MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY- KISII CAMPUS

NAME : OGANA LILIAN AWUOR

REG NO. : DIT/2018/35473

UNIT CODE : DIT 2206

UNIT TITLE : FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRELESS& MOBILE

COMMUNICATION

SUBJECT : ASSIGNMENT

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 2ND ,JULY 2019

QUESTION

1. WRITE A TERM PAPER ON EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION

Over the most recent couple of decades, Mobile Wireless Communication systems have encountered a
remarkable change. The mobile wireless Generation (G) for the most part alludes to an adjustment in the
idea of the framework, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc. Each generation has some
standards, different capacities, new techniques and new features which separate it from the past one. The
first generation (1G) mobile wireless communication network was analog utilized for voice calls only. The
second generation (2G) is a digital technology and supported text messaging. The third-generation (3G)
mobile technology provided higher data transmission rate, increased capacity and gave interactive media
bolster. The fourth generation (4G) incorporates 3G with fixed internet to help wireless mobile internet,
which is an advancement to mobile technology and it beat the limitations of 3G. there was an increase in
the bandwidth and reduced the cost of resources. 5G stands for fifth Generation mobile technology and will
be unveiled as another unrest in a portable market which will change the way of utilizing cell phones
within the very high bandwidth.

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EVOLUTION

Singh, Sapana, Pratap Singh, "Key Concepts and Network Architecture for 5G Mobile Technology.", International
Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology,1.5,2012.

Mobile communication had turned out to be well known in the most recent couple of years because of its
quick change from 1G to 5G in the field of mobile technology. This change is because of the necessity of
service compatible transmission technology and high increment in telecom clients. Basically, Generation
refers to change in nature of service compatible transmission technology and new frequency bands. In
1980, for the first time the mobile cellular system was introduced, and since then, the mobile
communications had experienced tremendous changes which pursued its vast sustainment

A. FIRST GENERATION, 1G

1G means first generation which was launched in the 1980s [5]. It was continually used until being
substituted by 2G. The basic difference between 1G and 2G is that 1G is analog based whereas 2G is
digitally based. User has to enable a transmission button and disable reception and hence it became ‘press
to transmit’ system. Simultaneous listening and talking is not allowed by this system, therefore, IMTS
(Improved Mobile Telephone System) was launched in 1960s.

B. SECOND GENERATION 2G

Based on digital transmission, 2G cellular network was introduced in the late 1980s [10]. There are various
advantages of digital system over analog system.

Advantages of 2G

a) 2G allows far greater phone penetration hence has more efficient spectrum.

b) 2G cellular network is digitally encrypted.

d) SMS text messaging and other services were started with 2G cellular network.

e) Cloning problem was omitted as it was

f) Eavesdropping – 2G cell phones based on

g) SMS and email services were allowed on 2G

h) Digital system reduced power emissions that Helped health

Disadvantages of 2G

a. 2G digital system sometimes have dropouts under very easy with the analog systems to use slightly
worse conditions whereas analog system is same phone numbers with different headsets. Static

b. Particular problem on 2G cellular system is that digital system are more secured as compared sometimes
weaker digital system may not reach the to 1G that was based on the analog system. cell tower.

c. Digital has a jagged steppy curve whereas analog cellular telecoms has a smooth decay curve.

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C. THIRD GENERATION (3G)

Third generation or 3G telecommunications fulfills IMT-2000 i.e. International Mobile telecommunication-

2000. Services associated with 3G provides users with mobile TV, internet access, video calls and all in the
environment of mobile.

D. FOURTH GENERATION (4G)

4G generation is successor of 2G and 3G families of standards. Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television are the applications that are
used using 4G cellular networks.

E. FIFTH GENERATION (5G CELLULAR NETWORKS)

5G i.e. fifth generation mobile networks are the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standard
beyond 4G/IMT– advanced standards effective since 2011. Currently, there are various standards beyond
4G that are in progress by various standard bodies but 5G is not yet officially in use.
5G’s core concept
There are mainly three technologies that 5G would possess-
• Nanotechnology
• Cloud computing
• All flat IP platform
Emerging Applications
 D2D Communication: Peer to Peer or direct device to device communication, eliminate IP based or base
station oriented connectivity.
 M2M Communication: Intelligent machines automatically done all data operations, like data generation,
processing and transfer .
 Internet of things :Supports IoT concept which is large scale development smart homes as well as smart
objects connected together via internet. Internet of things connecting "Anytime, Anyplace, Anyone,
Anything".

 Internet of vehicles: Supports vehicle to vehicle communication through internet and traffic, collision
reduces . It provides low latency and high mobility connectivity.
 Health care: Advance sensor and communication technology enables health monitoring, real time
communication, data storage . Wearable technology provides health care solution.
 Smart home and smart city: Applicable for smart homes and cities in automation, appliances, embedded
system and security

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 COMPARISON OF ALL GENERATIONS OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017
TECHNOLOGY 1G 2GB 3G 4G 5G
Start/Deployment 1970-80 1990-2004 2004-2010 Now Soon(probably by
2020)
Data Bandwidth 2 Kbps 64 Kbps 2Mbps 1Gbps Higher than 1 Gbps
Technology Analog Digital CDMA 2000, Wi-Max, Wi- WWWW
UMTS,EDGE Fi, LITE
Core Network PSTN PSTN Packet N/W Internet Internet
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit Packet Circuit, All Packet All Packet
Packet
Primary Services Analog phone Digital phone Phone calls, All- IP High speed, high
cells calls and messaging, Service( capacity and provide
messaging data including large broadcasting of
voice data in Gbps
messages)
Key differentiator Mobility Secure, Mass Better Faster Better coverage and
Adoption Internet broadband no dropped calls,
Experience internet, much lower latency,
lower latency better performance
Weakness Poor spectral Limited data Real works Battery use is ?
efficiency, rates, difficult fail to match more,
major security to support type, failure required
issues demand for of WAP for complicated
internet and e- internet and expensive
Mail access hardware
CONCLUSION

Mobile has become the essential part of our everyday life. Their current development is the outcome of various
generations. In this paper we review the various generations of mobile wireless technology, their technologies use in
various generations, performance, advantages, and disadvantages of one generation over other and comparison. This
field is still full of research opportunities and research on upcoming technology 5G is carry on which is coming in
2020.

REFFERENCES

[1] Ms. Anju Uttam Gawas, An Overview on Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks: 1G-6G,
JRITCC, VOLUME 3 ISSUE 5, MAY 2015.
[2] Meenal G. Kachhavay et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3
Issue.3,March- 2014.
[3] Ms. Reshma S, 5G Mobile Technology JARCET,Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2013.
[4] International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017
[5] Akhilesh Kumar Pachauri 1 and Ompal Singh ,“5G Technology – Redefining wireless Communication in
upcoming years” , International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research ,Vol 1 Issue 1,Aug 2012.