor and Inductor types will be discussed in detail referring
from the books we used for S1 and S2 modules.
These types are as follows:
Capacitor: Air capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor
Tantalum capacitor
Polymer capacitor
Film capacitor
Ceramic capacitor
Mica/Silver capacitor
Supercapacitor
Trimmer capacitor
Paper Capacitor

CASE STUDY
For this project we will investigate, design and construct a capacitor. For the capacitor
we are going to investigate what a capacitor is, how it works and compares the cost and
affordability of the material of the material that is going to be used. We will choose the
type of capacitor that we will design. After, we will gather all the required materials and
tools and then begin the building of the capacitor chosen. After the manufacturing we
will use a 555 timer to test if the capacitor is working properly.

Design and production for a capacitor

Designing:
For the construction of the capacitor we will use:
 Aluminium foil
 Wax paper
 Cooking oil
 Measuring tape
 Scissors
  Glue
 Cylindrical pipe
 Wire
 Insulation tape
Construction:
 In constructing the capacitor we will firstly decide on capacitance that we
desire.
 We will then use the formula C= (Ɛo Ɛr .A)/d to find the area of our
aluminium plates.
 We will use the area to find the length and width of our plates
 We will then use cut our aluminium to these dimensions and the wax paper
will be cut to slightly overlap the aluminium.
 The next step will be using cooking oil to stick our stick our cut sheets
together

Testing
In order to test the capacitor, we will design a 555-timer circuit and construct the circuit
on a breadboard. We will then connect the circuit together and connect it to the power
supply using wires.

Preliminary Budget
MATERIAL Price(R)
Aluminum Foil R 37.49
Paper R 39.99
Scissors R 12.99
Plastic Sleeves R 39.99
Ruler R 10.00
Copper wires R 5.00
TOTAL R145.46
ABSTRACT
The purposes of the project is to reverse engineer, we will research on the design and
construction of an inductor and resistor. Solely the primary purpose of the project is to create an
easier “manual” which if given to a layman; it’ll make it easier for them to build the component
without any obstacles whatsoever.

The Problem
Inductor and Resistor
We have a transformer that we want to research and reverse engineer in order to
get the analysis, brief and actual functioning of the inductor. We have been given
a coil but there are many things about it that we do not know about it such as the
inductance and impedance of the coil, the material used to make the coil, the
length and size of the coil, and the number of turn to make the winding.

Possible solution
 An inductor has a high inductance and a very low resistance. Reverse engineering the
construction and design of an inductor by testing and calculating the resistance and
inductance values.
 We will ask our electrical engineering technicians to give us a clear explanation about
impedance, so that we may know how resistance, inductance and capacitance have
influence on the impedance
 Calculate the resistance of an inductor by measuring the length of the wire, and the area
of the wire. Measures the inductance in the winding.

Preferred solutions
 Reverse engineer the component, investigate how they operate, type of material used.
This will put a clear view and idea of how the components have been built and their
operation.


THEORY
On this section we cover some of the chapters dealt with on S1 and S2 modules which are as
follows:
Elec Eng. 1 (Notes prepared by A Fish): Chapter 4 Resistance
Chapter 9 Inductors
Elec Eng. 1 (Introductory Circuit Analysis): Chapter 4 Ohm’s law, Power and Energy
Chapter 19 Power (ac)
Chapter 22 Transformers
Chapter
Projects 1(Notes written by T. du Bruyn): Basic Components
Electronics 1: Electronic Devices conventional current version by Thomas L Floyd:
Introduction to Electronics
Electrical Machines II: Chapter 3 Single Phase Transformers

CASE STUDY

REVERSE ENGINEERING STEPS FOR RESISTOR AND INDUCTANCE

We will reverse engineer the design of a coil of the transformer that will be given to us in
order to find the values of the resistance and inductance. More specific to this
assignment, the process will entail taking apart an inductor and analyzing each part and
its contribution to the overall characteristics of the inductor. After analyzing these parts
we should be able to reconstruct the inductor with more understanding of its design and
also be able to reproduce a similar inductor. There are many types of inductors
available on the market and depending on core used and how the coil is wound, one
would approach the reverse-engineering differently

TESTING
We are going to use an RLC multimeter to measure inductance.
Abstract
The purpose of the project is to do a house installation. This will be done in accordance
to the rules and regulations as stated by NERSA (National Energy Regulator of South
Africa). These rules and regulations will primarily be the heart of our installations as we
will be investigating, researching and implementing the outputs of our findings.

The house installation

The Problem
A junior Technician was assigned to do a house wiring installation and unfortunately
he/she didn’t do the proper installations according to the rules and regulations as stated
by NERSA (he/she forgot to include the Earth wiring in the installation). Therefore, it has
been put upon our shoulders to re-analyze, redesign, reinstall and test the electrical
equipment/components according to their respective and stipulated ranges of currents
and voltages.

Possible Solutions
The house installation
 Ask electrician or electrical installation company to brief us about the procedure
 Design a Typical house wiring diagram illustrates each type of circuit
 Research the material used.

Preferred Solutions
 Construct a circuit diagram and detailed description of all equipment within basic
electrical installation. It will then be easy to understand the way the house is
wired and the energy usage because we will know how much power the
appliances are consuming.
 Do the analysis of the electrical system in a household.
 We would like to acquire a parallel connection because it is convenient.

Theory

AC installation
Voltage and current were covered at electrical engineering 1 on chapter 3 (page 56-66).
Alternating voltage and current were covered on Hughes section 1 electrical principles
(page 197-221)
a. Current
b. Voltage
c. Power
Literature Reviews
Electrical Distribution 3 notes (From Mr Meru): (a) Chapter One
: (b) Chapter Two
: (c) Chapter Four

SIMPLE ELECTRICAL NETWORK INSTALLATION ANALYSIS

Full circuit diagram
We will draw an electrical diagram of a house, and indicate the appliances on the
diagram.
Full load analysis
We will calculate the total amount of energy which will be used by all the appliances.

Full costing of the installation

We will compare the price of different types of copper wires offered in the industry.

Household Equipment
Light bulbs, Fridge,Stove,Microwave,Kettle,Washing
machine,Geyser,Television,DVD,Cell phone charger,Laptop,Iron,Toaster

Basic Components
Light fittings (E27 light), Light switches, Stove base, Stove isolator, Plugs (15 A), Circuit
breakers, Bus bars, Earth electrode (1.8m), Earth spike clamp

APPLIANCES PO WA N VOLTA HOURS kWh kWh/ COST/m

WE TTS O GE (V) USED/day /day month onth (R)
R
MIN MA
X
FRIDGE 90 90 1 230 24 2.16 66.96 74.32
GEYSER 300 300 1 230 1.9 5.7 176.7 196.137
0 0
iii. CFL 11 30 8 230 10 1.1 34.1 37.85
KETTLE 250 250 1 230 0.6 1.5 46.5 51.62
0 0
MICROWAV 130 130 1 230 0.8 1.04 32.24 35.79
E 0 0
TOASTER 800 800 1 230 0.083 0.06 2.06 2.29
64
WASHING 470 470 1 230 1.5 0.71 22.01 24.43
MACHINE
TV 151 151 1 230 10 1.51 46.8 51.95
DVD 33 33 1 230 4 0.13 4.09 4.54
2
LAPTOP 65 65 3 230 6 0.39 12.09 13.42
0
STOVE 860 860 1 230 1.5 12.9 399.9 443.89
OVEN 0 0
ELECTRIC 120 120 1 230 0.33 0.39 12.28 13.63
IRON 0 0 6
CELLPHONE 13.8 13.8 1 230 2 0.02 0.8556 0.95
CHARGER 76
TOTAL 182 182 2 2990 62.713 27.6 857.10 950.817
33.8 52.8 2 62 56
 24 Hour load analysis
6

4
kWh/day

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours

Load Analysis
We have done a load analysis by compiling a list of all the appliances used in
household appliances, during one full day (24 hours). Knowing how much power
an appliance takes, we multiply it with the amount of hours it is in use during the
day, and then divide it by 1000 to get the kilo Watt per hour rate (kWh). We then
multiply our kWh per day, by 31 to get the total power used by the appliance for
the whole month. the kWh/month we then multiply by 1.11, with the tariff of the
house being R1.11 , adding all the appliances’ kWh/month, we can work out how
much will be spent for a month, using all the appliances on the list, adding up to
R950.817

Full Costing of the installation

Material Quantity Price in Rands

63A Circuit breaker 1 36

10A circuit breaker 2 30

15A circuit breaker 2 30

Earth leakage 1 225

Prepaid meter 1 755

Distribution board 1 1299.27

Neutral earth bar 1 x 1m 200

1.5mm Cable 1 x 100m 300

2.5mm Cable 1 x 100m 400

PVC Conduit pipe 1 x 50m 400

Plug Sockets 8 200

Switch Sockets 8 x 1 way 200

Labour 2 2000

Total of material 28

Total of Cost 6000