Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vowels
• Vocal chords vibrate
• Vocal tract air flow not closed off or
significantly impeded
Distinguishing Vowels
front central back
m
• Articulatory correlates of distinctive high ü kühl ı bIt’ k Iz Il
features: (German) (Russian) (Turkish)
low
1
Vowels of English =rounded
Diphthongs
front central back
high i: beet u: boot • “vowel glides”—tongue position moves
book
during production of a diphthong.
I bit U
Examples:
mid e bait
e
above o boat
say [ei]
boy [oi]
:3
bet Λ
:c
bought fine, ice [ai]
merry butt so, sew [ou]
low æ bat
α α: cow [au]
Mary
body, cart
cot
Monophthongs
Spectrograms: picturing sound
• vowels where tongue position does not
move • portrayal of how in speech the energy at
• Monophthongization: pronunciation of a given frequencies changes over time
diphthong as a monophthong:
fine, ice [fain, ais]Æ [fa:n, a:s] • Differences between vowels=
concentration of energy at different
frequencies (called “formants”)
Vowel
Spectrograms:
Consonants
frequency
2
Tongue position for consonants
Distinguishing Consonants
• Place of articulation • Manner of articulation
bilabial stop/plosive
labiodental nasal
dental trill
alveolar
tap or flap
postalveolar
palatal fricative
velar • Voicing
uvular voiced vs. unvoiced
glottal (are vocal chords vibrating)
Note difference
between
voiced &
time unvoiced
plosive
darkness of plot= consonants,
frequency