08 Nodal Analysis

NODAL ANALYSIS
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved

NODAL ANALYSIS
Psep
ΔP flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
IS A METHODOLOGY TO ANALYZE
Tubing THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM AS AN
UNIT TO CALCULATE ITS CAPACITY
WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF:
ΔPtubing
• DESIGNING EACH COMPONENT OF THE
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
• DETECTING PRODUCTION IMPEDIMENTS

Reservoir
• CALCULATING THE EFFECT OF CHANGING
Pr, IPR, K ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS ON THE
CAPACITY OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM

ΔPres ΔP = f(Q)
POSSIBLE PRESSURE LOSSES IN A PRODUCTION SYSTEM
p8= Pwh-Psep
gas
p6= Pds-Psep
Pwh-Pds = p5
Pwh
Pds Flowline Separator
Psep
Surface choke
Tank
Pdv
Safety valve
p4= Puv-Pdv Puv
p1=Pr-Pwfs Loss in porous medium
Well p2=Pwfs-Pwf Loss across the completion
p3=Pur-Pdr ” ” restriction
Restriction Pdr p4=Puv-Pdv ” ” safety valve
p5=Pwh-Pds ” ” choke
p6=Pds-Psep ” in flow line
Pur p7=Pwf-Pwh
p3= Pur-Pdr p8=Pwh-Psep
Total loss in tubing
Total loss in flowline
Reservoir Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
p1=Pr-Pwfs
Pwfs-Pwf = p2
NODAL ANALYSIS CONCEPT
Q Q
INFLOW NODE OUTFLOW
Pu UPSTREAM
Pn DOWNSTREAM
Pd
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
ΔPu ΔPd
ΔP = f (Q)
Pnode = Pu – ΔPupstream components (1) = f1(Q)
Pnode = Pd + ΔPdownstream components (2) = f2(Q)

GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM
NODE PRESSURE, Pnode
(2) Outflow from node
NODE PRESSURE
(1) Inflow to node
SYSTEM FLOW CAPACITY
FLOW RATE, Q

EXERCISE
ILUSTRATION OF NODAL ANALYSIS CONCEPT
P1= 200 psi P3= 60 psi
Pnode
ΔP1 ΔP2
WATER
WATER
SOURCE
SINK
2000 feet, Ø= 3” 1000 feet, Ø=2”
Calculate:
1) Actual capacity of the system in BPD.

2) Capacity of the system when the diameter of the 2” pipe is increased to 3”.
Select the node at the point where the pipe diameter is reduced from 3” to 2”.
Assume flow rates of 2500, 3000 y 3500, 5000, 5500, 6000 BPD.
Use the following equation to calculate the pressure drop in a pipe
L Q2
ΔP = 3.8 x 10 - 7 x ;
D5
where, ΔP is the pressure drop in psi, L is the pipe length in feet, D is the pipe
diameter in inches and Q the flow rate in BPD.
(2) Outflow performance

2”
Pnode
(1) Pnode = P1-ΔP1
(2) Pnode = P3+ΔP2

Inflow
(1) performance
Actual system flow capacity
FLOW RATE, Q
P1= 200 PSI P3= 60 PSI

Pnode
ΔP1 ΔP2
WATER
WATER SINK
SOURCE
2000 feet, Ø= 3” 1000 feet, Ø=2”
(2) Outflow performance

2”
Pnode
(1) Pnode = P1-ΔP1
3”
(2) Pnode = P3+ΔP2
Inflow
(1) performance
Actual system flow capacity
FLOW RATE, Q new system flow capacity

SOL
P1= 200 PSI P3= 60 PSI

Pnode
ΔP1 ΔP2
WATER
WATER SINK
SOURCE
2000 feet, Ø= 3” 1000 feet, Ø=2”
LOCATION OF VARIOUS NODES
1A
3 2
1
1B
4
NODE LOCATION
1 SEPARATOR
2 SURFACE CHOKE
3 WELLHEAD
4 SAFETY VALVE
5 RESTRICTION
6 Pwf
5 7 Pwfs
8 Pr
1A GAS SALES
1B STOCK TANK
6 7 8
NODAL ANALYSIS APPLICATION IN A SIMPLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
(NODE SELECTED AT THE WELLHEAD)
ΔP flowline
Horizontal Gas
Pwh Flowline
NODE
Psep Separator
Tank
Inflow to node:
ΔPtubing Pr – ΔPres – ΔPtubing = Pwh (1)
Vertical or inclined tubing
Outflow from node:

Psep + ΔPflowline = Pwh (2)
Pr, k, IPR
Flow through porous media
ΔPres
EFFECT OF THE FLOWLINE SIZE
(NODE SELECTED AT THE WELLHEAD)
d1
WELLHEAD PRESSURE, Pwh
d 2 > d1
OUTFLOW
INFLOW
FLOWRATE, Q

NODAL ANALYSIS APPLICATION IN A SIMPLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
(NODE SELECTED AT THE BOTTOMHOLE)
ΔP flowline
Horizontal Gas
Pwh Flowline
Psep Separator
Tank
Inflow to node:
ΔPtubing Pr – ΔPres = Pwf (1)
Vertical or inclined tubing
Outflow from node:
Psep + ΔPflowline +
ΔPtubing = Pwf (2)
Pr, k, IPR
Pwf Flow through porous media
NODE
ΔPres
EFFECT OF THE TUBING SIZE
(NODE SELECTED AT THE BOTTOMHOLE)
Pr d1
BOTTOMHOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
d2>d1
INFLOW
IPR
OUTFLOW
0
0
FLOWRATE, Q

FINDING OPTIMUM TUBING SIZE
FLOW RATE, Q
UNSTABLE REGION
DIAMETER FOR
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
TUBING DIAMETER, d

SIMULTANEOUS EFFECT OF MINIMIZING FLOW RESTRICTIONS
IN THE RESERVOIR AND IN THE PIPING SYSTEM
(NODE AT THE BOTOMHOLE)
d1
Pr
BOTTOMOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
2*
WELL WITHOUT SKIN EFFECT
d2>d1
1
WELL WITH
SKIN EFFECT
2**
0
0 PRODUCTION INCREASE
FLOW RATE, Q
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
GAS LIFT WELL PERFORMANCE
LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL

Maximum liquid production
Pr Excessive GLR
Inflow Performance
IPR
Available gas Economic Optimum

volume
LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL GAS INJECTION RATE, Qgi
(a) Gas lift well analysis (b) Effect of gas injection rate

EFFECT OF PERFORATING DENSITY ON INFLOW
N = NUMBER OF PERFORATIONS PER FOOT

Pr
INFLOW
OUTFLOW
N3>N2
N1
N1>N2
0
0
FLOWRATE, Q
EFFECT OF PERFORATING DENSITY ON FLOW RATE
FLOWRATE, Q
NUMBER OF PERFORATIONS PER FOOT, N

NODAL ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS
•Selecting tubing size.

•Selecting Flowline size.
•Gravel pack design.
•Surface choke sizing.
•Analyzing an existing system for abnormal
flow restrictions (production impediments).
•Artificial lift system design.
•Well stimulation evaluation.
•Analyzing effects of perforating density.
•Predicting the effect of depletion on production
capacity.
•Allocating injection gas among gas lift wells.
•Analyzing a multiwell producing system.

SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR
NODAL ANALYSIS APPLICATION
1. Determine which components in the system can be changed.
2. Select one component to be optimized.
3. Select the node location.
4. Develop expressions for the inflow and outflow.
5. Obtain required data to calculate the pressure drop versus

flow rate fall components.
6. Determine the effect of changing the characteristics of the

selected component by plotting inflow versus outflow and
readin the intersection.
7. Repeat the procedure for each component that is to be

optimized.

HISTORY CASE
NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT
GAS LIFT
Pr
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE
1 PUMP (ESP)
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
Pwf ESP FAILED DUE TO

2
EXCESSIVE GAS RATE
Pwf<<<<Pb
0
0 PRODUCTION
INCREASE
FLOW RATE, Q
HISTORY CASE
NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT
GAS LIFT
Pr
IPR IMPROVED BY
REPERFORATION +
STIMULATION JOB
1 PUMP (ESP)
3 ZERO GAS IN
THE PUMP
Pwf > Pb
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
WELL WITH A
VERY STRONG
SKIN EFFECT 2
0
FLOW RATE, Q
HISTORY CASE
NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON INFLOW RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
BEAM PUMPING
Pr
2 WELL STIMULATED WITH
STEAM SOAK
1
VERY SMALL INCREASE

IN PRODUCTION WAS ACHIEVED
0
0
FLOW RATE, Q
HISTORY CASE
NODAL ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON INFLOW RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
BEAM PUMPING
Pr
1
PUMP (ESP)
0 1000 BPD
FLOW RATE, Q
WELL RESTRICTED BY PIPING SYSTEM AND
NEAR WELLBORE SKIN EFFECT
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
Pr
2 OUTFLOW
1
4
INFLOW
3
0
0
FLOW RATE, Q
ANALYZING MULTIWELL SYSTEMS
A change made in any component in the system would affect the producing
capacity of the total system, Some of the changes that could be considered
are:
• Working over individual wells

• Placing some wells on artificial lift
• Add new wells
• Shutting in some of the existing wells
• Changes in producing characteristics with time
• Effect of surface line sizes
• Instalation of pumps or compressors
• Effect of the final outlet pressure

ANALYZING MULTIWELL SYSTEMS
Pwf1
PA System
Q1 Capacity
Well 1
A B
QA=Q1+Q2+Q3
Well 2
Pwf2
Q2 Well 3
Pwf3
Q3

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NODAL ANALYSIS

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• DETECTING PRODUCTION IMPEDIMENTS

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Reservoir Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe

Pnode = Pu – ΔPupstream components (1) = f1(Q)

Pnode = Pd + ΔPdownstream components (2) = f2(Q)

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(2) Outflow from node

(1) Inflow to node

SYSTEM FLOW CAPACITY

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1) Actual capacity of the system in BPD.

Use the following equation to calculate the pressure drop in a pipe

(2) Outflow performance

(2) Pnode = P3+ΔP2

Actual system flow capacity

P1= 200 PSI P3= 60 PSI

(2) Outflow performance

Actual system flow capacity

FLOW RATE, Q new system flow capacity

P1= 200 PSI P3= 60 PSI

Outflow from node:

Flow through porous media

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Pwf Flow through porous media

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(NODE AT THE BOTOMHOLE)

LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL

Available gas Economic Optimum

LIQUID PRODUCTION RATE, QL GAS INJECTION RATE, Qgi

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N = NUMBER OF PERFORATIONS PER FOOT

NUMBER OF PERFORATIONS PER FOOT, N

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•Selecting tubing size.

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2. Select one component to be optimized.

3. Select the node location.

4. Develop expressions for the inflow and outflow.

5. Obtain required data to calculate the pressure drop versus

6. Determine the effect of changing the characteristics of the

7. Repeat the procedure for each component that is to be

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved

Pwf ESP FAILED DUE TO

VERY SMALL INCREASE

BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf

• Working over individual wells

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Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved

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