Activity 201 – 10

Using Raoult’s Law to find Vapor Pressure

Directions: This Guided Learning Activity (GLA) focuses on vapor pressure calculations for solutions.
Part A will review vapor pressure and properties that contribute to the vapor pressure of pure
substances. Parts B and C will use Raoult’s Law to find the boiling point of a solution with a non-volatile
solute and a volatile solute, respectively. The worksheet is accompanied by an in-depth key. See
http://www.canyons.edu/Departments/CHEM/GLA for additional materials.

Part A – Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances

The physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of a substance depends on the strength of the interactions that occur
between the substance particles. In the liquid state, the molecular interactions that occur between the
particles are strong enough to hold the molecules close together, but are not strong enough to hold the
particles at fixed positions relative to each other. Temperature is an average measure of the internal
energy of the particles of a substance. At all temperatures, the molecules within a substance will have a
range of kinetic energies. A fraction of the liquid molecules will possess enough internal energy to break
the intermolecular forces that exist between neighboring particles. When liquid molecules possess enough
kinetic energy to break free from neighboring molecules and they are located at the surface of the liquid,
the molecules can leave the liquid phase and become gaseous. This is termed vaporization.

Figure 1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a the molecules in a substance. In
any liquid, a fraction of the particles will possess enough kinetic energy to break the intermolecular
forces and enter the gas phase. The fraction of liquid particles that possess enough energy to escape
increases with temperature. Source: Openstax Chemistry textbook. Rice University Press, 2016.

When a liquid is placed in a closed container, the gas particles that result from vaporization are trapped
and move randomly thoughout the container. Some of the gas particles collide with the liquid phase and
will condense, or become part of the liquid phase. Over time, the rate of vaporization and the rate of
condensation equalize, and the total number of particles in the gas phase does not change. The pressure
exerted by the gas particles in this dynamic equilibrium is called vapor pressure. All liquids exhibit a
vapor pressure when placed in a sealed container. The vapor pressure of a substance is determined by the
temperature of the substance and by the strength of the intermolecular forces present in the liquid phase of

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Activity 201 – 10 Page 1 of 11
the substance. As the temperature of a substance increases, so does the fraction of molecules that will
enter the gas phase. This means that if temperature increaseds, the vapor pressure also increases. As the
intermolecular forces between the liquid molecules increase, the energy needed to escape from the liquid
to the gas phase increases, so the fraction of molecules entering the gas phase decreases. This means that
if the strength of the intermolecular forces increases, the vapor pressure decreases.

↑ 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = ↑ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

↑ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = ↓ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

Practice
Which of the following liquids do you expect to exhibit the lowest vapor pressure at a given temperature?

CH3OH (l) CH2O (l) HO-CH2-CH2-OH (l)

The compound that exhibits the lowest vapor pressure will experience the strongest intermolecular
interactions. All molecules experience dispersion forces. In addition to these CH2O contains one
polar C-O bond, and so can participate in dipole-dipole interactions. CH3OH and CH2(OH)-
CH2(OH) contain polar C-O bonds and O-H bonds, which allow them to participate in dipole-
dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, respectively. Because CH2(OH)-CH2(OH) contains two –
OH groups, it can participate in hydrogen bonding in two locations and so we expect the IMFs
between CH2(OH)-CH2(OH) molecules to be much stronger than those between CH3OH molecules.

Based on intermolecular interactions, we expect the vapor pressure of the substances to rank as
follows:

Lowest Pvapor (Highest IMF) CH2(OH)-CH2(OH) < CH3OH < CH2O Highest Pvapor (Lowest IMF)

Example #1
Match the following liquids with their vapor pressure at 0ºC. (Draw line from structure to vapor pressure.)

533 mmHg 0.0900 mmHg 196 mmHg 6.51 x 10-5 mmHg

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Activity 201 – 10 Page 2 of 11
Part B – Vapor Pressure of a Solution with at Non-Volatile Solute

Solutions contain a solvent (often water) and one or more solutes. Aqueous solutions are solutions in
which the solvent is water. It is possible to find the vapor pressure of a solution by analyzing the
characteristics of the various components. The vapor pressure of the solution depends on the fraction of
molecules in the solution that are volatile, as well as the vapor pressure of each component. This is
relationship is called Raoult’s Law, and can be written as:

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝝌𝝌𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 + 𝝌𝝌𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

Where P represents the vapor pressure of the solution, χ represents the mole fraction of each component,
and Po represents the vapor pressure of the pure component at the given temperature. Recall that mole
fraction is simply the fraction of moles of one substance in a mixture:

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑨𝑨
𝝌𝝌𝑨𝑨 =
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Solutes that are solids at room temperature are generally considered non-volatile, meaning that the vapor
𝑜𝑜
pressure of the solute (𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) is equal to zero. When the solute(s) is non-volatile, then the vapor pressure
of the solution arises only due to the solvent.

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝝌𝝌𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

Practice
What is the vapor pressure of a solution that contains 150.0 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in 100.0 g of water
at 50 °C. The vapor pressure of pure water is 92.5 mmHg at 50 ºC.

We must find the mole fraction of solvent:

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Then we will use Raoult’s Law to find the vapor pressure of the solution:

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗)(𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

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Activity 201 – 10 Page 3 of 11
Example #2
What is the vapor pressure of a 55% (m/m) urea solution at 22 °C? Urea (CO(NH2)2) is a non-volatile
solute and the vapor pressure of pure water is 19.8 mmHg at 22 °C.

55 𝑔𝑔 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
*Hint: 55% (m/m) urea is equal to � �.
100 𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷°𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 + 𝝌𝝌𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷°𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐

Urea is non-volatile so its vapor pressure is equal to 0 and the equation becomes:

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷°𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶

Since we are only looking at the ratio of moles in the solution, we can assume there are 100 g of
solution. In a 100 g solution that is 55% (m/m) urea, there are 55 g of urea.

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂(𝐍𝐍𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐 )

Mole Urea: 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈 (𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐 ) � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐 )
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

Mass H2O: 𝑴𝑴𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = 𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 − 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖

𝑴𝑴𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 − 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈
𝑴𝑴𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
Mole H2O: 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝛘𝛘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
(𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕)(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Ionic compounds dissociate in water, producing more particles per mole of compound than non-ionizing
compounds. For ionic compounds the mole fraction of solvent molecules must account for dissociation of
the compound, since this will reduce the mole fraction of the solvent.

The degree to which an ionic compound dissociates depends on many factors, including the strength of
the intermolecular forces, the temperature, and the solute concentration. The number of moles of solute
particles per mole of solute is expressed by the van’t Hoff factor (i).

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

𝒊𝒊 =
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

For a non-ionizing solute, the van’t Hoff factor is 1.0, meaning that when each particle dissolves, it
remains as one particle:

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Activity 201 – 10 Page 4 of 11
 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
𝐶𝐶6 𝐻𝐻12 𝑂𝑂6 (𝑠𝑠) �⎯� 𝐶𝐶6 𝐻𝐻12 𝑂𝑂6 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

For an ideal salt that completely dissociates, the van’t Hoff factor is equal to the number of ions formed:
𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑠𝑠) �⎯� 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎+ (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) + 𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙 − (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑎𝑎+ + 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙 −

𝑖𝑖 = =2
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

In real solutions, the van’t Hoff factor is often lower than would be expected if all ions separated. This is
due to ion-pairing. Unless a van’t Hoff factor is given, you can assume that covalent compounds do not
dissociate (i = 1.0), and that ionic compounds completely dissociate (i = number of ions formed).

Practice
What is the vapor pressure of a 2.00 M solution of KCl in water at 50 ºC? (d = 1.01 g/mL, i = 1.85, 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜2𝑂𝑂 =
92.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

To begin, find the mole fraction of water in the solution. The amount of solute particles
must account for the dissociation of the KCl into its ions.

[𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷] = 𝒊𝒊[𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲] = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴

There are 3.70 mole of solute particles in 1 L of solution.

To calculate χH2O, we must also find how many moles of water are present in 1 L of the
solution. To do so, we first find the mass of water in the solution. We begin by calculating
the mass of 1 L of solution.

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳𝑳 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 � �� � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

The mass of the solution is equal to the mass of the solute (KCl) and the mass of the solvent
(H2O) together. 1 L of the solution contains 2.00 mole of KCl:

𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲

𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 � � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

To calculate the mole fraction of water, find the moles of water:

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

Finally, to calculate the vapor pressure of the solution, use Raoult’s Law:

Chemistry Guided Learning Activities College of the Canyons

Activity 201 – 10 Page 5 of 11
 𝒐𝒐
𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷𝑯𝑯 𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
= (𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗)(𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

The vapor pressure of the solution is 86 mmHg. This is lower than pure water at the same
temperature (92.5 mmHg) because some of the particles of the solution are solute ions.
The K+ and Cl- ions in the solution essentially ‘block’ the water molecules from evaporating.

Example #3
Assuming BaCl2 dissociates completely, what is the vapor pressure of a 12.0% (m/m) solution of BaCl2 in
water at 30 °C? (𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜2𝑂𝑂 = 31.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 30 °𝐶𝐶)

Psol’n = 𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷°𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 : 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶: (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈) � � = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 Note: Since the BaCl2

𝛘𝛘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 dissociates completely in to
(𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 + 𝟑𝟑(𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦)
1 Ba2+ and 2 Cl- particles,
𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗)(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 you must multiply the moles
of BaCl2 by 3 particles/mole

Part C – Vapor Pressure for a Solution containing a Volatile Solute

In the case where both the solute and solvent are volatile, we must consider the vapor pressure arising
from both components.
𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜒𝜒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝜒𝜒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Similar to the previous section, we first calculate the mole fractions of the solvent and solute. However, in
this case we cannot assume the vapor pressure of the pure solute is zero, so must account for the vapor
pressure arising from both the solute and the solvent.

Practice
Consider a solution containing 5.00 g of benzene (C6H6) in 50.00 g toluene (C7H8) at 20 °C. Calculate the
total vapor pressure, partial pressure of benzene and partial pressure of toluene above the solution.
0 𝑜𝑜
(𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 20℃ = 75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 20℃ = 22 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

To solve this problem, first find the molar amount of each component in the mixture.

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔 𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔

𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔 𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔 𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔 𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕 𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕 𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕 𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕 𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖

Chemistry Guided Learning Activities College of the Canyons

Activity 201 – 10 Page 6 of 11
The partial pressure of the benzene is equal to the mole fraction of benzene in the solution,
multiplied by the vapor pressure of pure benzene.

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝑷𝑷𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔 = 𝝌𝝌𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝑪𝑪𝟔𝟔𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔 = � � (𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Similarly, the partial pressure of toluene is proportional to the mole fraction of toluene in the
solution.

𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝑷𝑷𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖 = 𝝌𝝌𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝑪𝑪𝟕𝟕𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖 = � � (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

The total vapor pressure of the solution is the sum of the vapor pressure arising from solute(s) and
solvent.
𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Example #4
What is the vapor pressure of vodka, which contains 34 % (m/m) ethanol in water, at 20ºC?
0 𝑜𝑜
(𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 20℃ = 17.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 20℃ = 44.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
Note: we often
𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′𝒏𝒏 = 𝝌𝝌𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷°𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 + 𝝌𝝌𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑷𝑷°𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
abbreviate
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 ethanol as EtOH.
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶: (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒈) � � = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬: (𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑) � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝛘𝛘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐 𝐎𝐎 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
(𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦)

𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝛘𝛘𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
(𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖)(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) + (𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Example #5
A mixture of isopropanol and water has a vapor pressure of 35 mmHg at 24ºC. What is the mole fraction
0 𝑜𝑜
of each component of the mixture? (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 24℃ = 40.0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 24℃ =
22.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝛘𝛘𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑷𝑷° 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 + 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷° 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 Note: we often

abbreviate
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝛘𝛘𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 + 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝛘𝛘𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = (𝟏𝟏 − 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 ) isopropanol as IPA.

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝟏𝟏 − 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 �(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) + 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 + 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

Chemistry Guided Learning Activities College of the Canyons

Activity 201 – 10 Page 7 of 11
 −𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = −𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 + 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

−𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 (−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

−𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶
−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶

𝛘𝛘𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 = 𝛘𝛘𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰

Part D – Extra Practice

Mole Fraction Practice

1. What is the mole fraction of solute and solvent in an aqueous solution that contains 50.0% (m/m)
sucrose?
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

2. Lab grade ethanol is typically 95% (m/m) ethanol. What are the mole fractions of ethanol and water?

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔 𝑶𝑶

𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯𝟔𝟔 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓 𝑶𝑶
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟓𝟓 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 = � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 = 𝛘𝛘𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶
. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Vapor Pressure of Solutions

3. What is the mole fraction of solute in a solution that contains a non-volatile solute if the vapor pressure
of the solution is 109 mmHg and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent is 150. mmHg?

Chemistry Guided Learning Activities College of the Canyons

Activity 201 – 10 Page 8 of 11
 𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 = 𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝑷° 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝑷𝑷° 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 + 𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏

𝛘𝛘𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

4. A water solution contains 0.25 M MgSO4. What is the vapor pressure of the solution at 25°C? (d = 1.01
g/mL, i = 1.7, 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜2𝑂𝑂 = 23.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Since we are looking at the mole ratio in the solution, we can assume we have 1 L of solution:

𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔: 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 � � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔: (𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳) � � (𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳

𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒈

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑶𝑶𝟒𝟒 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔: � �� � = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑶𝑶𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶: 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔: 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
(𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

5. A solution contains 31.2 g of a non-volatile, non-ionizing solute in 100. g of CCl4. The vapor pressure
of the solution is 94.6 mmHg, while the vapor pressure of pure CCl4 is 115 mmHg. What is the molar
mass of the solute?
𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒍𝒍𝟒𝟒 = ° = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑷𝑷 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒍𝒍𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟒𝟒
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒍𝒍𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟒𝟒 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒍𝒍𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒈𝒈

Since we are solving for molar mass of the solute, we need our units to be in g/mol. We already
know that there are 31.2 g of solute, so we need to solve for the moles of solute (nsolute):

Chemistry Guided Learning Activities College of the Canyons

Activity 201 – 10 Page 9 of 11
 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒍𝒍𝟒𝟒 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 )

𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖(𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 + 𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 =
𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

6. What is the vapor pressure of a solution that contains 2.0 moles of methanol and 2.0 moles of ethanol at
0 𝑜𝑜
35 °C? (𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 35℃ = 208 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 35℃ = 100. 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚).

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 = 𝛘𝛘𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑷𝑷° 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 + 𝛘𝛘𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑷𝑷° 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴

𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝛘𝛘𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
(𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓)(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) + (𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

8. A solution contains 5.00 g of urea, CO(NH2)2, a nonvolatile compound, dissolved in 0.100 kg of water.
If the vapor pressure of pure water at 25 °C is 23.7 torr, what is the vapor pressure of the solution?

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼: 𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐 � � = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪(𝑵𝑵𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 )𝟐𝟐
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
(𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷° 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

9. How many grams of sodium chloride must be added to 250.0 mL of water at 60 °C to produce a
solution that has a vapor pressure of 0.150 atm? The vapor pressure of water at this temperature is 0.196
atm. Assume water has a density of 1.00 g/mL and that the sodium chloride dissociates completely.

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Activity 201 – 10 Page 10 of 11
 𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔′𝒏𝒏 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷° 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 : =
𝑷𝑷° 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝑷𝑷° 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 = °
= = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝑷𝑷 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 � � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝛘𝛘𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐𝑶𝑶 =
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 + 𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 =
(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 )

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

Keep in mind that NaCl will ionize into 2 particles in solution. What we just solved for was the
moles of ion particles in solution. So we need to find the moles of NaCl:

𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒊 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = (𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝟐𝟐

𝒏𝒏𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒈𝒈 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 � � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵
𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

10. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution containing 92.1 g of glycerin, C3H5(OH)3, and 184.4 g of
ethanol, C2H5OH, at 40 °C. The vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.178 atm at 40 °C. Glycerin is essentially
nonvolatile at this temperature.

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓 (𝑶𝑶𝑯𝑯)𝟑𝟑

𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓 (𝑶𝑶𝑯𝑯)𝟑𝟑 � � = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓 (𝑶𝑶𝑯𝑯)𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒈𝒈 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 � � = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒍 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯𝟓𝟓 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈

𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝛘𝛘𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
(𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍′ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝛘𝛘𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑷𝑷° 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = (𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖)(𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

Chemistry Guided Learning Activities College of the Canyons

Activity 201 – 10 Page 11 of 11