GSM Radio Interface Technology

Objectives

„ At the end of this course, you will be able to:

z Understand GSM speech transmission process
z Understand GSM radio key technology
z Grasp the function of various logical channels
z Describe the channel mapping pattern
Content

„ Voice transmission process

„ Radio key technology
„ Radio channel
Voice Processing in the GSM System

Voice Channel Interle Burst pulse

A/D Encryption Modulation
coding coding aving forming

260bit/20ms 456bit/20ms 33.8kbit/s 270kbit/s

Voice Channel Burst pulse

D/A Deinterleaving Decryption Demodulation
decoding decoding disassemble
Voice encoding

„ RPE-LTP (Rule Pulse Excitation-Long Term

Prediction )
„ 260bit/20ms=13Kbit/s voice block
„ Parameter encoding
Channel coding

„ Channel coding serves to improve transmission

quality and overcome the negative impact of
interferences on signals.
„ Commonly used channel coding methods are:
z Convolution coding
z Fire coding
z Parity check coding.
Channel coding

260 bits /
20ms
50 bit (Ia) 132 bit 78 bit (Ic)
(Ib)

50 3 132 4 78

Protection
bits

Fire
Code
53 bit 78 bit
136 bit
189
bit

CONVOLUTIONAL 378
bit
CODER (1:2)
456
bit
Channel Interleving

Message block 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Interleving

After
interleving 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Error bits

„ Target: Change continuous bit errors into

discontinuous bit errors which can be corrected by
channel coding
Two stage interleving

Block A Block B Block A+1 Block B+1

456 bit 456 bit 456 bit 456 bit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Odd N+6
Odd N+4 Even N Odd N+5 Even N+1 Even N+2 Odd N+7 Even N+3

57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1

116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block

Encryption/Decryption

„ Encryption is accomplished by exclusive or

operation of an encryption sequence (computed
by A5 encryption algorithm via key Kc and frame
number) and 114 information bits on a normal
burst.
Modulation and Demodulation

„ GMSK is a special digital FM modulation mode

„ The modulation rate is 270.833 kilobauds.
„ The Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation
with bit rate four times of frequency offset (67.708
kHz )is called MSK (Minimum Shift-frequency
Keying).
„ Gaussian demodulation filter is used to further
reduce the modulation spectrum.
The GMSK can be expressed by a I/Q diagram
Content

„ Voice transmission process

„ Radio key technology
„ Radio channel
Discontinuous Transmission（DTX）

„ Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode.

z Lower the total interference level in the air
z Save transmitter power.
„ The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional,
since the former will slightly lower the transmission
quality.
Frequency Hopping (FH)

„ Type
z Baseband
z Synthesized
„ Function
z Frequency diversity
z Interference
diversity
„ Parameters
z HSN
z MAIO
Diversity receiving
„ The diversity reception technology is usually
introduced to the GSM system to receive on
several tributaries the signals with little relativity
but carrying the same information and then output
the signals after they are combined.
„ In this way, the impact of fading on the stability of
receiving signals can be decreased.
„ Types:
z Space Diversity
z Frequency Diversity
z Time Diversity
z Polarization Diversity
Dynamic power control

„ Target: On the basis of certain service quality

z Lower the total interference level in the air
z Save transmitter power
„ Power control command sent by SACCH
„ MS: Dedicated mode
„ Static 6 level, Dynamic 15 level
„ Step: 2dBm

A B
Timing Advance（TA）

„ In the GSM, because TDMA is adopted in the air

interface, the MS must employ the TSs allocated
to it only, and remain inactive in other TSs.
Otherwise, it may affect the MSs using other TSs
on the same carrier.

It does not work,

Let MS send me
By one TA in advance

T
Time delay
A
Timing Advance（TA）

„ BTS calculate TA
„ Send by SACCH to MS
„ MS Dedicated mode
„ Range: 0-63Bits
„ Distance: 0-35Km
Content

„ Voice transmission process

„ Radio key technology
„ Radio channel
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Frame0 Frame1 Frame N

RF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Channel 0

Channel 1

Channel 7
GSM Frame structure
Physical and logical channel

„ Physical Channels – the path used to carry

information between an MS and a BTS

„ Logical Channels – different information carried on

the physical channels
Logical channels

Logical
Channels

Control Traffic
Channels Channels

Broadcast Common Dedicated

Channels Control Control
Channels Channels

FCCH RACH SDCCH

SCH AGCH SACCH

BCCH PCH FACCH

Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Hey. I’m a GSM?

GSM xmitter!

FCCH

GSM!!!
SCH TDMA#

BCCH
MCC...MNC...Cl…

Ok…ok
Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Hello! You have a call.

Hello! I have to set

PCH downlink only
up a call.
I need SDCCH.

RACH uplink only

AGCH downlink only

Ok. Use SDCCH.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

On SDCCH:
-call set up signaling
-SMS
SDCCH -etc…..

SACCH/TCH On SACCH
MS power -SMS
-MS power

FACCH/TCH
Don’t shout
handover
at me.
Channel Mapping

Item Configuration Combination

1 TCHFull TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF
2 TCHHalf TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH
3 TCHHalf2 TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H
4 MainBCCH FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+
BCCHCombined
5 SACCH/C4
6 BCH BCCH + CCCH
7 SDCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+
BCCHwithCBCH
8 SACCH/C4 + CBCH
9 SDCCHwithCBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH
Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel
Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel
51 帧
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
（下行）

BCCH+CCCH
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
（上行）

(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH

8 SDCCH/8
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
（下行）
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I

8 SDCCH/8
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
（上行）
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4

(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)

BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
+4SDCCH/4
（下行） F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I

BCCH+CCCH
+4SDCCH/4
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 RF RS D2
（上行） D3 R R A0 A1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 RF RS D2

(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)

F：FCCH S：SCH
B：BCCH C：CCCH（CCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH）
R：RACH D：SDCCH
A：SACCH/C I：idle