1

Reacting
Chemical Mole
mass and
Equations Concept
volume

Concentration
Gases of Solutions

2
-Deduce the chemical equations when
reactants and products are specified
-Apply the state symbols s, l, g, and aq
in equations

3
4
IONS are charged atom.
CATIONS are positively charged ions
ANIONS are negatively charged ions

5
Formed from the attraction of
cations and anions. In naming,
find and balance the charges.
6
7
1) (NH4) 2CO3
2) NH4OH
3) KNO3
4) Rb3PO3
8
Formed from sharing of
electrons. In naming, prefixes
are added as well as the suffix
“–ide” to the last element
9
1) PCl5
2) N4O10
3) BrF5
4) SCl6
10
11
A+BC
Reactants Products
12
13
State symbols:
s (solid) g (gas)
l (liquid) aq (aqueous)
14
The complete combustion of
methane (CH4) gas in excess
oxygen gas forms carbon
dioxide gas and liquid water
15
 STEP 1
Change all the substances
into chemical formulas or
symbols
16
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O

17
 STEP 2
Write the state symbols

18
CH4(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)

19
 STEP 3
Balance the equation.

20
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

21
C6H14(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)

22
 STEP 1
Make a table to list out the
elements on both side of the
equation
23
24
 STEP 2
Begin with the most
complicated compound and
balance it
25
26
27
 STEP 3
Finish by balancing the least
complicated compound
28
29
 STEP 4
Get rid of any fractions by
multiplying by the
denominator
30
31
 STEP 5
Double check to ensure it is
balanced and the numbers are
the lowest common factor
32
1) C10H22(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2) N2(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g)
3) H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  Na2SO2(s)
+ H2O(l)
33
34
-Calculate molar masses of atoms, ions,
molecules and formula units
-Convert moles to particles or vice versa,
moles to grams or vice versa, and/or
particles to grams or vice versa

35
-Interconvert percentage composition by
mass and empirical formula
-Determine molecular formula from its
empirical formula

36
-Derive empirical and molecular formula
from reactions involving mass changes
using experimental data

37
 How many significant
figures are there in:
1) 0.000320
2) 5.00
3) 6.02x1023 38
 1 mole of a substance is
equal to 6.02 x 1023
 This is called Avogadro’s
number
39
 Use to count things in
chemistry
 Abbreviated as mol
 Represented by the
symbol, n 40
 Avogadro’s # Molar Mass

Particle Mole Mass

Avogadro’s # Molar Mass

41
 Particles refer to atoms,
ions, molecules, formula
units or electrons
 Represented by symbol,
N 42
43
 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 (𝑵)
Mol (n)=
𝑨𝒗𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐′ 𝒔 #(𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 )

44
45
How many atoms are
there in 1 mol of H2O?
46
H2O has 3 atoms
N=mol x Avogadro’s #
3 x 6.02x1023= 1.806x1024 atoms
1.81x1024 atoms (2SF)
47
How many moles are
there in 12.04 x1023
atoms?
48
 12.04𝑥1023
mol=
6.02𝑥1023
2.000 mol (4 SF)
49
How many molecules are
there in 4.0 moles of
H2O?
50
N=(mol x Avogadro’s #)
N=4.0 x (6.02x1023)
2.4 x 1024 molecules (2 SF)
51
How many H+ ions are
there in 2.5 mol of HCl
solution?
52
 There is just 1 H+ ion
N=(mol x Avogadro’s #)
N=2.5 x (6.02x1023)
1.5 x 10 24 ions (2 SF)
53
How many electrons are
there in 1.0 mole of He?
54
 He contains 2 electrons
N=(mol x Avogadro’s #)
N=2.0 x (6.02x1023)
1.2 x 10 electrons (2 SF)
24
55
How many formula units
are there in 1.0 mole of
NaCl?
56
 NaCl is a formula unit
N=(mol x Avogadro’s #)
N=1.0 x (6.02x1023)
6.0 x 10 f.unit (2 SF)
23
57
A solution of water (H2O) and
ammonia (NH3) contains 2.10 x
1023 molecules of H2O and
8.00 x 1021 molecules of NH3.
How many moles of H atoms
are present? 58
59
60
61
 Relative Atomic Mass (AR)
The mass of an atom relative to
the 12C isotope having a value
of 12.000

62
 Molar mass (M), has the
unit gmol-1
 Can be seen in the
periodic table
63
 Calculate for the MR
a) chlorine, Cl2
b) NH4NO3
c) Al2(SO4)3
64
m
M
65
66
What is the mass of the ff:
a) 6.50 moles of NaCl
b) 0.10 moles of OH-
c) 35.70 moles Al2(CO3)3
67
Convert to moles
a) 32.50 g of (NH4)2SO4
b) 273.45 g of N2O5
c) 0.0400 g Mg3(PO4)2
68
69
184 g of solid KClO3
decomposes producing O2
gas and KCl. How many
grams of O2 will be
produced? 70
71
 STEP 1

Convert to moles
n(KClO3)=184g/123gmol-1
n=1.50 mol
72
 STEP 1

Balance the equation

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

73
 STEP 2

Convert to moles
n(KClO3)=184g/123gmol-1
n=1.50 mol
74
 STEP 3

Use the mole ratio

75
 STEP 4

Convert back to grams

m(O2)=2.25mol x 32gmol-1
m=72.0 g O2
76
How many grams of
KClO3 are needed to
produce 205 g of KCl?
77
78
The amount of each element
in a compound expressed
in percentage

79
What is the percentage
composition of S in
sulfur dioxide?
80
 STEP 1

Get the molar mass

MR(SO2)=64gmol-1

81
 STEP 2

Get the atomic mass of the

element being asked
AR(S)=32gmol-1
82
 STEP 3
Divide the atomic mass of
the element over the total
molar mass
32𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
%(S)=
64 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
%S= 50% 83
1) Calculate the % composition
of C6H12O6
2) Which has greater %N
between NH4NO3 or N5O10
84
85
86
Defined as the simplest whole
number ratio of atoms of
different elements in a
compound
87
Defined as the actual number
of atoms of different elements
covalently bonded in a
molecule
88
89
Determine if the given compound is an
empirical or molecular formula
1) C6H12O6
2) H2O2
3) PCl5
4) N3H5O 90
1) Calculate the empirical
formula of a compound
composed of 38.67% C,
16.22%H and 45.11%N
91
 STEP 1
Assume that you have 100 g
sample of the compound.
92
 STEP 2
Change the % to grams
38.67g C, 16.22g H, 45.11g N

93
 STEP 3
Convert g to moles for each element

94
 STEP 4
Divide each number
by the least number
of moles
95
 STEP 5
Multiply the result to get rid
of any fractions
96
1) Calculate the empirical
formula of a compound
composed of 38.67% C,
16.22%H and 45.11%N
CH5N is the empirical formula
97
A compound is 43.64% P and
56.36% O. What is the
empirical formula?
98
99
Caffeine has a molar mass of
194 gmol-1 and its empirical
formula C4H5N2O. What is the
molecular formula?
10
0
 STEP 1
Divide the actual molar mass
by the mass of one mole of
the empirical formula
101
Find x
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
x=
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
194 𝑔
x= x= 2
97 𝑔
2 (C4H5N2O)= C8H10N4O2
10
2
A compound is known to be
composed of 71.65% Cl, 24.27%
C and 4.07% H. Its molar mass is
known to be 98.96 g. What is its
molecular formula?
10
3
Molecular Formula: C2H4Cl2

10
4
10
5
10
6
1) A 12.15 g of a substance contains C, H, and O
was burned in an atmosphere of excess oxygen.
Subsequent analysis of the gaseous result
yielded 18.942 g of CO2 and 7.749 g of H2O.
Determine the empirical formula of the
substance
10
7
 STEP 1
Convert to moles of CO2 and H2O
n(CO2)=18.942g/44.01 g of CO2=0.43 mol CO2
n(H2O)=7.749/18.02 g of H2O=0.43 mol H2O
10
8
 STEP 2
Convert to moles of C and H through
mole ratio
n(C)=0.43 mol C
n(H)=0.86 mol H
10
9
 STEP 3
Convert to mass of C and H
m(C)=(0.43 mol)(12.01gmol-)=5.1643 g C
m(H)=(0.86 mol)(1.01gmol-)= 0.8686 g H
110
 STEP 4
Get the mass of O
m(O)=12.915 g- (5.1643g+ 0.8686g)
m(O)=6.8821 g O
111
 STEP 5
Convert to moles of C, H and O
n(C)=5.1643g/12.01 gmol-= 0.43 mol C
n(H)= 0.8686g/1.01 gmol-= 0.86 mol H
n(O)=6.8821g/16.00 gmol-= 0.43 mol O
112
 STEP 6
Divide to the smallest ratio
C=0.43mol/0.43 mol= 1
H= 0.86mol/0.43mol= 2
O=0.43mol/0.43mol= 1
Empirical Formula: CH2O
113
2) A 33.658 g of oxygen was used to
completely react with a sample in a combustion
reaction. The sample is consists of C and H
only. The reaction products were 33.057 g of
CO2 and 10.816 g of H2O. Determine the
empirical formula.
114
115
116
-Calculate reacting volume of gases using
Avogadro’s law
-Calculate the percentage yield of a
reaction

117
-Calculate the molar concentration of
solutions
-Determine the limiting and excess
reactant

118
119
120
If I have 3 pots and 4 flowers,
how many pots with flowers
will I produced?
121
 Excess Reactant

122
Limiting Reactant
We sometimes don’t
always have perfect
amounts of each reactant
123
We can only make as
much product as the
limiting reactant will
allow
124
Nitrogen gas (N2) can be produced
from this reaction:
NH3 + CuO  Cu + N2 + H2O
If 18.1 g NH3 are reacted with 90.40 g
CuO, determine the mass of N2 that can
be formed. 125
 STEP 1
Balance the chemical equation
2NH3 + 3CuO  3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

126
 STEP 2
Determine the limiting reactant.
n(NH3)=18.1g/17.03 g of NH3=1.06 mol NH3
n(CuO)=90.40/79.55g of CuO=1.14 mol CuO
𝑁𝐻3 2
Mole ratio from equation: = = 0.667
𝐶𝑢𝑂 3
𝑁𝐻3 1.06
Mole ratio from given masses: = = 0.930
𝐶𝑢𝑂 1.14
Since the ratio from the given masses is LARGER than
the required ratio in the equation, CuO is the Limiting
Reactant 127
 STEP 3
Use the mole from the limiting reactant to get the
mole of the product being asked.
CuO N2
3 1
1.14 x

n(N2)=0.380 mol N2
128
 STEP 4
Convert to mass
m(N2)=0.380 mol x 28.02 gmol-1= 10.7 g N2

129
2.50x103 kg of methane is mixed with
3.00x103 kg of water
CH4 + H2O  CO + H2
1) Identify the limiting reactant.
2) Calculate the mass of each product.
3) What is the mass of the reactant left? 130
 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% yield= 𝑥 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

131
Determines the accuracy
and/or efficiency of an
experiment

132
% error= 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑−𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑥 100%

133
If 45.00g NH3 came from 42.03g
N2 with excess H2, what is the
percentage yield?
N2(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g)
134
 STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical
equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
135
 STEP 2
List all the
knowns and
unknowns
136
 STEP 3
Convert to moles
n(N2)= m/M
42.03g/28.02gmol-1
1.500 mol 137
 STEP 4
Use mole ratio
to determine
unknowns
13
8
 STEP 5
Convert to mass
m(NH3)= nM
3.000g x 17.03gmol-1
51.12 g 139
 STEP 6
Use the % yield formula
45.00 g
% yield= x 100%
51.12 g
88.03% 140
A chemist has to make a 100.0 g sample of
chlorobenzene(C6H6Cl), from the following
reaction:
C6H6 + Cl2  C6H6Cl + HCl
Determine the minimum quantity of
benzene, C6H6, that can be used to achieve
this with a yield of 65% 141
14
2
143
“at the same temperature
and pressure, equal
volumes of different gases
contain the same numbers
of particles” 144
1 mol of gas=
22.7L at STP
(O°C=273K,
100kPa
145
1L= 1dm3
1mL= 1cm3

So 1000cm3= 1dm3
146
14
7
v
22.7dm3
14
8
Quicklime (CaO) is produced by
thermal decomposition of calcium
carbonate. Calculate the volume of
CO2 gas produced at STP from the
decomposition of 152 g of calcium
carbonate 149
Volume of CO2=
34.5 dm3
150
151
The particles in a gas (atoms
or molecules) are in
random motion.

152
The volume occupied by
gas particles is negligible
compared to the volume
occupied by the gas.
153
The forces of attraction
between the particles are
negligible.

154
The average kinetic energy of
the particles is directly
proportional to the Kelvin
temperature of the gas.
155
156
The pressure exerted by a given
mass of gas at constant
temperature is inversely
proportional to the volume
occupied by the gas.
157
P1V1=P2V2 (at constant n and T)

158
V1T2=V2T1 (at constant n and P)

Volume is directly
proportional to the
temperature
159
P1T2=P2T1 (at constant n and V)
Pressure is directly
proportional to the
temperature

160
 During cold
temperature, gas
particles can stick
together
161
162
163
A deep sea diver is working at a depth
where the pressure is 3.0 atm. He is
breathing out air bubbles. The volume
of each air bubble is 2 cm3. At the
surface the pressure is 1.0 atm. What is
the volume of each bubble when it
reaches the surface 164
6.0 cm 3

165
A sample of hydrogen gas has a volume
of 8.56 L at a temperature of 0°C and a
pressure of 1.5 atm. Calculate the moles
of hydrogen gas present in this gas
sample.
166
167
States that the total gas (vapour)
pressure is equal to the partial
pressure of each individual gas in
the mixture
PTotal= P1 + P2 + P3 … 168
Following the ideal gas law
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
=
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

169
A balloon contains 0.20 moles of
nitrogen and 0.50 moles of oxygen. If
the total pressure in the balloon is 2.0
atm, what is the partial pressure of
oxygen?
170
1.4 atm
171
17
2
173
SOLUTE- something that dissolves
SOLVENT- something that does the
dissolving
SOLUTION- mixture of solutes and
solvents
CONCENTRATION- measure of the
amount of solute in solution 174
 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑛)
Concentration (c)=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑣)
Units: Symbol: c or [ ]
e.g [H]
(concentration of H)
175
Conversion Units

176
 Conversion Units
PARTS PER MILLION
(PPM)
Measured as 1 part per
million solute
177
17
8
A solution contains 2.65g of
anhydrous Na2CO3 in 200.00 cm3
of solution. Calculate the
concentration of the solution
[Na2CO3= 106gmol-1)
179
0.125 M
180
What mass of NaHCO3 would be
required to prepare 100.00cm3 of
2.0 molar solution? [NaHCO3=
84gmol-1)
181
16.8 g
182
183
TITRATION- method to determine
the concentration of an unknown
concentration using a known
concentration called a standard
solution or titrant.
184
STANDARD SOLUTION- solution of a
precisely known concentration. Also
called as ‘primary standard’
EQUIVALENCE POINT OR END
POINT- the titration is stopped
185
INDICATOR- is a chemical that
changes color to signal the
equivalence point
ANALYTE- chemical being measured
and is also called the aliquot or titrate.
186
When a solution is diluted, more
solvent is added to it, the number of
moles of solute stays the same
C1V1=C2V2
187
Calculate the volume of a 12.0 M
HCl solution that should be diluted
with distilled water to obtain 1.0
dm3 of 0.050 M HCl.
188
0.0040 dm 3

189
20.0 cm3 of H2SO4 was titrated to
neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 M
NaOH. Calculate the concentration of
the acid.
H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
190
0.0625 M
191
19
2
1. TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides