Introduction to informatics

Computer network

Of Technology and Management School

Polytechnic Institute of Bragança

December 2006

Computer network
• It is a data communications system built by interconnecting two or more
computers and other devices in order to exchange information and share
resources with each other

• Means for the operation of a network:

- Hardware or physical means:
• computers
• Peripherals (printers, drives, etc.)
• physical transmission media - wired or wireless (wireless)
• connectors (NIC - NIC, Modem, Hub, Switch, ...)
- Logical means or software:
• network adapter or modem drivers
• Network Operating System
• Communication protocols
• Utilities and programs

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 Objectives and advantages of work
networking
• Sharing of physical network resources: drives, printers,
faxes, etc., resulting in economy and
maximize resources
• Sharing programs and files located on different computers on the network

• Exchange of information and means of communication between users:

WWW, e-mail, chat conferencing, e-commerce, etc.

• Better organization at work:

- Establishment of working groups
- Scheduling tasks
- High reliability (scheduled backups)

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protocols
• For two or more computers to communicate, not just be a physical
medium that allows transmission of information

• Computers can only exchange information with each other if they see
certain common rules that allow communication - Protocol

• Protocol - a set of rules (or conventions) mutually agreed by the two

entities governing the communication between the two

• Communication protocols allow, among other things, address the

computers on the network and define the way information is structured in
the transmission and reception

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 some protocols

• Microsoft Network
- Microsoft proprietary protocol that allows access to disks and
shared printers

• NetBEUI
- protocol that allows communication between different versions of
Windows

• TCP / IP
- family of protocols that form the basis of Internet protocol

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network classification (1)

• physical topology
- It refers to the physical layout of computers
and network cables

• Ring
• Star
• Bus (bus)
• Irregular

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 network classification (2)

• As for the coverage area

- Defines the scope of the networks
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
- Room, building, campus
• Example: Chain ESTiG

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

- City, urban area
• Example: Bragança Digital City

• Wide Area Networks (WAN)

- Various regions, countries, worldwide
• Example: RCTS FCCN, Internet

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network classification (3)

• Property Type
- Closed or proprietary
- open
• Type of transmission medium
- wired
• Twisted pair (twisted pair)
• Coaxial cable
• Optical fiber
- Wireless (wireless)
• infrared
• Radio frequency

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 Types of network architectures
• Client / Server:
- Types of servers:
• Programs or files
• Data base
• Print
• email
• web
- Server dedicated /
non-dedicated
- Customer (ordering)

• Peer to peer (one to one)

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twisted pair

• Benefits
- through lower cost for long
transmission

- interchanges the cable

is also extremely

simple, and therefore low

cost
• Disadvantages
- Susceptibility to noise

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 Coaxial cable
• Benefits
- noise immunity better than the
twisted pair
- It supports greater distances and
allows higher speeds than the
twisted pair
• Disadvantages
- more expensive than twisted
pair
• higher cost of interfaces for
connection to the cable

- poor contact problems

- It is not soft
• Difficult to install

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Optical fiber
• Benefits
- Transmission rates up to hundreds
of Gbit / s
- Lightweight, flexible and less bulky
easy installation and requires less
structural support

- low attenuation
- Immunity to electromagnetic
interference
• Disadvantages
- optical-electrical interfaces (high
cost)
- hard termination (loss)
- Hard to be patched

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 Connecting devices

• Modem (modulation and demodulation)

• NIC (Network Interface Card)
• Repeater
• Hub - Hub
• Switch - Switch
• Router - Router

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Modem
• The telephone network circulates analog information - sounds

• The computers the information is digital

• So to use the analog medium (telephone line) to perform the
communication between 2 or more computers, some equipment to
do this AD / DA conversion is necessary

- Modulation: converting digital signals to analog

- Demodulation: converting analog signals to digital

Modulation demodulation

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 Network card
• PCI or PCMCIA
- Speeds: 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps

• Wireless
- Speeds: 11Mbps, 22Mbps, 54Mbps

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Repeater

• Used to interconnect very long cable lengths

• Amplifies (regenerates) the signal

Repeater

Segment

Segment B

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 Connection concentrator - Hub

• The data received on a port are relayed to all other - multiport

repeater

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Switch - Switch
• Sends the data directly to the destination
- The data are not repeated unnecessarily by all ports
- Allows:
• higher transfer rates that the hub
• Increased security

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 Router - Router
• A router allows you to divide a
network into isolated segments,
preventing the information should
circulate within the same sector
switch

from spreading to the remaining

Internet
router

• Routers allow even connect a LAN

to a MAN or WAN, through a
different physical environment
hub

LAN

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Ethernet

• It is a technology for local area networks

• The overwhelming majority of LAN networks use
Ethernet technology
- Star topology
- twisted pair cable and RJ45 connectors
- 100 Mbps (Megabits per second)
• There is a cable to connect each of the network
adapters to a hub, a switch or a central router

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 Internet
• The Internet was born in 1969 in the United States
• Initially, interconnected research laboratories and
It was called ARPANET
• Network was a Department of Defense US

• Scientists wanted to build a network to continue to operate in case of

bombing
• Comes the initial concept of Internet there: is a network in which all points
are equal and there is no central point

• The Internet name itself, and later emerged as the technology of the
ARPANET came to be used to interconnect universities and laboratories, first
in the US extending later to other countries

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Internet
• The Internet is:
- the largest network in the world (currently connects millions of computers and
users)
- a virtual network consisting of a unified collection and cooperative physical networks that
despite using different technologies, support a universal communication service

- A collection of TCP / IP networks

• Internet-connected systems share a universal set of identifiers (names and
addresses)

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 Internet connection

• What you must have:

- A computer
- A connector
• Modem, for connecting the
telephone line
• network card for connecting to a local
network
- Software required for communications

- Link to system
computer of an entity that provides a
gateway on the Internet (Internet Service
Provider, Service Provider)

• Authorization to access and use

the system

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Identification of computers
• For a computer to be uniquely identified on a network, you must have a
numeric address assigned IP address

- For a person to be uniquely identified ID number is

• This IP address must be unique in this network

- 32-bit address (8bits 8bits + + + 8bits 8bits)
- In the following format:
• 128.103.40.204

• Because IP addresses are difficult to remember by humans,

It was created a system of parallel
Addressing by name - DNS (Domain Name System):

- For example: www.ipb.pt ↔ 193.136.195.224

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 Internet domains
• Each of the networks connected to the Internet is assigned a domain (domain) whose name is unique

• This is achieved through a hierarchical structure in the form identifiers: entidade.rede

• The network states:

- the country
• (Pt, Portugal; es, Spain, uk, UK, etc.)
- or one of several networks originating in the United States
• (With commercial; edu, education, thousand, military, etc.)

• The organization indicates the organization to which, within the network, is assigned to the domain
(eg ipb.pt, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança)
• Each entity can freely create internal subdomains (eg estig.ipb.pt)

• The identification of each computer within the domain or sub-domain is done by adding the
computer name to the domain of the left (example: labsim.estig.ipb.pt)

• The identifiers used in the fields can not contain accents or some special characters and is no
distinction between uppercase and lowercase

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Internet domains

• labsim . ESTiG . ipb . en

Portugal IPB Domain

Sub-domain ESTIG

Computer labsim

• www . Google . with

Commercial Network US Google

Domain WWW Server

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 Internet services

• File Transfer - FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• E-mail - E-mail (electronic mail)

• NET News
• Terminal emulator
• Conversation Betting - Chat
• WWW - World Wide Web
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File Transfer
• Transferring files between computers on a TCP / IP network is made through the use of FTP (File Transfer
Protocol)
• The transfer operation of a machine from a remote file to our local computer is called download (download a
file)
• The reverse operation is called upload (upload a file)
• A machine that allows access by FTP is an FTP server
- so it is necessary to have an FTP client software
• Addresses an FTP server usually have this format: ftp.ua.pt, ftp.fe.up.pt, ftp.ipb.pt ...

• Authentication is also important and a necessary requirement for the connection, however there is a special
account that allows more restricted access - anonymous as login, and our e-mail and password

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 E-mail (1)
• messaging service between people through a computer network

• As a conventional letter goes through a number of post offices to be delivered to the

recipient, the e-mail is only a so-called mail server computer (mail server) to another

• It is faster, cleaner and typically less formal than traditional mail

• It's possible:
- send the same message to more than one recipient
- to inform a message to others
- attaching electronic documents
• There are several applications which let you read e-mail
- Windows: MS Outlook, Eudora, Netscape Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, ...
- Linux: Netscape Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, KMail, ...

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E-mail (2)
• E-mail address: halestino@ipb.pt
- Ie username @ gift ínio_Internet
- to @ (at sign) reads "AT"

• Mailing lists - mailing lists

- Ability to send messages to user groups

- Each group has a specific e-mail address and, where there is an incoming
message, it is automatically forwarded to all subscribers of this group

- It is necessary to subscribe the mailing list

- Examples: geral@ipb.pt , geral-estig@ipb.pt ,
geral@alunos.ipb.pt ...

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 E-mail (3)

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NET News
• The goal is the dissemination of information, in particular thematic issues and personal opinions
between different users of the Internet
• Newsgroups have been around since the "birth" of the Internet, starting as debate sites between scientists
and researchers
• The NetNews are classified into groups according to the areas of interest:
- comp:
• Computer: Programs and information about hardware and software
- sci
• Issues related to scientific research
- soc
• Culture and social issues
- rec
• recreational activities
- alt
• Other business
- answers:
• Contain the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions), ie the answers to frequently asked questions
• Difference to the mailing lists
- All messages can be viewed, and can be answered by everybody, thus promoting discussion groups

- The user searches the messages that interest you on the server instead of receiving them in your "mailbox"

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 Terminal emulator
• The terminal emulation service is on par with e-mail, one
of the oldest Internet telematics services

• This service allows, through the client program installed

on your personal computer, a user can remotely use a
server resources, as if you were on the machine itself

• Type of service: rlogin, telnet, ssh (safer), ...

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Chat - Talk live

• Allow real-time communication

• The service runs on a chat server, soon to customers
have access to the conversation require a client
software

• Examples: MSN, IRC, talk, ...

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 WWW - World Wide Web (1)
• It is perhaps the most publicized Internet service
- many people use the term to refer to the Internet WWW
• The WWW allows a consultation document hypertext client located on
one or multiple servers
• Called Internet browsing the document jumping process in document
using the links
• Throughout this process the user can refer to documents available on
different servers, often without even realizing thereof

- The documents point to each other forming a

large web worldwide (Literal translation of world wide web)
• It is, consequently, a source of
information little or no structured

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WWW - World Wide Web (2)

• The Web emerged associated with a document composition language and a new protocol:

- HTML (HyperText Markup Language):

• Language associated with the creation of hypertext documents
• hypertext hyperlinks (jump within the document, or between documents)
- HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol):
• Designed to work with HTML hypertext documents through hypertext links and addresses (URL)

• Sets the HTML file transfer rules on the Internet

• The www servers are computers which host the HTML documents, ie are "vulgar" websites

• In order to view the Web page documents need a www client software that calls browser
(Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, ...)

• Web pages are identified only by means of an identifier called URL (Uniform Resource
Locator)

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 WWW - World Wide Web (3)

URL

link

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Search engines
• Motivation for the creation:
- exponential growth of WWW
- WWW unstructured
- thematic diversity of content
- Help users find information
• Types of search engines:
- Directories: classification of information by themes
- Search Engine: automatic search based on keywords

- Hybrid system: combination of the two types

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 Some research sites
• Portuguese
- http://www.sapo.pt
- http://www.clix.pt
- http://www.netindex.pt
- http://www.aeiou.pt
- http://www.tumba.pt
• International
- http://www.google.com
- http://www.yahoo.com
- http://www.altavista.com
- http://www.lycos.com

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Stages of research
• The main stages of an effective research are:
- The selection of appropriate research tool
- Learning to use
- The selection of keywords (attention to language)
- The writing of keywords (for example, capitalization or
synonyms can affect the results)

- The use of operators (AND, OR, NOT, etc.)

- The use of different search engines

- Recording of research results

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Information Obtaining Relevant
(Major Problems)
• Too many results:
- Be more specific
- Use more keywords and list them with logical AND (eg
accounting software AND)
- Use the most relevant words
- Eliminate similar words, without interest, through logical NOT
(AND analytical accounting NOT)
- Whenever possible use phrases instead of single words

- Use capital as the first letter of proper names

- If you want to give more importance to certain word, repeat it

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Information Obtaining Relevant

(Major Problems)
• No results or poor results:
- Remove some keywords leaving only the most relevant

- Replace the AND logical OR

- Check the spelling, especially if you expect to find more results
than achieved (contabildade, accounting)

- Use synonyms and variations

- Replace or add words in the singular and plural
(accounting, bookkeeping)
- Put all the words in lowercase
- Use other researchers

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Information Obtaining Relevant
(Major Problems)
• too slow results:
- Eliminate common or frequent words
- Do not use too many words. Eliminate
superfluous
- Switch search engine, maybe this is overloaded, or
perform research later

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Information Obtaining Relevant

(Technical)
• Keep up to date
- Regularly examine the thematic areas of interest
- See the new pages that are emerging (What's News Pages)
- Subscribe notification services for its directories or preferred areas (mailing
lists of new products)
• Use Operators:
- To get the desired results the search engine should allow to adjust the search to
enlarge, reduce or driving under the observation of the results or of our initial
forecasts

- There are several types of operators that enable this feature:

• logical
• Proximity
• Existence
• Accuracy
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 Operators (1)

• logical:

- AND:
• Intersection of two sets or areas of research. Appearing as a result only the elements that
belong to both sets (AND Management Information)

- OR:
• Union of the elements of the two sets of research. Appearing in research all elements (OR
Management Information)

- NOT:
• Excludes the elements of one of the two joint research, appearing in the search only those
items that do not appear in the selected set (AND NOT Accounting Analytical)

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Operators (2)
• Proximity:

- NEAR (Near):
• It is the intersection of the two sets of research. It looks like the logical AND, but requires
that between both search words be no more than a certain number of words (NEAR
accounting costs)

- ADJ (Together):
• It is the intersection of two adjacent sets of research. It looks like the logical AND
between but requires both words there is no other word (general accounting
ADJ)
- Quotation marks:
• The quotes can be used as an adjacency operator, but to a set of two or more words,
implying the requirement that the sequence of words is identical. ( "If the practical
implementation of Cost Accounting")

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 Operators (3)

• Existence:

- (+) Presence:
• Specifies words that should appear in the result. We may require the presence
of a particular keyword in the document, so that it is not present in him shall not
be included in the results list

• Apply before the word (Accounting + analytical)

- (-) Absence:
• We can force the absence of a key word in the document, so that, if it is present
the document will not be included in the results list

• Apply before the word (-analítica Accounting)

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Operators (4)

• Accuracy:

- (*) Family:
• When you want to search words in the same family, for example, educator,
education, educate, etc., use a root, either, educ or school, in this example,
and we resort to character * to complete the root. (* Standard tissue)

- (.) Full Word:

• To find only those references that have only the exact word and not also their
extensions, select the "Complete Words" option in Yahoo and Lycos use the
period (.) At the end of a search keyword (default.)

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 intranet
• What is intranet?
- An information system implemented in a private LAN with
TCP / IP protocol

- Uses technology and Internet services (FTP, e-mail, WWW,

etc.)

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Extranet
• An extranet is an extension of the Intranet out of the safe and controlled
manner enterprise
• A company can use the Extranet to disclose private information to their
partners or consumers without having to use the telephone or mail, saving
time and money

• It is through the extranet, for example, that banks provide to their customers,
services such as
transfer of funds, balances view, list of real estate for sale, insurance, ...

• The Extranet is one of the most powerful integration tools to its customers,
and this is being successfully used by a growing number of companies

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 Extranet

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Intranet / Extranet / Internet

users Type of
Network Type Access
typical information

intranet Only authorized employees Private and restricted Specific, corporate and
proprietary

Extranet authorized groups of Private authorized to outside Shared and allowed to

partnership companies partners collaborative groups

Internet Anyone with access to the Unlimited to the public; No General public and
telephone network restrictions advertising

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