PROJECT REPORT

TAPE CORRECTION

SUBMITTED FOR PROJECT J-COMPONENT

SURVEYING (CLE-1003)

SUMMER SPECIAL SEMESTER 2019

PREPARED BY: -

HEMANT KUMAR YADAV (18BCL0269)

AADITYA AGRAHARI (18BCL0273)
DEEPAK DULAL (18BCL0267)
SUBMITTED TO

PROFESSOR - Dr. SAIRAM V

ASSOCIATE PROFFESSOR
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROFESSOR - Dr. SAIRAM V

ASSOCIATE PROFFESSOR
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work entitled “TAPE CORRECTION” that is

being submitted by “HEMANT KUMAR YADAV, AADITYA
AGRAHARI, DEEPAK DULAL” for SURVEYING (CLE 1003) is a
record of bona fide work under my supervision. The contents of this project
work, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor
have submitted for any other CALcourse.

Place: Vellore Institute of Technology

10-04-2019

Signature of Faculty

Dr. Sairam V

ASSOCIATE PROFFESSOR
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

18BCL0269 HEMANT KUMAR YADAV

18BCL073 AADITYA AGRAHARI

18BCL0267 DEEPAK DULAL

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It has been our privilege to understand the meaning of research and
education through this project component program. We wish to express our
profound sense of gratitude to our project guide Dr. Sairam V, School of
Civil and Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, who taught
us the fundamentals of this project work.

We would like to extend our thanks to Dr. G. Viswanathan,

Chancellor, and VIT for providing us with this opportunity.

We have no words to express out gratefulness towards our parents, local

guardians and management of the University for their support and
encouragement which spurred us to carry on with our project work successfully.

By:

HEMANT KUMAR YADAV

AADITYAAGRAHARI
DEEPAK DULAL
OBJECTIVE
TO FIND THE CORRECTION OF THE TAPE OF THE GIVEN DATA BY USING C++ PROGRAM

PRINCIPLE

In surveying, tape correction(s) refer(s) to correcting measurements for the effect of slope angle,
expansion or contraction due to temperature, and the tape's sag, which varies with the applied tension.
Not correcting for these effects gives rise to systematic errors, i.e. effects which act in a predictable
manner and therefore can be corrected by mathematical methodize. Tape Correction method which is
done through different ways like by C++ program program, python or by direct calculation using
formula.

PROCEDURE
When the land, buildings, towers, etc. are measured with tape then there is many chances of error
during measurement. Error may be due to slag or slope or temperature or length or pull. To minimize
the error we should need to correct the error by tape correction formula for different types of error.

TYPES OF ERROR

A) Error due to temperature:

This error occurs because the length of the tape or chain may get increased or decreased due to
rise or fall of temperature during measurement.
The standard chain is made at particular standard temperature which may not be equal to our working
condition this can lead to elongation or contraction in length of tape .

The correction of the tape length due to change in temperature is given by:

Ct = C.L (Tm – Ts )
Where:
Ct is the correction to be applied to the tape due to temperature;
C is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal that forms the tape;
L is the length of the tape or length of the line measured.

Tm is the observed temperature of the tape at the time of measurement;

Ts is the standard temperature, when the tape is at the correct length, often 20 °C;
B) Error due to pull:
 During measurement the applied pull may be either more or less than the pull at which the chain
or tape was standardized.
 Due to the elastic property of materials the strain will vary according to the variation of applied
pull which eventually leads to error.

 Correction for pull/ tension (c ):

p

During measurement the applied pull may be either more or less than the pull at
which the chain or tape was standardized. Due to the elastic property of materials the strain will vary
according to the variation of applied pull and hence necessary correction should be applied. This
correction is given by the expression

C =( ( P-P ) x L)/(A x E)
P 0

where,
• P= Pull or tension applied during measurement in Newtons A= Cross-sectional area of the
tape in square cm.
• L= Length of the measured line
• P = Standard pull
0
• E = Modulus of Elasticity of the tape
If the applied pull is more, tension correction is positive, and if it is less, the
correction is negative.

C) Error due to slope:

 The distance measured along the slope between two stations is always greater than the horizontal
distance between them.
 The difference in slope distance and horizontal distance is known as slope correction which is
always subtractive

 CORRECTION FOR SLOPE:

Case1.
The distance measured along the slope between two stations is always greater than the horizontal
distance between them. the difference in slope distance and horizontal distance is known as slope
correction which is always subtractive.
Let

L=Slope Distance

D=horizontal distance

h=difference in reduced levels

CASE 2)

For this case when we are not given the reduced level directly then we calculate slope correction by
using the slope angle as follow :
• Slope correction = L-L cos(theta)

Similarly,
• Slope correction = 2*Lsin^2(theta/2)

Where L is measured length along slope

And theta is the slope angle

D) Error Due to Sag:
 When a tape is suspended from each end, it forms a curve called a catenary . Because the curve is
longer than the straight-line distance between the ends of the tape, the tape always reads longer than the
actual distance. The correction is therefore a negative quantity.

Correction for sag (c ):

s

This correction is necessary when the measurement is taken with the tape in suspension. It is given by
the expression as mentioned below.

where,
w= total wt of the tape
L= horizontal distance between the supports
P = pull applied during measurement
Note:
Because the curve is longer than the straight-line distance between the ends of the tape, the
tape always reads longer than the actual distance. The correction is therefore a negative quantity.
E) Error due to Designation of Tape:
 Manufacturers do not usually guarantee the exact length of tapes during their manufacture.
 Standardization is a process where a exact length of tape is standardized at particular temperature
and tension.
 The nominal length of tapes can be affected by physical irregularities, stretches or wears.
Constant use of tapes also cause wear to tapes and hence can become kinked and may be improperly
repaired when breaks occur.

 Correction for standard length:

Before using a measuring tape, its real length is measured by comparing it with a standard
tape of known length. The nominal length of a tape is its designated length e.g. 30m or 100m. The
absolute length of a tape is its actual length under specified conditions.

Let,

L= measured length of a line

C = correction for absolute length

a

l = nominal designated length of tape

C = correction be applied the tape per unit length of tape

The sign of the correction C will be the same as that of C.

a

So, after calculating all the error we can find the true length of the tape by the following
formula given below;
True length = Measured length + Correction for absolute length + correction of slope + correction of
pull + correction of temprature – correction for sag

T.L = L +Ca + Csl+ Cp +Ct – Cs

PROGRAMMING DONE FOR TAPE CORRECTION:

#include <iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

using namespace std;

class corr
{
public:
float C=0, length;
float absolute_length(float L)
{
float x, Ca=0, l, c;
cout<<"\nEnter nominal designated length of tape in meter : ";
cin>>l;
cout<<"Enter the correction be applied per unit length of the tape in per meter : ";
cin>>c;
x=(L*c)/l;
Ca=Ca+x;
C=C+Ca;
cout<<"\n\n If any more corrections needed choose from 1-5 or else choose 6 to display total correction
";
disp();
return Ca;

}
float slope(float l)
{
float Csl=0,h, x,theta;
int len;
cout<<"\t1. Difference in reduced level"<<endl;
cout<<"\t2. slope angle"<<endl;
cout<<"\tYour choice?";
cin>>len;
if (len==1)
{
cout<<"\nEnter difference in reduced levels in meter : ";
cin>>h;
x=(h*h)/(2*l);
Csl=x+Csl;
C=C+Csl;
}
 else if(len==2)
{
cout<<"\nEnter slope angle theta in degree :";
cin>>theta;
x=l-(l*cos(theta));
Csl=Csl+x;
C=C+Csl;
}
cout<<"\n\n If any more corrections choose from 1-5 or else choose 6 to display total correction ";
disp();
return Csl;
}
float tension(float L)
{
float P, A, P0, E,x;
float Cp;
Cp=0.00;
cout<<"\nEnter Pull or tension applied during measurement in N or kg: ";
cin>>P;
cout<<"\nEnter Cross-sectional area of the tape in centimeter square : ";
cin>>A;
cout<<"\nEnter Standard pull in Newton or kg : ";
cin>>P0;
cout<<"\nEnter Modulus of Elasticity of the tape in N or kg per centimeter square 10^6): ";
cin>>E;
double f=(A*E*1000000);
x=((P-P0)*L)/f;
Cp=x+Cp;
C=C+Cp;
cout<<"\n\n If any more corrections needed choose from 1-5 or else choose 6 to display total correction
";
disp();
return Cp;
}
float temperature(float L)
{
float alpha, Tm, To, Ct=0,x;
cout<<"\nEnter coefficient of thermal expansion in 10^(-5) per degree centigrade : ";
cin>>alpha;
cout<<"\nEnter mean temperature during measurement in degrees centigrade: ";
cin>>Tm;
cout<<"\nEnter the temperature at which the tape was standardized in degrees centigrade: ";
cin>>To;
x = alpha*(Tm-To)*L;
Ct=(x/100000)+Ct;
C=C+Ct;
cout<<"\n\n If any more corrections choose from 1-5 or else choose 6 to display total correction";
disp();
return Ct;
}
float sag(float L)
{
float W, P, Cs=0,x;
int n;
cout<<"\nEnter total wt of the tape per unit length : ";
cin>>W;
cout<<"\nEnter number of spans :";
cin>>n;
cout<<"\nEnter pull applied during measurement: ";
cin>>P;
x = (L*((W*L)*(W*L)))/(24*P*P*n*n);
Cs=x+Cs;
C=C-Cs;
cout<<"\n\n If any more corrections needed choose from 1-5 or else choose 6 to display total correction
";
disp();
return Cs;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"\n\t\tCORRECTIONS IN LINEAR MEASUREMENTS\n"<<endl;
cout<<"\n Enter the measured length:";
cin>>length;
}
void disp()
{
float a=0,b=0,c=0,d=0,e=0,t=0;
int ch;
cout<<"\n\t CORRECCTION LIST \n";
cout<<"(1) Correction for absolute length"<<endl;
cout<<"(2) Correction for slope"<<endl;
cout<<"(3) Correction for tension or pull"<<endl;
cout<<"(4) Correction for temperature"<<endl;
cout<<"(5) Correction for sag"<<endl;
cout<<"(6) Show total correction and true horizontal distance "<<endl;
cout<<"\nEnter the correction u want to implement: ";

cin>>ch;

if(ch==1)
{
a=absolute_length(length);
cout<<"\nCorrection for standard length: "<<a<<" mtrs";
}
else if(ch==2)
{
b=slope(length);
cout<<"\nCorrection for slope: "<<b<<" mtrs";
}
else if(ch==3)
 {
c=tension(length);
cout<<"\nCorrection for tension: "<<c<<" mtrs";
}
else if(ch==4)
{
d=temperature(length);
cout<<"\nCorrection for temperature: "<<d<<" mtrs";
}
else if(ch==5)

{
e=sag(length);
cout<<"\nCorrection for sag: "<<e<<" mtrs";
}

}
};

int main()
{
float grandtotal;
corr c1;
c1.show();
c1.disp();
cout<<"\n\n total correction: "<<c1.C;
grandtotal=c1.length+c1.C;
cout<<"\nThe true horizontal length is: "<<grandtotal;
return 0;
}
INPUT SHOWN BY PROGRAM WHEN WE OPEN :

Firstly it required measured length and after putting measured length is shows the input as shown
above.
Q1) The length of a survey line measured with a 30m chain was found to be 631.5m. When the chain
was compared with a standard chain, it was found to be 0.1m too long. Find the true length of the
survey line.

Solution

L’ = 30.1m. L = 30m
Measured length of the survey line = 631.5m
Thus,
Q2) A tape of standard length 20 m at 85°F was used to measure a base line. The measured distance
was 882.50 m. Calculate the true length of the line if the mean temperature during measurement was
63°F.
Solution,

Correct length = 882.50 – 0.126=882.374

Q3) A line was measured with a steel tape which was exactly 30 meters at a pull of 100N (or 10kgf),
the measured length being 1650.00 meters. The pull applied was 150N (or 15kgf). Find the length of
the line, if the cross-sectional area of the tape was 0.025 sq.cm. The modulus of elasticity of the
material of the tape=2.1x10^6 Unit.

Solution,

Correction for pull per tape length = ((P-P0)xL)/(AxE)

= ((150-100)x30)/(2.5x2.1x10^5)
=0.0286m (+ve)
True length of the tape = 30+0.0286
=30.0286
Q4) A 50 m tape is suspended between the ends under a pull of 150 N. The mass of the tape is 1.52
kilograms. Find the corrected length of the tape.

Correction for sag = Cs = l1 (Mg)2 / 24 P2

l1 = 50 m;

M = 1.52 kilograms;

P = 150 N.

Cs = 50 x (1.52 x 9.81)2 / 24 x 1502

=0.534815m.

Corrected length of the tape = l – Cs

= 50 – 0.5348

= 49.4652 m.
Q5) The downhill end of the 30 m tape is held 80 cm too low. What is the horizontal length?

Correction for slope = h2 / 2l

Here

h = 0.8 m;

l = 30 m

The required correction = 0.82 / 2 x 30 = 0.0167 m.

Hence the horizontal length = 30 – 0.0167

= 29.9833 m
 Conclusion:

Hence we can conclude that by using appropriate tape correction measures we can easily figure
out the exact horizontal length needed for the plan and construction.

Error can come due to a range of factors but we can easily resolve such cases by above mentioned and
explained means. And then finally we can get the desired correction as well as the exact horizontal
length.

Thank You !