Bavaria

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For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation).
"Bayern" redirects here. For other uses, see Bayern (disambiguation).
Free State of Bavaria
Freistaat Bayern
State
Flag of Free State of Bavaria
Flag Coat of arms of Free State of Bavaria
Coat of arms
Anthem: Bayernhymne (German)
"Hymn of Bavaria"
MENU0:00
Wikimedia | � OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 48�46'39?N 11�25'52?E
Country Germany
Capital Munich
Government
� Body Landtag of Bavaria
� Minister-President Markus S�der (CSU � Christian Social Union of Bavaria)
� Governing parties CSU / FW
� Bundesrat votes 6 (of 69)
Area
� Total 70,550.19 km2 (27,239.58 sq mi)
Population (2017-12-31)[1]
� Total 12,997,204
� Density 180/km2 (480/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Bavarian(s) (English)
Bayer (m), Bayerin (f) (German)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
� Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code DE-BY
GDP (nominal) �625 billion (2018)[2]
GDP per capita �47,946 (2018)
NUTS Region DE2
HDI (2017) 0.944[3]
very high � 6th of 16
Website bayern.de
Bavaria (/b?'v??ri?/; German and Bavarian: Bayern ['ba??n]; Czech: Bavorsko),
officially the Free State of Bavaria (German and Bavarian: Freistaat Bayern ['f?a??
ta?t 'ba??n]), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern
corner. With an area of 70,550.19 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), Bavaria is the
largest German state by land area comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area
of Germany. With 13 million inhabitants, it is Germany's second-most-populous state
after North Rhine-Westphalia. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and
largest city and also the third largest city in Germany[4]) and Nuremberg.

The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes,
followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the
territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became a
stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent
kingdom, joined the Prussian-led German Empire while retaining its title of
kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.[5]

The Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century AD, the Duke
of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria
existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State
of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War.

Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's Catholic majority and
conservative traditions.[6] Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their
culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as
Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism.[7] The state also has the second
largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it a status as a
rather wealthy German region.[8]

Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and
Swabia.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Antiquity
1.2 Middle Ages
1.3 Electorate of Bavaria
1.4 Kingdom of Bavaria
1.5 Part of the German Empire
1.6 Free State of Bavaria
1.7 Bavarian identity
2 Flags and coat of arms
2.1 Flags
2.2 Coat of arms
3 Geography
4 Administrative divisions
4.1 Administrative districts
4.1.1 Population and area
4.2 Districts
4.3 Counties
4.4 Municipalities
4.4.1 Major cities
5 Politics
5.1 Current Landtag
5.2 Government
5.2.1 Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945
5.3 Designation as a "free state"
5.4 Arbitrary arrest and human rights
6 Economy
6.1 Companies
6.2 Unemployment
7 Demographics
7.1 Vital statistics
8 Culture
8.1 Religion
8.2 Traditions
8.3 Food and drink
8.4 Language and dialects
8.5 Ethnography
9 Sports
9.1 Football
10 Bavarians
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History
Main article: History of Bavaria
Prehistoric Heunischenburg, in the vicinity of Kronach
Antiquity
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts,
which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians
spoke Old High German, but, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not
migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups
left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have
included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi,
Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii")
means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and
later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520. A 17th
century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed
that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th
century BC.[9]

Middle Ages
Further information: Duchy of Bavaria
From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending
with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.[10]

Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed
to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada
when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde,
became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to
her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I,
tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs
and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of
power between 610 and 616.[11]

After Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign
may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west
to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy (it is unclear what
Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time). His son, Theudebert, led a
decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard
Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At
Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his
grandson Hugbert.

Kingdom of Bavaria 900

Bavaria in the 10th century

At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from
neighboring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo
issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in
partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession
disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near
Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.[12][13] Saint
Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th
century.

Tassilo III (b. 741 � d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after
an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish
oversight but began to function independently from 763 onwards. He was particularly
noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in
the eastern Alps and along the River Danube and colonising these lands. After 781,
however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally
deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters
attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792,
led by his own son P�pin the Hunchback. The king had to drag Tassilo out of
imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of
Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he
probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this
was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.

Bavarian duchies after the partition of 1392

For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three
generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost
large territories in the south and south east. The territory of Ostarrichi was
elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family. This
event marks the founding of Austria.

The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion
of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, and de facto the second most powerful man
in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed
as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
(a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the
Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German).
They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by
Rhine (Kurpfalz in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214,
which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.[14]

The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the
extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories were acquired by the
Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland
and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate
branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower
Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of
1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich.
In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were
reunited, and Munich became the sole capital.

Bavarian herald Joerg Rugenn wearing a tabard of the arms around 1510
Electorate of Bavaria
Further information: Electorate of Bavaria
In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the
Electorate of the Palatinate in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and
acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire,
determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the
empire's laws. The country became one of the Jesuit-supported counter-reformation
centres. During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince
electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of
the Spanish Succession, election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburger).
From 1777 onwards and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out
with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were
governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines. The new state
also comprised the Duchies of J�lich and Berg as these on their part were in
personal union with the Palatinate.

Kingdom of Bavaria
Main article: Kingdom of Bavaria

Bavaria in the 19th century and beyond

When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806
due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine.[15] Its area doubled after the
Duchy of J�lich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided
between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome
Bonaparte. The Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but
finally ceded to Austria by the Congress of Vienna. In return Bavaria was allowed
to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia
in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a
strict policy of modernisation; he laid the foundations of administrative
structures that survived the monarchy and retain core validity in the 21st century.
In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I,[16] being modernized
in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of
Lords (Kammer der Reichsr�te) and a House of Commons (Kammer der Abgeordneten).
That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of
World War I.

After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its
independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria,
it was defeated along with Austrian in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not
incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of
German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, the
south German states Baden, W�rttemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria joined the
Prussian forces (whereas Austria did not) and ultimately joined the Federation,
which was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire) in 1871 while Austria did not.
Bavaria continued as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the
federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its
own).

Part of the German Empire

Bavarian stamps during the German empire period

When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was
considered controversial by Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain
independence from the rest of Germany, as Austria had. As Bavaria had a majority-
Catholic population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly Protestant
northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political
parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence.[17]
Although the idea of Bavarian separatism was popular in the late 19th and early
20th century, apart from a small minority such as the Bavaria Party, most Bavarians
accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany.[citation needed]

In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other
artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a
center of international artistic activity. This area was devastated by bombing and
invasion during World War II.

Free State of Bavaria

A memorial to soldiers who died in the two world wars. Dietelskirchen, Bavaria.

Dachau concentration camp memorial sculpture erected in 1968

Free State has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the
aftermath of World War I in several German states. On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III
signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers
from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of
Socialist premier Kurt Eisner,[18] interpreted this as an abdication. To date,
however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared
renunciation of the throne.[19] On the other hand, none has ever since officially
called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are active in cultural
and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step
back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval
solely by Franz's presence or absence.

Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt

and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After
violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the
Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution (Bamberger
Verfassung) was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September
1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. Extremist
activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National
Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the
Third Reich of Adolf Hitler. However, in the crucial German federal election, March
1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.

As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was
occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-
occupied Germany (1945�47) and then of "Bizonia".

The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new
state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany.
In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty
(Gr�ndungsvertrag) for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing
the division of Germany into two states, after World War II. The Bavarian
Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not
granting sufficient powers to the individual L�nder, but at the same time decided
that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other L�nder
ratified it. All of the other L�nder ratified it, and so it became law.

Bavarian identity
Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered
themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second.[20] This feeling started to come
about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria joined the
Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire while the Bavarian nationalists wanted
to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Nowadays, aside from the
minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany.[21]
Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities:
Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the
south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the
regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions
through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate,
Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. In Munich, the Old Bavarian
dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there.
Moreover, by the expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has
received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In particular, the
Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have
become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians.

Flags and coat of arms

Main articles: Flag of Bavaria and Coat of arms of Bavaria
Flags

Second official flag of Bavaria

Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one
with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue lozenges. Either may be
used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them.[22]
Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are
sometimes used by civilians.

Coat of arms
The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following
heraldic traditions.

The Golden Lion: At the dexter chief, sable, a lion rampant Or, armed and langued
gules. This represents the administrative region of Upper Palatinate.
The "Franconian Rake": At the sinister chief, per fess dancetty, gules and argent.
This represents the administrative regions of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia.
The Blue "Pantier" (mythical creature from French heraldry, sporting a flame
instead of a tongue): At the dexter base, argent, a Pantier rampant azure, armed Or
and langued gules. This represents the regions of Lower and Upper Bavaria.
The Three Lions: At the sinister base, Or, three lions passant guardant sable,
armed and langued gules. This represents Swabia.
The White-And-Blue inescutcheon: The inescutcheon of white and blue fusils askance
was originally the coat of arms of the Counts of Bogen, adopted in 1247 by the
House of Wittelsbach. The white-and-blue fusils are indisputably the emblem of
Bavaria and these arms today symbolize Bavaria as a whole. Along with the People's
Crown, it is officially used as the Minor Coat of Arms.
The People's Crown (Volkskrone): The coat of arms is surmounted by a crown with a
golden band inset with precious stones and decorated with five ornamental leaves.
This crown first appeared in the coat of arms to symbolize sovereignty of the
people after the royal crown was eschewed in 1923.
Geography

Bavarian Alps
Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria
and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzen and South Bohemian
Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St.
Gallen). Because all of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, the border
is completely open. Neighbouring states within Germany are Baden-W�rttemberg,
Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state: the Danube
(Donau) and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria (including
the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the
range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the
Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and
Bohemia.

The major cities in Bavaria are Munich (M�nchen), Nuremberg (N�rnberg), Augsburg,
Regensburg, W�rzburg, Ingolstadt, F�rth, and Erlangen.

The geographic centre of the European Union is located in the north-western corner
of Bavaria.

Administrative divisions

Administrative districts (Regierungsbezirke and Bezirke) of Bavaria

Bavaria is divided into seven administrative districts called Regierungsbezirke
(singular Regierungsbezirk).

Administrative districts
Altbayern:
Upper Palatinate (German: Oberpfalz)
Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern)
Lower Bavaria (Niederbayern)
Franconia:
Upper Franconia (Oberfranken)
Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken)
Lower Franconia (Unterfranken)
Swabia:
Swabia (Schwaben)
Population and area
Administrative region Capital Population (2011) Area (km2) No. municipalities
Lower Bavaria Landshut 1,192,641 9.48% 10,330 14.6% 258 12.5%
Lower Franconia W�rzburg 1,315,882 10.46% 8,531 12.1% 308 15.0%
Upper Franconia Bayreuth 1,067,988 8.49% 7,231 10.2% 214 10.4%
Middle Franconia Ansbach 1,717,670 13.65% 7,245 10.3% 210 10.2%
Upper Palatinate Regensburg 1,081,800 8.60% 9,691 13.7% 226 11.0%
Swabia Augsburg 1,788,729 14.21% 9,992 14.2% 340 16.5%
Upper Bavaria Munich 4,418,828 35.12% 17,530 24.8% 500 24.3%
Total 12,583,538 100.0% 70,549 100.0% 2,056 100.0%
Districts
Bezirke (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the
Landkreise and the Gemeinden or St�dte. The Bezirke in Bavaria are territorially
identical with the Regierungsbezirke, but they are self-governing regional
corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany,
there are Regierungsbezirke which are only administrative divisions and not self-
governing entities as the Bezirke in Bavaria.

Counties
The second communal layer exists out of 71 rural districts (called Landkreise,
singular Landkreis) that are comparable to counties. They share the same
administrative responsibilities as the 25 independent cities (Kreisfreie St�dte,
singular Kreisfreie Stadt).

Map of the Landkreise of Bavaria

Rural districts:

Aichach-Friedberg
Alt�tting
Amberg-Sulzbach
Ansbach
Aschaffenburg
Augsburg
Bad Kissingen
Bad T�lz-Wolfratshausen
Bamberg
Bayreuth
Berchtesgadener Land
Cham
Coburg
Dachau
Deggendorf
Dillingen
Dingolfing-Landau
Donau-Ries
Ebersberg
Eichst�tt
Erding
Erlangen-H�chstadt
Forchheim
Freising
Freyung-Grafenau
F�rstenfeldbruck
F�rth
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
G�nzburg
Hassberge
Hof
Kelheim
Kitzingen
Kronach
Kulmbach
Landsberg
Landshut
Lichtenfels
Lindau
Main-Spessart
Miesbach
Miltenberg
M�hldorf
M�nchen (Landkreis M�nchen)
Neuburg-Schrobenhausen
Neumarkt
Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Neustadt an der Waldnaab
Neu-Ulm
N�rnberger Land
Oberallg�u
Ostallg�u
Passau
Pfaffenhofen
Regen
Regensburg
Rh�n-Grabfeld
Rosenheim
Roth
Rottal-Inn
Schwandorf
Schweinfurt
Starnberg
Straubing-Bogen
Tirschenreuth
Traunstein
Unterallg�u
Weilheim-Schongau
Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen
Wunsiedel
W�rzburg
Independent cities:

Amberg
Ansbach
Aschaffenburg
Augsburg
Bamberg
Bayreuth
Coburg
Erlangen
F�rth
Hof
Ingolstadt
Kaufbeuren
Kempten
Landshut
Memmingen
Munich (M�nchen)
Nuremberg (N�rnberg)
Passau
Regensburg
Rosenheim
Schwabach
Schweinfurt
Straubing
Weiden
W�rzburg
Municipalities
The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular
municipalities (called Gemeinden, singular Gemeinde). Together with the 25
independent cities (kreisfreie St�dte, which are in effect municipalities
independent of Landkreis administrations), there are a total of 2,056
municipalities in Bavaria.

In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated

areas (as of 1 January 2005, called gemeindefreie Gebiete, singular gemeindefreies
Gebiet), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas,
but also four lakes (Chiemsee-without islands, Starnberger See-without island
Roseninsel, Ammersee, which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and Waginger
See).

Major cities
City Region Inhabitants
(2000) Inhabitants
(2005) Inhabitants
(2010) Inhabitants
(2015) Change
(%)
Munich Upper Bavaria 1,210,223 1,259,677 1,353,186 1,450,381 +11.81
Nuremberg Middle Franconia 488,400 499,237 505,664 509,975 +3.53
Augsburg Swabia 254,982 262,676 264,708 286,374 +3.81
Regensburg Upper Palatinate 125,676 129,859 135,520 145,465 +7.83
Ingolstadt Upper Bavaria 115,722 121,314 125,088 132,438 +8.09
W�rzburg Lower Franconia 127,966 133,906 133,799 124,873 +4.56
F�rth Middle Franconia 110,477 113,422 114,628 124,171 +3.76
Erlangen Middle Franconia 100,778 103,197 105,629 108,336 +4.81
Bayreuth Upper Franconia 74,153 73,997 72,683 72,148 -1.98
Bamberg Upper Franconia 69,036 70,081 70,004 73,331 +1.40
Aschaffenburg Lower Franconia 67,592 68,642 68,678 68,986
+1.61
Landshut Lower Bavaria 58,746 61,368 63,258 69,211 +7.68
Kempten Swabia 61,389 61,360 62,060 66,947 +1.09
Rosenheim Upper Bavaria 58,908 60,226 61,299 61,844 +4.06
Neu-Ulm Swabia 50,188 51,410 53,504 57,237 +6.61
Schweinfurt Lower Franconia 54,325 54,273 53,415 51,969 -1.68
Passau Lower Bavaria 50,536 50,651 50,594 50,566 +0.11
Freising Upper Bavaria 40,890 42,854 45,223 46,963 +10.60
Straubing Lower Bavaria 44,014 44,633 44,450 46,806 +0.99
Dachau Upper Bavaria 38,398 39,922 42,954 46,705 +11.87
Source: Bayerisches Landesamt f�r Statistik und Datenverarbeitung[23][24]

See also: List of places in Bavaria and List of cities in Bavaria by population
Politics
Main article: Politics of Bavaria
Bavaria has a multi-party system dominated by the conservative Christian Social
Union (CSU), which has won every election since 1945, and the center-left Social
Democrats (SPD) dominates in Munich. Thus far Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD
candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include
multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West German
conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with
their bids for Chancellorship. The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters
have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.

In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ? supermajority � something no party had ever
achieved in post-war Germany. However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU
lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years.[25] The losses were
partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill.[further
explanation needed] (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and
passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a
strict anti-smoking bill with a large majority).

Current Landtag

Current composition of the Landtag:

SPD: 22 seats
The Greens: 38 seats
FDP: 11 seats
Free Voters: 27 seats
CSU: 85 seats
AfD: 22 seats
The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its
absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as
part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst
election outcome in its history. The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up
to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force
in the Landtag with 17.5% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share
compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able
to reach the 5%-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they
were not part of the Landtag after the 2013 elections. Also entering the new
parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2%
of the vote.[26] The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and
formed a government coalition with the CSU which lead to the subsequent reelection
of Markus S�der as Minister-President of Bavaria.

Government
The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December
1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after
the Second World War.

Bavaria has a unicameral Landtag (English: State Parliament), elected by universal

suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a Senat, or Senate, whose members
were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in
1998, this institution was abolished.

The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven

Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a
period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the
approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government.
The State Government is composed of the:

Ministry of the Interior, Building and Transport (Staatsministerium des Innern, f�r
Bau und Verkehr)
Ministry of Education and Culture, Science and Art (Staatsministerium f�r Bildung
und Kultus, Wissenschaft und Kunst)
Ministry of Finance, for Rural Development and Homeland (Staatsministerium der
Finanzen, f�r Landesentwicklung und Heimat)
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology (Staatsministerium
f�r Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie)
Ministry of Environment and Consumer Protection (Staatsministerium f�r Umwelt und
Verbraucherschutz)
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Family and Integration (Staatsministerium
f�r Arbeit und Soziales, Familie und Integration)
Ministry of Justice (Staatsministerium der Justiz)
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (Staatsministerium f�r Ern�hrung,
Landwirtschaft und Forsten)
Ministry of Public Health and Care Services (Staatsministerium f�r Gesundheit und
Pflege)
Political processes also take place in the seven regions (Regierungsbezirke or
Bezirke) in Bavaria, in the 71 administrative districts (Landkreise) and the 25
towns and cities forming their own districts (kreisfreie St�dte), and in the 2,031
local authorities (Gemeinden).

In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum.

This was initiated bottom-up by an association called Mehr Demokratie (English:
More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right
to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the
regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum).
Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy
in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and
municipal affairs�835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.

Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945

See also: List of Ministers-President of Bavaria

Current Minister-President of Bavaria Markus S�der

Ministers-President of Bavaria
No. Name Born and died Party affiliation Begin of tenure End of tenure
1 Fritz Sch�ffer 1888�1967 CSU 1945 1945
2 Wilhelm Hoegner 1887�1980 SPD 1945 1946
3 Hans Ehard 1887�1980 CSU 1946 1954
4 Wilhelm Hoegner 1887�1980 SPD 1954 1957
5 Hanns Seidel 1901�1961 CSU 1957 1960
6 Hans Ehard 1887�1980 CSU 1960 1962
7 Alfons Goppel 1905�1991 CSU 1962 1978
8 Franz Josef Strau� 1915�1988 CSU 1978 1988
9 Max Streibl 1932�1998 CSU 1988 1993
10 Edmund Stoiber *1941 CSU 1993 2007
11 G�nther Beckstein *1943 CSU 2007 2008
12 Horst Seehofer *1949 CSU 2008 2018
13 Markus S�der *1967 CSU 2018 Incumbent
Designation as a "free state"
Unlike most German states (L�nder), which simply designate themselves as "State of"
(Land [...]), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" (Freistaat Bayern).
The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional
law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation
is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style
"Commonwealth" rather than "State". The choice of "Free State", a creation of the
early 20th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of)
the Latin-derived "republic", has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled
that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the
de facto abdication of Ludwig III). Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also
use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the
original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later
on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification. Saxony had used the designation
as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952.

Arbitrary arrest and human rights

In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gef�hrdergesetz",
allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable
indefinitely, when he or she has not committed a crime but it is assumed that he or
she might commit a crime "in the near future".[27] Critics like the prominent
journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to
Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[28] assessed it to be in violation of the European
Convention on Human Rights,[29] and also compared it to the legal situation in
Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years
(i.e., not indefinitely)[30]

Economy

BMW Welt and BMW Headquarters in Munich

Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in
Europe.[31] Its GDP in 2007 exceeded �434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion).[32]
This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20
countries in the world have a higher GDP.[33] Large companies headquartered in
Bavaria include BMW, Siemens, Rohde & Schwarz, Audi, Munich Re, Allianz, Infineon,
MAN SE, Wacker Chemie, Puma, Adidas, and Ruf. Bavaria has a GDP per capita of over
U.S. $48,000; if it were an independent country it would rank 7th or 8th[citation
needed] in the world. Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, the Czech
Republic, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.[34]

Companies
The motorcycle and automobile maker BMW Bayerische Motoren-Werke, or Bavarian Motor
Works in English, Audi, Allianz, Grundig (consumer electronics), Siemens
(electricity, telephones, informatics, medical instruments), Amazon, Weltbild
(trade) Patrizia Immobilien (real estate management) Continental (automotive tires
and electronics), Nintendo, Adidas, Puma, HypoVereinsbank (UniCredit Group),
Infineon, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, MAN Diesel & Turbo, KUKA, OSRAM and Ruf have (or
had) a Bavarian industrial base.

Unemployment
The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one
of the lowest in the European Union.[35]

Year[36] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Unemployment rate in % 5.5 5.3 6.0 6.9 6.9 7.8 6.8 5.3 4.2 4.8
4.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.2
Demographics

Bavaria is one of Germany's least densely populated states

Bavaria has a population of approximately 12.9 million inhabitants (2016). 8 of the
80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria with Munich being the
largest (1,450,381 inhabitants, approximately 5.7 million when including the
broader metropolitan area), followed by Nuremberg (509,975 inhabitants) and
Augsburg (286,374 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000
inhabitants each in 2015. Population density in Bavaria was 182 inhabitants per
square kilometre (470/sq mi), below the national average of 227 inhabitants per
square kilometre (590/sq mi). Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both
immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries
and Turkey.

Top-ten foreign resident populations[37]

Nationality Population (31.12.2018)
1 Turkey 192,885
2 Romania 169,085
3 Poland 115,925
4 Croatia 111,235
5 Italy 103,675
6 Austria 84,895
7 Hungary 75,820
8 Greece 75,465
9 Syria 72,565
10 Bulgaria 52,305
Vital statistics

This list (which may have dates, numbers, etc.) may be better in a sortable table
format. Please help improve this list or discuss it on the talk page. (May 2019)
The state's population continues to decline.[38]

Births January�November 2016 = Increase 115,032

Births January�November 2017 = Increase 115,690
Deaths January�November 2016 = Positive decrease 116,915
Deaths January�November 2017 = Negative increase 122,247
Natural growth January�November 2016 = Increase -1,883
Natural growth January�November 2017 = Decrease -6,557
Culture
Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from
the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less
significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions,
and language.

Religion
Religion in Bavaria � 2017
Religion Percent
Catholics
?
49.6%
EKD Protestants
?
18.3%
Muslims
?
4%
Other or none
?
28.1%

A Catholic church near F�ssen with the Alps in the background

Bavarian culture (Altbayern) has a long and predominant tradition of Catholic
faith. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in Marktl am
Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise,
the culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern State of Bavaria are
historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant
traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was
Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.[39]

As of 2017 49.6% of Bavarians adhered to Catholicism (a decline from 70.4% in

1970).[40][41] 18.3% of the population adheres to the Evangelical Lutheran Church
in Bavaria, which has also declined since 1970.[40][41] 3% was Orthodox, Muslims
make up 4.0% of the population of Bavaria. 28.1% of Bavarians are irreligious or
adhere to other religions.

Traditions
Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes
collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern
Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed.
The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's
business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village),
and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic
and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many
traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the Aperschnalzen, competitive
whipcracking.

Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians
continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep
their heritage alive. In New York City the German American Cultural Society is a
larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of Germany,
including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben
Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of
which is the Bavarian Dancers.

Food and drink

Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their
renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are
unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example Wei�wurst ("white sausage") or in some
instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer
is traditionally served by the litre (in a Ma�). Bavarians are particularly
proud[citation needed] of the traditional Reinheitsgebot, or beer purity law,
initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the
court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients
were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the Reinheitsgebot made its
way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it
down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market.[42] German breweries,
however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in
order to distinguish their beer brands.[43] Bavarians are also known as some of the
world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 litres
per person, although figures have been declining in recent years.

Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the Main
River in Franconia. The region has produced wine (Frankenwein) for over 1,000 years
and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine
forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities
hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.

Language and dialects

Upper German, southern counterpart to Central German, both forming the High German
Languages. Blue are the Austro-Bavarian dialects
Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old
Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate), Swabian German (an
Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (south west) and East
Franconian German in Franconia (North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the
north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During
the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak Standard
German (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.

Ethnography
Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal.[citation needed]
Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest
beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the
famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their
own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden.[44]

In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is

viewed somewhat nostalgically, and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded,
most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and Leavenworth, Washington.
Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an
Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside
of Munich.[45]

Sports
Football

The Allianz Arena, one of the world's most famous football stadiums
Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC
N�rnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther F�rth.
Bayern Munich is the most popular and successful football team in Germany having
won a record 27 German titles. They are followed by 1. FC N�rnberg who have won 9
titles. SpVgg Greuther F�rth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have
been champions once. FC Bayern won the German championship 27 times (record) and
the UEFA Champions League 5 times.

Bavarians
Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:

Kings: Arnulf of Carinthia, Carloman of Bavaria, Charles the Fat, Lothair I, Louis
the Child, Louis the German, Louis the Younger, Ludwig I of Bavaria, Ludwig II of
Bavaria, Ludwig III of Bavaria, Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, Maximilian II of
Bavaria, Otto of Bavaria
Religious leaders: Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger); Pope Damasus II,
Pope Victor II.
Painters: Hans Holbein the Elder, Albrecht D�rer, Albrecht Altdorfer, Lucas
Cranach, Carl Spitzweg, Johann Christian Reinhart, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von
Stuck, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, Erwin Eisch, Gabriele M�nter.
Classical musicians Orlando di Lasso, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Leopold Mozart,
Max Reger, Richard Wagner, Richard Strauss, Carl Orff, Johann Pachelbel, Theobald
Boehm, Klaus Nomi.
Other musicians Hans-J�rgen Buchner, Barbara Dennerlein, Klaus Doldinger, Bands:
Spider Murphy Gang, Sportfreunde Stiller, Obscura, Michael Bredl
Opera singers Jonas Kaufmann, Diana Damrau.
Writers, poets and playwrights Hans Sachs, Jean Paul, Friedrich R�ckert, August von
Platen-Hallerm�nde, Frank Wedekind, Christian Morgenstern, Oskar Maria Graf,
Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Thomas Mann, Klaus Mann, Golo Mann, Ludwig
Thoma, Michael Ende, Ludwig Aurbacher.
Scientists Max Planck, Wilhelm Conrad R�ntgen, Werner Heisenberg, Adam Ries, Joseph
von Fraunhofer, Georg Ohm, Johannes Stark, Carl von Linde, Ludwig Prandtl, Rudolf
M�ssbauer, Lothar Rohde, Hermann Schwarz, Robert Huber, Martin Behaim, Levi
Strauss, Rudolf Diesel.
Physicians Max Joseph von Pettenkofer, Sebastian Kneipp, Alois Alzheimer.
Politicians Horst Seehofer, Christian Ude, Kurt Eisner, Franz-Josef Strau�, Roman
Herzog, Leonard John Rose, Henry Kissinger.
Football players Max Morlock, Karl Mai, Franz Beckenbauer, Sepp Maier, Gerd M�ller,
Paul Breitner, Bernd Schuster, Klaus Augenthaler, Lothar Matth�us, Philipp Lahm,
Bastian Schweinsteiger, Holger Badstuber, Thomas M�ller, Mario G�tze, Dietmar
Hamann, Stefan Reuter
Other sportspeople Bernhard Langer, Dirk Nowitzki
Actors Werner Stocker, Helmut Fischer, Walter Sedlmayr, Gustl Bayrhammer, Ottfried
Fischer, Ruth Drexel, Elmar Wepper, Fritz Wepper, Uschi Glas, Yank Azman.
Entertainers Siegfried Fischbacher
Film directors Helmut Dietl, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Bernd Eichinger, Joseph
Vilsmaier, Hans Steinhoff, Heinz Badewitz and Werner Herzog.
Designers Peter Schreyer, Damir Doma
Entrepreneurs Charles Diebold, Levi Strauss
Military Claus von Stauffenberg
Nazis: Sepp Dietrich, Karl Fiehler, Karl Gebhardt, Hermann G�ring, Heinrich
Himmler, Alfred Jodl, Josef Kollmer, Joseph Mengele, Ernst R�hm, Franz Ritter von
Epp, Julius Streicher
Others: Kaspar Hauser, The Smith of Kochel, Mathias Knei�l, Matthias Klostermayr
See also
icon Geography portal
outline Europe portal
flag European Union portal
flag Germany portal
flag Bavaria portal
Outline of Germany
List of Bavaria-related topics
List of rulers of Bavaria
List of Premiers of Bavaria
Former countries in Europe after 1815
Wikisource "Bavaria" . Encyclop�dia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bavaria.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bavaria.
Official government website
Official website of Bayern Tourismus Marketing GmbH
Foreign Trade
statistics
Geographic data related to Bavaria at OpenStreetMap
Links to related articles
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
BNF: cb119484012 (data) GND: 4005044-0 HDS: 6619 ISNI: 0000 0001 2321 8078 LCCN:
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00261015 NKC: ge128725 VIAF: 125426357 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 125426357
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