Scientific Writing IMRaDC

Intel International
Science and Engineering

Fair
SCIENTIFIC WRITING
LORETA L. SALVADOR
Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science
Division Orientation on Scientific Research for Research Advisers and Student

Researchers
August 7-8, 2017
Marulas Central School
SCIENTIFIC WRITING - IMRaDC
In this session, we will

 Review the component parts of the
research report
 Consider the best approach to writing
science research report
 Show examples of student writing
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS & METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
 Many of the projects sent by the

INTRODUCTION country to the Intel ISEF have written
this part in two or four paragraphs with
no subsections
 It must present the (1) background of

the study, (2) hypothesis and
statement of the problem, (3)
objectives, (4) significance and (5)
limitations of the study
*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 42014)


 Subsections can be used (usually 1 short

MATERIALS
& METHODS paragraph per subsection)
 It should provide enough details so that others

can repeat the experiments following the
methods written in the research paper,
however, conciseness should be maintained.
 It should include the significant steps such as

gathering of materials, preparing of set-ups,
tests and experimentations, data analysis, etc.,
the materials used for each step must also be
included
 Official title of international/established procedures
or tests used in the experiments can be written
MATERIALS instead of describing its detailed steps (Retting
& METHODS
Process, Resazzurin Test, ASTM #); however
modifications for these international/established
procedures or tests must be indicated.
Tests and procedures conducted by a regulated

research institution do not need to be described in
detail; however, details should be elaborated in tests
and procedures personally designed and performed
by the students.
 Include photographs, layouts, schematic diagrams or

drawings especially for inventions and new products


RESULTS  It includes all data gathered from the

experiments which can be presented through
tables, graphs, figures, etc.
 Appropriate data presentation must be

observed. (table vs. graph, bar graph vs. line
graph
 Tables, graphs, figures should each have their

respective captions. A good caption must have a
Table/Graph/Figure Number and a short
description.
 Captions for tables must be placed on top of the

table. While those for graphs, figures, diagrams,
etc. should be placed under them.
RESULTS  Each table , graph, figure, etc may be accompanied

with short descriptions on the trends derived from
the data analysis conducted
 Subsections may be used especially if multiple

distinct tests were conducted (eg. Results from Test
No. 1, Results from testNo. 2)
 This part of the research paper may begin with: This

study determined the _______ as prepared with the
following tables, graphs and figures.
 No discussion should be presented in this part of the

reserach paper, more than 90% of this part shows
only tables, graphs, figures, etc.
*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,102014)

 This part of the research paper should be

DISCUSSION treated as the “soul” of the research paper and
not just as an accessory part
 Most of the related literatures are integrated in

this part and not in the Introduction
 Subsections can also be used especially if

multiple distinct tests were conducted (eg.
Discussion for results in Test No. 1, discussion
for results in test No. 2)
 This part of the research paper usually answers

the following

 This part of the research paper usually answers
DISCUSSION the following questions:
 What are the implications of the results and the

trends derived from the data analysis
conducted?
What are and how did these factors cause such

results and trends?
What are the other related research that agree

with such results and trends? ( If any, indicate
how these research varied from the research
especially in terms of materials and methods
used?

 What are the established scientific knowledge

DISCUSSION (eg. Science laws, basic facts that can explain or
justify such results and trends?
What are and how did these factors cause such

results and trends?
What are the other related research and/or

scientific knowledge that contradict such results
and trends? And what are the possible causes of
these contradictions?
What are and how did these possible errors (eg.

Unwanted factors) affect such results and
trends?

13
CONCLUSION  It summarizes the results of the research
 Usually two to three sentences with no

subsections
 It should not generalize and should present

only conclusion based on the results and
trends discussed . Eventually, it should answer
the objectives presented in the introduction.
 It should mention a practical application.

14

-It presents
It ehat else
presents can beelse
what done to improve
can be the research,
done to
to widen the knowledge about this research topic, and other
RECOMMENDATIONS
improve
variables thatthe research,
can be to widen
tested in relation the (other
to the research
researchers of the same interest will usually read this part to
knowledge about this research topic,
conceptualize their own research topic)
and other variables that can be tested
-Usually a short paragraph with no subsections
in relation to the research (other
researchers of the same interest will
usually read this part to conceptualize
their own research topic)
 Usually a short paragraph with no

subsections

 It includes a FORMAL AND DIRECT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT message of thanks to the people who
contributed SIGNIFICANTLY to the
research.
 It usually includes the names of the

adult-sponsor, qualified scientist,
regulated research institute, and
sponsors if there are any.
 Usually a short paragraph with no

subsections

REFERENCES/  It includes all books, journals,

BIBLIOGRAPHY credible websites and all other
resources that were used as reference
 Citation style must be consistent;

usual formats include APA style, MLA
style, Chicago Manual of Style

SCIENTIFIC WRITING – IMRaDC
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH PAPER PARTS
1. TITLE
 It should not be placed on a separate page and should be
placed on top of the first page
2. NAME/S OF STUDENT/S
 It is placed directly under the title
 Name/s of students are arranged in alphabetical order by
surnames
 Names are written in one line separated by commas
3. NAME OF SCHOOL
 Full name of school, with address, if placed under the names

SCIENTIFIC WRITING – IMRaDC
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH PAPER PARTS
4. ABSTRACT
 It is placed under the name of school with two lines (above and below)
5. KEYWORDS
 It is placed directly below the abstract
 Usually 3 to 4 words that describes the research
6. APPENDICES
 Attached documents (eg. Codes for computer programs)
7. PAGE NUMBERS
 Page numbers are suggested to be placed at the center of each page
 Make sure that the font style and size of the page numbers are the
same as that of the body


22
*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide inDEPARTMENT
Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)
OF EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
Should be written AFTER the whole research

paper was written but not before the deadline of
submission for the research paper
Must include (1) short background of the study,

(2) objectives of the study, (3) materials and
methods, (4) results, (5) conclusion and
significance.
DO NOT INCLUDE (1) acknowledgements and (2)

details of the procedures conducted by the adult
sponsor, qualified scientist or adult-supervisor at
RRI (give highlights to those conducted by the
students

TITLE
Science fair is not a competition of who has

the longest, most jargonized, car-banging,
eye-blinding title. Instead of sounding smart,
those kinds of title may just annoy or irritate
audience.
Titles should be written simply but at the

same catchy and interesting
Title, just by reading or two, must already

five ideas to the audience what the research
is all about

The following are some titles of the research that were sent to the Intel
International Science and Engineering Fair


Writing Style in Science
PASSIVE VOICE
 Always use the passive voice, which stresses the subject being
observed or tested, rather than the active voice, which stresses the
researcher.
Active: I recorded the temperature of the solution and then added
3mL of HCl
Passive: After the temperature of the solution was recorded, 3mL of

HCl were added
Note: Some scientific journals require the use of the active voice to
save space, since sentences in the active voice tend to be shorter.
28
VERB TENSE
 Use the past tense when reporting the results of your own work
(which includes most of the Abstract, Materials and Methods, and
Results sections) and the present tense for established
research(which includes most of the Introduction and Discussion)
Some exceptions should be noted:
Use the past tense when you refer to the author directly.
For example:
Bednark (1959) found that this Drepanidea was extremely sensitive to
light.
Use present tense when you refer directly to a table or figure in your
own paper
For example:
Figure 1 shows that the population was adversely affected.
29
JARGON
 Scientists use simple, straightforward writing and avoid the use of
jargon. A narrower meaning implies intentionally excessive
wordiness and the use of obscure terminology.
Jargon: As part of a daily routine, the Microtidea specimens were

manually transported by the experimenter to the predetermined
observation cage. Each subject was examined carefully and any
indications of fighting or other aggressive behaviors were noted. The
specimens were returned to the holding facility upon completion of the
data collection.
Revised : The experimental mice were observed daily. All indicators of

aggressive behavior were recorded.
30
WORDINESS
 Since note taking concentrates on the recording of information, first
drafts tend to be somewhat wordy. It is important to revise your
work one sentence at a time, being careful to retain the content
while simplifying your language. Changing even one word can
produce dramatic results. You should omit words or phrases that do
not add to the meaning of your sentence.
Wordy Concise
More often than not Usually
It is apparent that Apparently
In the light of the fact Because
In only a small number of Occasionally, rarely
cases
In the possible event that If
31
Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative
Instead of Consider Using

This reaction is not uncommon This reaction is common
This reaction is rare
This reaction occurs about 405 of
the time
This transition was not unexpected This transition was expected
We knew that such tarnsitions were
possible
This strategy is infrequently used This strategy is frequently used
This strategy is occasionally used
This result is not unlikely to occur This result is likely to occur
This result is possible
32
Words and Phrases to avoid
Omit excess words.
Instead of Consider Using

It is a procedure that is often used. The procedure is often used.
There are seven steps that must be Seven steps must be completed.
completed.
This is a problem that is… This problem is..
33
Use single words instead of phrases.
Instead of Use
A number of Many, several
A small number A few
Are in agreement Agree
Are found to be Are
Are known to be Are
At present Now
At the present time Now
Based on the fact that Because
By means of By
Despite the fact that Although
Due to the fact that Because
34
Instead of Use
During that time While
Fewer in number Fewer
For the reason that Because
Has been shown to be Is
If it is assumed that If
In color,eg. Red in color Just state the color, eg. Red
In consequence of this fact Therefore, consequently
In length Long
In order to To
In shape, eg. Round in shape Just state the size, eg. Small
In spite of the fact that Although
35
Instead of Use
In the case of In, for
In view of the fact that Because
Is known to be is
It is clear that Clearly
It is likely that Likely
It is possible that Possibly
It would appear that Apparently
Of great importance Important
On the order of About
Owing to the fact that Before
Reported in the literature reported
36
5 C’s
 Clarity
Conciseness
Concreteness
Coherence
Context
37
38

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Intel International

Science and Engineering

Division Orientation on Scientific Research for Research Advisers and Student

In this session, we will

 Many of the projects sent by the

 It must present the (1) background of

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 42014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 52014)

 Subsections can be used (usually 1 short

 It should provide enough details so that others

 It should include the significant steps such as

Tests and procedures conducted by a regulated

 Include photographs, layouts, schematic diagrams or

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 72014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 82014)

RESULTS  It includes all data gathered from the

 Appropriate data presentation must be

 Tables, graphs, figures should each have their

 Captions for tables must be placed on top of the

RESULTS  Each table , graph, figure, etc may be accompanied

 Subsections may be used especially if multiple

 This part of the research paper may begin with: This

 No discussion should be presented in this part of the

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,102014)

 This part of the research paper should be

 Most of the related literatures are integrated in

 Subsections can also be used especially if

 This part of the research paper usually answers

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,112014)

 What are the implications of the results and the

What are and how did these factors cause such

What are the other related research that agree

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,122014)

 What are the established scientific knowledge

What are and how did these factors cause such

What are the other related research and/or

What are and how did these possible errors (eg.

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)

CONCLUSION  It summarizes the results of the research

 Usually two to three sentences with no

 It should not generalize and should present

 It should mention a practical application.

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,152014)

 Usually a short paragraph with no

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,162014)

 It includes a FORMAL AND DIRECT

 It usually includes the names of the

 Usually a short paragraph with no

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,172014)

REFERENCES/  It includes all books, journals,

 Citation style must be consistent;

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,182014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,192014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,202014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,212014)

Should be written AFTER the whole research

Must include (1) short background of the study,

DO NOT INCLUDE (1) acknowledgements and (2)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,242014)

Science fair is not a competition of who has

Titles should be written simply but at the