Ultrasound

Effects: Mechanical high freq vibrations that produce thermal/ non thermal effects
Acute: promote healing changing cell properties (by increase cell permeability/Ca
diffusion)
Granulation: Collagen re-alignment
Remodelling: Increase blood flow/ tissue extensibility

Contraindication
• Pregnancy (around uterus)
• Pacemaker
• Eyes/Testes

Precautions
• Circulatory insufficiency
• Decrease sensation
• Risk of dissemination
• Unable to communicate

Testing: Hot/cold, sharp/blunt

When having ultrasound you will usually feel nothing other than the applicator pressure
and the cool gel. You may feel a gentle warmth at most. If you feel any discomfort or it
feels hot under the applicator, please tell me immediately, otherwise you may be in
danger of being burnt.

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Settings:

1 MHz (deep) or 3MHz (superficial)

Acute: 0-0.5 w/cm
Chronic 0.5 0 1 w/cm
(increase in water by 20%)

SATA (avg) Set what you want (0.5 gives 0.5)

SATP (peak) (1.0 gives 0.5)
Laser (Light Amplification stimulated emission of radiation)

Effects
Pain control, vasodilation, nerve conductivity

Contraindications
• Pregnancy (around uterus)
• Eyes

Precaution
• Risk of dissemination
• Exacerbation of existing condition
• Unable to communicate

Testing: None

During Laser treatment you should feel nothing other than the pressure of the applicator
against your skin. If you do feel and discomfort please let me know immediately. Side
effects of laser therapy include dizziness, nausea or an initial increase in pain. Theses are
short term effects and are usually only associated with high dosages.

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Settings

Acute: 1-3 J
Sub Acute 4 -7 J
Chronic 8-10 J
Cyrotherapy

Effects

Contraindications
• Circulatory insuficieny
• Exacerbation of exisiting condition

Precautions
• Unable to communicate
• Sensory loss

Test: hot/cold

When having an ice treatment you will usually feel gradual cold, which maybe followed
by discomfort, the area will then go numb. If you feel extreme discomfort or pain,
please let me know immediately, otherwise you may be at risk of an ice burn.

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Superficial Heating (wax, hot packs)

Effects

Contraindications
• Circulatory insufficiency
• Risk of dissementation
• Exacerbation of exisiting condition
• Eyes/Testes

Precautions
• Unable to communicate
• Sensory loss

Test: Hot/cold

When having a heat treatment, all you should feel is a mild comfortable warmth. If you
feel any more than this, or heal concentrated in one area, please let me know
immediately, otherwise you may be at risk of being burnt.

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Electrical stim (NMES, TENS, IFT)

Contraindications
• Pregnancy (around uterus)
• Pacemaker (around area)
• Eyes/testes

Precautions
• Circ insufficiency
• Risk of dissemination
• Exacerbation of exisiting condition
• Unable to communicate
• Sensory loss
• Broken down skin (in electrode area)

Testing: Sensation – Sharp/dull

When having electrical stim you should feel and tingling (pain relief) and muscle
contraction . If you feel anything other than that, pain or discomfort please let me know
immediately, otherwise you may be at risk for skin and other tissue damage under the
pad.

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Settings:

Chronic
Endorphin release:
- Low freq: 2-10 Hz
- Long pulse duration
- Intensity 2-3x sensory threshold
- burst

Acute
Gate control theory
- High freq: 80-100hz
- Short pulse duration
- Intensity to threshold
Massage

Effects
- Effleurage: aid venous return, relaxation, mobs superficial tissue
- Petrissage: aid venous/lymph return, moblizes/lengthens tissues (muscle
pump)
- Tapotement: ↑ superficial cap vasculariry, tone
- Transverse mobs: mobs tendon/lig/muscle, prevents/breaksdown adhesion

Contraindications
• Infection
• Cancer
• Bl. Disorders
• Recent #
• RA
• Hyper/hypotension
• Varicose veins
• Acute injury
• Skin problems
• DVT
• Allergy

Precautions
• Asthma/emphysema
• Sensory loss
• Injection sites
• Fragile skin (burns, frostbite, calcified tissue)

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