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Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
Jenis Jenis
Jenis Zarah
Bahan Bahan Zarah Bahan Zarah
Type of
Substances Substances Type of Substances Type of
Particles
Particles Particles
Argon Atom Karbon dioksida Molekul Zink klorida Ion
Argon Carbon dioxide Zinc chloride
(Ar) Atom (CO2) Molecule (ZnCl2) Ion
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Struktur Atom/Structure of the Atom
1. Jirim mempunyai tiga keadaan fizikal iaitu pepejal, cecair dan gas.
Matter has three physical states. They are solid, liquid and gas.
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
Rajah susunan
zarah
Diagram of the
arrangement of
particles
Zarah-zarah dapat
bergetar, berputar dan
Zarah-zarah hanya dapat
Pergerakan
Zarah-zarah dapat
bergerak ke seluruh
bergetar dan berputar
zarah
bergetar, berputar dan
cecair.
pada kedudukan tetap.
bergerak secara bebas.
Movement of Particles can only vibrate Particles can vibrate, Particles can vibrate,
particles and rotate at their fixed rotate and move rotate and move freely.
positions.
throughout the liquid.
Daya tarikan
Daya tarikan antara
Daya tarikan antara
Daya tarikan antara
antara zarah
zarah-zarah adalah
zarah-zarah adalah kuat.
zarah-zarah adalah
lemah.
Attractive forces sangat kuat.
Particles are attracted by The attraction forces
between the Particles are attracted by
strong forces. between particles are
particles very strong forces.
weak forces.
Kandungan
tenaga zarah Rendah Tinggi Sangat tinggi
Energy content Low High Very high
of particles
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Modul al-Kimiya Tingkatan 4
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
Menjalankan aktiviti untuk menentukan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena atau
asetamida (etanamida).
To carry out activities to determine the melting point and freezing point of
naphthalene or acetamide (ethanamide).
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Struktur Atom/Structure of the Atom
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
Dipanaskan/Heated
Tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah
Kinetic energy of particles increases
Pemejalwapan/Sublimation
Peleburan Pendidihan/Penyejatan
Melting Boiling/Evaporation
Pengendapan/Desublimation
Disejukkan/Cooled
Tenaga kinetik zarah berkurang
Kinetic energy of particles decreases
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Modul al-Kimiya Tingkatan 4
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
ir
qu
ca
Mula melebur
Li
Lengkap mendidih
Ce
Start melting Complete boiling
Takat lebur
Melting point jal
pe
lid
Pe
o
Pepejal + Cecair Lengkap melebur
S Solid + Liquid Complete melting
Masa/min
Time/min
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
Suhu/°C
Temperature/°c
Ga Mula terkondensasi
Cecair + Gas
Takat kondensasi s Start condensation
Liquid + Gas
Condensation point
Lengkap terkondensasi Mula membeku
Liq
Pepejal + Cecair
Takat beku Solid + Liquid
Freezing point
Lengkap membeku So
Complete freezing lid
Masa/min
Time/min
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Struktur Atom/Structure of the Atom
Menentukan Keadaan Fizikal Jirim Berdasarkan Takat Lebur dan Takat Didih
E
Determine the Physical State of Matter based on the Melting Point and Boiling
Point
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Aktiviti
Activity
17
Modul al-Kimiya Tingkatan 4
A -123 -78
B -17 100°C 135
C 0 78
D 111 400
3. Jadual menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi empat bahan, P, Q, R dan S.
The table shows melting points and boiling points of four substances, P, Q, R and S.
18
Struktur Atom/Structure of the Atom
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Latihan 2.1
Exercise 2.1
1. Seketul hablur kuprum(II) sulfat diletakkan di dasar sebuah bikar yang berisi air. Bikar itu
kemudian dibiarkan sehingga tiada perubahan lagi.
A crystal of copper(II) sulphate is placed at the bottom of a beaker of water. The beaker
is left until there is no further change.
a. Pada pendapat anda, apakah proses yang telah berlaku?
In your opinion, what process took place?
Resapan/Diffusion
b. Apakah pemerhatian anda dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan jawapan anda.
What is your observation for this experiment? Explain your answer.
[warna larutan asal kepada warna perubahan]
Larutan tidak berwarna menjadi larutan biru.
Zarah kuprum(II) sulfat bergerak dan mengisi tempat kosong di antara molekul-
molekul air.
Colourless solution turns blue solution.
The diffusion of copper(II) sulphate particles move and fill the empty space between
the particles (molecules) of water.
2. Pepejal P mempunyai takat lebur 60˚C. Sebuah tabung uji yang berisi leburan P pada
suhu 100˚C dibiarkan menyejuk pada suhu bilik.
Solid P has a melting point of 60˚C.A test tube of molten P at 100˚C is allowed to cool at
room temperature.
a. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan leburan P.
Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the cooling of molten P.
100
60
Masa/min
Time/min
t0 t1 t2 t3
19
Modul al-Kimiya Tingkatan 4
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