Dr.

Junaid Ikram 1
1 History of Supply System
2 Modern Power System
3 Phasor Representation
4 Single Subscript Notation
5 Double Subscript Notation
6 Power In Single Phase AC Circuits
7 Complex Power
8 Direction of Power Flow
9 Voltage and current in balanced Three Phase Circuits

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10 Power in a Balanced Three Phase Circuits
11 Per Unit Quantities
12 Changing the Base of Per Unit Quantities
13 Node Equations
14 Single line Diagram
15 Impedance and Reactance Diagram

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 History of Power System
 First power system was established by Thomas Edison in 1882 in
New York after devising commercially viable electric lamps
(1879).
 Electric lamp was designed as an alternate of oil and gas based
lighting.
 This power system was a dc supply system. Its working voltage
was 110 V DC and was supplying power to 59 consumer.
 Furthermore, it was an underground distribution system for
street lighting.
 Due to the excessive power loss at low voltage Edison company
could deliver energy only a short distance from their substation.

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 History of Power System
 With invention of transformer by willaim Stanley in 1885, to
raise the level of ac voltage for transmission and distribution and
the invention of induction motor by Nikola tesla 1881 to replace
the dc motors, the advantages of ac system became apparent
and made the ac system prevalent/dominant.
 Another advantage of AC system is that due to lack of
commutators in the ac generators, more power can be produced
conveniently at higher voltages.
 A Station in Oregon City delivered power 14 miles to Portland
and was the longest distance AC power delivery at the time in
1889. Power was transmitted at 4 kV and it was a single phase
system.
 Edison company installed first three phase AC system if 2.3 kV in
1893.
 Initially the operating frequency was around 25 Hz to 133 Hz of
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the various individuals companies
 History of Power System
 Transmission lines voltage has risen steadily.
 The extra high voltage in commercial use is 765 KV established in
1969.
 Studies shown the for distance greater than 500 km EHV DC is
more economical.
 First 400 KV dc line built in USA in 1970 and it was 850 miles long

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 Modern Power System

 Generators
 Transmission and Subtransmission
 Distribution

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 Modern Power System
 Generators
 One of the most essential component of the power system is
three phase synchronous generator.
 SGs have two synchronously rotating magnetic field.
 One field is produced by the rotor driven at the synchronous
speed and excited by the DC current.
o Field excitation with DC generator mounted on the shaft
o Field excitation with brushless excitation
 Other field is produced in the stator by the three phase
armature currents.
 The generator excitation system maintain generator voltage and
control the reactive power flow.
 Due to absence of commutator segments synchronous
generator can produce high power at high voltages upto 30 kV.
 The size of the generator can vary from 50 MW to 1500MW
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 Modern Power System
 Generators
 The sources of mechanical power known as prime mover can be
hydraulic turbine at water_fall, steam turbine whose energy
come from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel and gas Gas
turbines and IC engines burning oil.
 Steam turbine operates at high speed around 3600 rpm or 1800
rpm and coupled with generator which have low no of poles.
 Usually cylindrical machine are used for such type of application
 For low speed application purposes salient pole synchronous
generators are used which have usually large no of poles .
 Total installed generation capacity of the USA is 760, 000 MW
and its population is around 270 million

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 Modern Power System
 Transformer
 The insulation requirement limits the generator voltage to up to
30 kV.
 High efficiency step up transformer are used for transmission
and step down transformer are used for the distribution.
 High voltage transmission reduces the current requirement and
hence power losses

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 Modern Power System
 Transmission and sub transmission
 The main purposes are to transfer bulk power to distritution
center and also interconnect neighboring utilities which permit
not only economic dispatch but also make the system more
reliable.
 Transmission voltage lines are 0f 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 500 kV,
765 kV, 1000 kV.
 EHV transmission voltage is beyond 765 kV
 UHV transmission voltage is beyond 1000 kV
 High voltage transmission lines are terminated on substation
which are called high voltage substation or primary substation.
 At the primary substation the voltage is stepped down to a value
more suitable for the next journey to the load.
 Some substations are only for the switching lines in and out of
services they are referred to as switching substation.
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 Modern Power System
 Transmission and sub transmission
 The portion of the transmission network that connects high
voltage substations through step down transformer to the
distribution network is called sub transmission system.
 Its voltage level is from 66 kv to 132 kV
 Distribution
 The portion of the transmission network that connects
distribution substation to the consumers service equipment
 Primary voltage level is from 11 kV to 33 kV
 2ndry distribution voltage is 440V/220V.
 Distribution system are both overhead and underground

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 Phasor Representation
 In developing most of the theory in this book, we are concerned
with the phasor representations of sinusoidal voltages and
currents .
 Capital letters V and I to indicate these phasors (with
appropriate subscripts where necessary.
 Vertical bars enclosing V and I, that is, |V| and |I|, designate the
magnitudes of the phasors.

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Phasor Representation

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 Phasor Representation

Example

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Phasor Representation

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Single and Double Subscript Notation

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Single and Double Subscript Notation

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 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits
The power in watt being absorbed by the load at any instant a

Van, ian load

 Positive power is calculated as vanian

results +ve when the current flow in the
direction of voltage drop and it is the
rate of energy transfer to the load
 Conversely power will be –ve and is
Transferred from the load into the
system
In Pure resistive case I will be in phaseDr.with v and hence power will be positive
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 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits

There are two components of power when the current will lead or lag the voltage

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Power in Single Phase AC Circuits

|IR|=|Ian|cosθ
Ian_max=Imax
IR_max=Imaxcosθ

iR=Imaxcosθcosωt

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Power in Single Phase AC Circuits

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 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits

 Fundamental unit of power is watt, it termed as real or active power

 Cosine of angle b/w voltage and current is called power factor
 Inductive circuits have lagging power factor
 Capacitive circuits have leading power factor
 Lagging power factor indicate that the current is lagging the voltage

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 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits
 Second term of instantaneous power is termed as reactive power
 Its alternately positive and negative and its average value is zero
 It express the flow of energy towards the load and away from the load alternately
 It is designated as Q
 Maximum value of Q can be written as

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Power in Single Phase AC Circuits

|v||I|COSθ=P
|v||I|=√P2+Q2

Apparent power= |S|=|v||I|=√P2+Q2

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 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits

Θ is positive for the inductive case and reactive power is also positive
Θ is negative for the capacitive case and reactive power is also negative

If capacitor and inductive and connected in parallel, reactive power for the RL circuit is
180 degree out of phase with RC circuit. The net reactive power is the difference b/w them

Power system engineer usually consider capacitor as generator of positive reactive power
Than a load which draws negative reactive power

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 Complex Power

The product of voltage and conjugate of current is V=| V|∠α,

called complex power and is represented by S load
I=| I| ∠β

Reactive power will be positive when ∠α-β is greater than zero, which mean load is inductive

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 Complex Power
Example

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 Complex Power

Positive power is being supplied by E is equivalent to –ve power being

absorbed by E

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 Power Triangle

In general SR≠ S1+S2

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 Direction of Power Flow

If Voltmeter and Ammeter both reads upscale to show E= 100 and I= 10 Battery is being
charged and it is Absorbing power
If the ammeter connection have to reversed to read upscale reading with the same current
direction then I=-10 and power is negative. It mean source is absorbing -1000W or it is
delivering 1000W.
Positive power is being supplied by E inside the box is equivalent to –ve power being absorbed
by E
Real power is being absorbed with upscale reading
when Varmeter is connected Reactive Power is being absorbed with upscale reading
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 Direction of Power Flow

If wattmeter shows upscale battery is being charged and it is Absorbing power

If the wattmeter connection has to be reversed to read upscale reading with the same current
direction power is negative.

When I lags V between 0° and 90° P and Q are both positive indicating that active and
reactive power is absorbed by the circuit inside the box (inductive circuit)

When I leads V between 0° and 90° P is positive indicating that active power is absorbed by
the circuit inside the box and Q is –ve indicating that reactive power is supplied the circuit
inside the box(capacitive circuit)

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Direction of Power Flow

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Direction of Power Flow

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Direction of Power Flow

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Voltage and Current in balance three phase Circuits
power system are supplied with three phase generator
Ideally the generators are supplying balanced three phase load

abc phase sequence

Ea’o lead Eb’o and Eb’o lead Dr.

Ec’oJunaid
by 120
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Direction of Power Flow

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 Direction of Power Flow

Short hand method for representing balance three phase system

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Phase Sequence definition

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