terhadap pembentukan biofilm Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro. Biofouling: J Bioadhesion Biofilm Res. 2014; 1(4): 1-8. 2. Yarwood, Jeremy M., Douglas J. Bartels, Esther M. Volper, E. Peter Greenberg. Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2004 Mar; 186(6): 1838-50. 3. Melo, Tauá Alves., Thalis Ferreira dos Santos, Milena Evangelista de Almeida, Luiz Alberto Gusmão Fontes Junior, Ewerton Ferraz Andrade, Rachel Passos Rezende et al. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by Lactobacillus isolated from fine cocoa. BMC Microbiology. 2016; 250(16): 1-9. 4. Mehraj, J., Akmatov M.K., Strompl J., Gatzemeier A., Layer F., Werner G., et al. Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a random sample of non-hospitalized adult population in northern Germany. PLoS One. 2014; 9(9): e107937. 5. Tong, S.Y.C., Davis J.S., Eichenberger E., Holland T.L., Fowler V.G. Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul; 28(3): 603–61. 6. Asri, R.C. Identifikasi Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pada diafragma stetoskop di ruang rawat inap dan High Care Unit (HCU) bagian penyakit dalam RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang (skripsi). Padang: Universitas Andalas; 2015. 7. Archer, N.K., Mazaitis M.J., Costerton J.W., Leid J.G., Powers M.E., Shirtliff M.E. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: Properties, regulation and roles in human disease. Virulence. 2011 Sep-Oct; 2(5): 445-59. 8. Yolazenia, Bestari JB, Dolly I. Biofilm bakteri pada penderita rinosinusitis kronis. Jurnal Kesehatan Melayu. 2018 Apr; 1(2): 106-13. 9. Lewis, K. Riddle of biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr; 45(4): 999-1007. 10. Rasmussen, T.B., Bjarnsholt T., Skindersoe M.E., Hentzer M., Kristoffersen P., Köte M., et al. Screening for quorum-sensing inhibitors (qsi) by use of a novel genetic system, the qsi selector. J Bacteriol. 2005; 18(5): 1799-1814. 11. Arciola, CR., Davide C., Garth DE., and Lucio M. Biofilm-based implant infections in Orthopaedics. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. 2015; 1: 29-46. 12. Tamashiro, E., Marcelo B.A., James N.P., Noam A.C., and Wilma T.A.L. Implication of bacterial biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Braz J Infect Dis. 2009 Jun; 13(3): 232- 5. 13. Sawhney, R., and Berry, V. Bacterial biofilm formation, pathogenicity, diagnostics, and control: An overview. Indian J. Med Sci. 2009 Jul; 63(7): 313-21. 14. Usmiati, S., dan Risfaheri. Pengembangan dadih sebagai pangan fungsional probiotik asli Sumatera Barat. J Litbang Pert. 2013 Mar; 32 (1): 20-9. 15. Sunaryanto, R., dan Marwoto B. Isolasi, identifikasi, dan karakterisasi bakteri asam laktat dari dadih susu kerbau. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia. 2013 Mar; 14(3): 228-33. 16. Nur, F., Hafsan, dan Andi W. Isolasi bakteri asam laktat berpotensi probiotik pada dangke, makanan tradisional dari susu kerbau di Curio Kabupaten Enrekang. Biogenesis. 2015 Jun; 3(1): 60-5. 17. Nelintong, N., Isnaeni, dan Nasution N.E. Aktivitas antibakteri susu probiotik Lactobacilli terhadap bakteri penyebab diare (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae). Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2015 Jun; 2(1): 25-30. 18. Maunatin, A., dan Khanifa. Uji potensi probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum secara in- vitro. Alchemy. 2012 Oct; 2(1): 26-34. 19. Ming, Liu., Qian Zhang, Le Yang, and Jian-An Huang. Comparison of antibacterial effects between antimicrobial peptide and bacteriocins isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum on three common pathogenic bacteria. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(4): 5806- 11. 20. Delfahedah, Y., Sumaryati S., dan Jamsari. Isolasi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi DNA bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang berpotensi sebagai antimikroba dari fermentasi kakao varietas hibrid (Trinitario). Jurnal Kimia Unand. 2013 Mei; 2(2): 92-102. 21. Desniar, Iman R., Antonius S., dan Nisa R.M. Penapisan bakteriosin dari bakteri asam laktat asal bekasam. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 2011; XIV(2): 124- 33. 22. Gong, H.S., Meng X.C., and Wang H. Plantaricin MG active against Gram-negative bacteria produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0391 isolated from “Jiaoke”, a traditional fermented cream from China. Food Control. 2010; 21: 89-96. 23. Mukherjee, S., and Aiyagari R. Bacteriocin-producing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibit adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to extracellular matrix: quantitative insight and implications in antibacterial therapy. J Med Microbiol. 2015; 64: 1514-26. 24. Wang, Tao., dan Ming Liu. The effect of bacteriocins derived from lactic acid bacteria on growth and biofilm formation of clinical pathogenic strains. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2016; 9(4): 7343-48. 25. Schleifer, K. A, Bell, J. A. Family VIII. Staphylococcaceae fam. nov. In: Vos DP, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, et al, editors. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. 2009; 3: p. 392–433. 26. Brooks, G.F., Butel J.S., Ornston L.N. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg. Terjemahan Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. 2008; p: 627-9. 27. Hardoko and Yuliana. Study of antibacterial activity of mixed lime juice and honey of heating temperature on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology. 2014; 21(2) : 1. 28. Staf Pengajar FK UI. Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara. 2010; p: 125-34. 29. Soedarto. Infeksi nosokomial di Rumah Sakit. Jakarta: Sagung Seto. 2016; p. 9-11, 139- 40, 257-68. 30. Mardiastuti, H.W., Karuniawati A., Kiranasari A., Ikaningsih, dan Kadarsih R. Emerging resistance pathogen: Situasi terkini di Asia, Eropa, Amerika Serikat, Timur Tengah dan Indonesia. Maj Kedokt Indon. 2007 Mar; 57(3): 75-9. 31. Chen, C.J., and Huang Y.C. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Jul; 20(7): 605-23. 32. Otto, Michael. Staphylococcal Biofilms. NIH Public Access. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Author manuscript. 2008; 22: 207-28 33. Tarver T. Biofilms: A Threat to Food Safety. Food Technology. 2009 Feb; 63(2): 46- 52. 34. Iskandar AR. Pola mikroorganisme pembentuk biofilm pada kateter urin pasien yang terpasang jangka panjang (Tesis). Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2013. 35. Psaltis AJ. The role of bacterial biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis (dissertation). South Australia: Adelaide University; 2008. 36. Lister, J. L., Horswill A.R. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: recent developments in biofilm dispersal. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014; 4: 178. 37. Miquel, S., Lagrafeuille, R., Souweine, B., and Forestier C. Anti-biofilm activity as a health issue. Front Microbiol. 2016 Apr; 7: 592. 38. Furtuna, DK., Kartuti D, Eddy BW. Comparison of microbiological examination by test tube and congo red agar methods to detect biofilm production on clinical isolates. Folia Med Ind. 2018 Mar; 54 (1): 22-8. 39.