Exercise 1.

1
1
Chapter 1
Therefore B is a rectangular matrix

Chapter 1 1 0 0 
iii). C  0 2 0 
 
0 0 1 
Matrix:An arrangement of numbers in the form of
rows and columns in a square bracket is called a 1 0 0 
matrix” and is denoted by A,B,C,… Solution: Given C  0 2 0
 
Order of the Matrix:If A is a matrix, then 0 0 1 
order of A = ord (A)= No: of Rows  No: of Columns. number of rows = 3
order of A = ord (A)= No: of Rows –by- No: of Columns. number of colums = 3
Note that order of matrix is also called dimension or size Thus number of rows = number of columns
Example1. Write the number of rows and columns of Therefore A is a square matrix
following matrices and hence mention their orders. iv). D   5
 p q 3 4 7 
i). A  ii).B  Solution: Given D   5
r s 5 6 8  number of rows = 1
 p q number of colums =1
i). solution; Given A   
r s Thus number of rows = number of columns
number of rows = 2 Therefore A is a square matrix
number of colums = 2 v). E   3 4
Hence order ( A ) = 2-by- 2 Solution: Given E   3 4
3 4 7  number of rows = 1
ii). solution; Given B   
5 6 8  number of colums = 2
number of rows = 2 Thus number of rows  number of columns
number of colums = 3 Therefore A is a rectangular matrix
Hence order ( A ) = 2-by- 3 vi).  1
F  
Equal matrix:Let A and B are two matrix of the same 7
order, are equal if their corresponding elements are Solution: Given F   1
equal. e.g. A  
a b
 & B   a b  7
c d  c d  number of rows = 2
then A  B iff a  e, b  f , c  g , d  h number of colums = 1
Thus number of rows  number of columns
1 2 3   1 11 12
4  Therefore A is a rectangular matrix
e.g.   and   are equal
6 5 4  4  2
10 8
2 2  Q2. List the order of the following matrices.
whereas the matices 1 2 1
i). A   
1 2 3 4 2 
3 4 and 1 2 3  are not equal 1 2 1
  6 5 4  Solution: Given A  
5 6    
3 4 2 
number of rows = 2
Exercise 1.1
number of colums = 3
Q1. Which of the following are square and which are Hence order ( A ) = 2-by- 3
rectangular matrices?
ii). B   4
 2 3
i). A    Solution: Given B   4
 0 5
number of rows = 1
 2 3
Solution: Given A   
number of colums =1
 0 5 Hence order ( B ) = 1-by- 1
number of rows = 2  2 3 1
number of colums = 2 iii). C   
1 2 5 
Thus number of rows = number of columns
Therefore A is a square matrix  2 3 1
Solution: Given C   
6 3 1 1 2 5 
ii). B   
1 5 2  number of rows = 2
6 3 1 number of colums =3
Solution: Given B    Hence order ( C ) = 2-by- 3
1 5 2 
2 1
number of rows = 2 iv). D   3
 2 
number of colums = 3
Thus number of rows  number of columns  4 1

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 1.1
2
Chapter 1
2 1  x  3 z  4 2 y  7  0 6 3 y  2
Solution: Given D   3 2   6 a  1
  0    6 3 2c  2 
 4 1
b  3 21 0   2b  4 21 0 
number of rows = 3
then corresponding elements must be equal
number of colums = 2
Hence order ( D ) = 3-by- 2 x3 0 z46 2 y  7  3y  2
v). E  3 2 x  03 z  64 2  7  3 y  2 y
Solution: Given E  3 2 x  3 z2 5  y
number of rows = 1 b  3  2b  4 a  1  3 0  2c  2
number of colums =2
Hence order ( E ) = 1-by- 2 4  3  2b  b a  3  1 2c  2
1 2 3  7  b a  2 c 2
2  1
vi). F  6 5 9  Q7. Solve the following equation for a,b,c,d
0 0 0   ab b  2c   1 4 
 2c  d 
Solution: Given
1 2 3 
 2a  d   8 0 
F  6 5 9 
Soultion: Giventwo equal matrices so, A  B
0 0 0 
 ab b  2c   1 4 
number of rows = 3  2c  d 
number of colums = 3  2a  d   8 0 
Hence order ( F ) = 3-by- 3 then corresponding elements must be equal
3 2 4  a  b  1
 2 5 0  b  2c  4......  2 
Q3. If
A
give the following b  1  a..... 1
2 1 5
  2a  d  0
 3 4 6
2c  d  8......  3
elements. 2a  d ......  4 
i). a12 = 2 ii). a23 = 0 Putting eq (1) in eq (2)
iii). a32 = 1 iv). a43 = 6 1  a  2c  4
v). a13 = - 4 vi). a33 = 5 a  2c  4  1
Q4. Which of the following matrices are equal? a  2c  5..........  5 
 2 5  2 5 Putting eq (4) in eq (3)
A  ,B   ,
 1 3  4 3 2a  2c  8................  6 
1  1 3  2   2 4  1 Substracting eq (5) from eq (6)
C  ,D   2a  2c  8
 4 2  1 1 3 
a  2c  5
 2 5  2 4  1
Solution: Given A     D, 3a  3
 1 3  1 3 
Or a 1
 2 5 1  1 3  2  Putting the value of a in eq (1) and eq (4)
B  C
 4 3  4 2  1  b  1  1 d  2 1
and
 2 3  v 3 b  2 d 2
Q5.Let A    and B    for what Putting the value of d in eq (3)
u 0  5 w 
2c  2  8
values of u,v and w are A and B equal
 2 3  v 3 2c  8  2
Solution: Given A    and B    are
u 0  5 w  c  62  3
equal so, A  B then corresponding elements must Types of Matrices:
 2 3 v 3 a). Row matrix
be equal    A matrix having one row is called a row matrix.
u 0  5 w  b). Column matrix:
2v u 5 0w A matrix having one column is called a column matrix.
 x  3 z  4 2 y  7  0 6 3 y  2 c). Rectangular Matrix:
Q6.If  6 a  1 0    6  3 2c  2 
   A matrix in which rows and columns are not equal in
b  3 21 0   2b  4 21 0  numbers or a matrix of order m  n if m  n
find the values of a,b,c,x,y and z d). Square matrix:A matrix in which rows and
Soultion: Giventwo equal matrices so, A  B column are equal in numbers or a matrix of order
m  n if m  n

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 1.2
3
Chapter 1
e).Null or Zero matrix:A matrix in which all the elements or  6 7 8
T  13 1 3
entries are zero, is called a null or zero matrix denoted by O.
iv).
0 0
O22     2 4 5
e.g. 0 0  , O11   0 
f). Diagonal Matrix:A square matrix in which all the  6 13 2 
elements except at least one element of the diagonal are Solution: T  7 1 4 
t

zero is called a diagonal matrix. Some elements of the

8 3 5 
diagonal matrix may be zero but not all.. e.g. 
2 0
0 4 Q2. Find which of the following matrices are
 
g). Unit or Identity matrix: A scalar matrix transpose of each other.
having each element in the diagonal equal to 1 is a a  a b1 
A   1 2  ii) B 1
b2 
i).
called a Unit or Identity Matrix and is denoted by I.  b1 b2   a2
1 0 
i.e., I    3 4
 3 1 1
iv). D   1 2 
0 1  C
iii).  
h). Scalar matrix:A diagonal matrix having 4 2 7  1
same/equal elements in its diagonal is called Scalar matrix. 7 
4 0  1 0  Solution: At  B or Bt  A
e.g.   and  0 1 are scalar matrix. t
0 4    a1 a2   a1 b1 
b 
b2   a2 b2 
i.e.,
i). Transpose of Matrix:If a matrix of order m  n ,  1
then a matrix of order n  m obtained by interchanging the Ct  F or Ft  C
row and columns of A is called the transpose of A. it is  3 4
 3 1
t

a b  a c  4
1
 1 2 
7 
i.e.,
A then A   
t t
denoted by A . i.e.    2
 1 7 
c d  b d 
J). Symmetric MatrixIf a square matrix A  At Q3. Which of following matrices are symmetric.
then A is said to be symmetric matrix. For example  5 7 
i). A 
1
A
2 1
 At  
2
 At  A  1 5 
2 4  2 4 
 5 1
J). Skew symmetric MatrixIf a square matrix Sol: At   A  At  A
A   A then A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix.
t  7 5 
So by definition A is not symmetric
 0 3 
For example A     1 2
3 0  B
3
ii).
2
 0 3 0 3
At        At   A  1 2
 3 0  3 0  Bt   B  Bt  B
3
Sol:
2
Exercise 1.2 So by definition B is symmetric
Q1. Write transpose of the following matrices.
3 4
1 2  C
6 
iii).
i). P  5
3 1 
3 5
1 3 Ct   C  Ct  C
6 
Sol:
Solution: Pt    4
 2 1 So by definition C is not symmetric
 l m 1 2 3
ii). Q  D
n p 
iv). 
4 5 6
 l n 1 4 
Solution: Qt   
m p  Sol: D   2 5   D
t
 Dt  D
iii). R   6  3 6 
Solution: R   6 So by definition D is not symmetric
t

Q4. Find which of the following matrices are skew-

 5 1
iii). symmetric matrices?
S   2 1 
 4 4  0 4
A
0 
i).
 5 2 4   4
Solution: St    4 
 1 1 4 0  0 4
Sol: At        A
4 0  4 0 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 1.2
4
Chapter 1
 At   A , So by definition A is skew-symmetric scalar multiplication of A by k and is denoted by kA
and k is called scalar multiple of A.
 0 5 
ii). B   4 0   2  4 2  0  8 0 
5 0  2A  2    
 0 5 0 5 1 9   2 1 2  9   2 18
Sol: Bt        B Commutative property w.r.t Addition If A and B are
 5 0  5 0  any two Matrices of Same order then A  B  B  A
 Bt   B , So by definition B is skew-symmetric is called commutative law under addition.
0 7  2 5  2 1 
iii). C  Example 4: Let A    ,B   
7 0  4 7  3 6 
0 7  2 5  2 1 
Sol: Ct     C  C  C t  C Sol: Given A  ,B    these matrices
7 0  4 7  3 6 
So by definition C is not skew-symmetric are of the same order, SO these are conformable for
 0 3 2 addition Then A  B  
2 5   2 1   2  (2) 5  1 
4  
7   3 6   4  (3) 7  6 
iv). D   3 0 1  
0 6
 2 1 0  A B  
1 13
0 3 2  0 3 2
     2
1   2 5   2  2 1  5 
Sol: D  3 0 1   3 0 1   D
t
B A   
    6  4 7   3  4 6  7 
 3
 2 1 0   2 1 0 
0 6 
 Dt   D , So by definition D is skew-symmetric B A   Hence A  B  B  A
Algebra of Matrix 1 13
Conformable for Addition or Subtraction Associative property of Addition:
Two matrices are conformable for addition or If A ,B and C are any three Matrices of same order is
subtraction if they are of the same order associative, if  A  B   C  A   B  C 
 1 3 4 7
Let A    and B    these are Example 5:If A   1 2  , B   4 5 , C  3 2
 4 3 6 7  1 0 
 3 2  10 13      
conformable for addition because both are same order of 2-by-2 then prove that  A  B   C  A   B  C 
Addition of Matrices:The sum of two matrices of the
 1 2   4 5 3 2
same order can be obtained by only adding their Sol: Given A    ,B    ,C   
corresponding elements.  4 3 6 7  1 0 
3 8 4 0  these matrices are of the same order, SO these are
Example 2 if A    ,B    conformable for addition, So taking LHS
4 6 1 9    1 2   4 5  3 2 
We see that A and B both are 2-by-2 matrices, so these  A  B  C       
are conformable for addition   4 3 6 7   1 0 
 3 8  4 0  3  4 8 0   1  4 2  (5)  3 2   3 3 3 2 
   
Sol: A  B       46 3  7  1 0  10 4  1 0 
 4 6  1 9  4 1 6 9 
 3  3 3  (2)   6 5
7 8   ..................1
A B   10  1 4  0  11 4 
5 3
 1 2    4 5 3 2  
Subtraction of Matrices: Difference of two matrices RHS  A   B  C      
of the same order can be obtained by only subtracting  4 3   6 7  1 0  
their corresponding elements.  1 2   4  3 5  (2)   1 2  7 7 
   
 4 3  6  1 7  0   4 3 7 7 
3 8 4 0 
Example 3 if A    ,B     1  7 2  (7)   6 5
4 6 1 9    ...............  2 
 47 3  7  11 4 
We see that A and B both are 2-by-2 matrices, so these From eq (1) and eq (2)
are conformable for addition
 A  B  C  A   B  C 
 3 8  4 0  3 7 8 0 
Sol: A  B      Additive Identity: In real numbers zero is the additive
 4 6  1 9  4 1 6 9  identity i.e. the sum of real number and zero is equal to that
 1 8  real number A  0  0  A  A .
A B   
 3 15 Similarly, zero matrix O is called the additive identity matrix
Multiplication of Matrix by Real numbers. 1 0 0
Example 6: A   3  0 0 
& O
Let A be any Matrix and k  R , then matrix obtained 5 
,
2 
by multiplying each element of A by k is called the

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise # 1.3
5
Chapter 1
 3 1 0 0  Hence order of the matrices are not same
A  & O  0 0  Now Therefore they are not conformable for additon
Sol: Given 2 5    Note that After scalar multiplication order of the
 3 1 0 0  3  0 1  0  matices remains same
AO    
 2 5  0 0  2  0 5  0  iv). 7C + 2D
Solution; C has order 2-by-2 and
 3 1 D has order 2-by-2
AO   A and
Hence order of the matrices are not same
2 5 
Therefore they are not conformable for additon
0 0   3 1  0  3 0  ( 1) 
O A    Note that After scalar multiplication order of the
0 0   2 5  0  2 0  5  matices remains same
 3 1 1 
O A  A Q2:i). Multiply A   2  by 2
2 5   
 3 
Hence A  0  0  A  A
Then Matrix O is called additive identity 1 
Solution: Given A   2 
Additive Inverse of Matrix:If two matrices A and B are  
such that their sum (A+B) is zero matrix, then A and B  3 
are called additive inverses of each other. 1   2 1   2 
 3 2 1 2 A  2  2    2  2   4
Example 7 Prove that P  and
 2 4 6   3  2  3  6 
 3 2 1  a b c
Q  are additive inverse of each other. Q2:ii). Multiply C   by p  R
 2 4 6  d e f 
 3 2 1  3 2 1  a b c
Sol: P    and Q    Solution: Given C  
 2 4 6   2 4 6  d e f 
 3 2 1  3 2 1   pa pb pc 
Take P  Q     pC  
 2 4 6   2 4 6   pd pe pf 
3  (3) 2  (2) 1  1   1 2 1
PQ   
 2  2 4  (4) 6  ( 6)  Q3.

Find a matrix X such that 4 X  4 2 3

 
0 0 0  1 9 7 
PQ   O
0 0 0  1 2 1
 3 2 1   3 2 1 
Solution: Given 4 X  4 2 3

Now Q  P      
 2 4 6   2 4 6   1 9 7 
 3  3 2  1 1  (1)   1 2 1
Q p   
 2  (2) 4  4 6  6  Or X 
1
4 2 3
0 0 0 4
QP    1 9 7 
  O Hence P and Q are
0 0 0  14 24 14 
X   44 42 43 
additive inverse of each other. i.e., P+Q = Q+P = O
Exercise # 1.3
 41 94 74 
Q1. Let A & B by 2-by-3 matrices and C & D be 2-
square matrices. Which of the following matrices  14 12 14 
operations are definded. For those which are defind, X   1 12 34 
give the dimension of the resulting matrix.
i). A+B  41 94 74 
Solution: both matrices are same order 2-by-3
1 2   3 2 
Therefore they are conformable for addition   
Q4.If A  3 4 & B  1 5 , find 3A  B

ii). B+D    
Solution; B has order 2-by-3 and 5 6   4 3 
D has order 2-by-2
Hence order of the matrices are not same 1 2   3 2 
 
Solution: Given A  3 4 and B  1 5
 
Therefore they are not conformable for additon    
iii). 3A – 2C 5 6   4 3 
Solution; A has order 2-by-3 and
C has order 2-by-2
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.3
6
Chapter 1
1 2  3 2  40  4 04 
X   20  8 10  4 
    1
Now 3 A  B  3 3 4  1 5
    3
5 6   4 3  15  10 30  2 
 3 6   3 2  36 4  12 4
3 
3 A  B   9 12   1 5 X  12 14   4 
1 14
3 3 
15 18  4 3   25 28   253 28
3

 33 6 2  Q7. Find x,y,z and w if
3 A  B   9  1 12  5 3
x y   x

6  4

x  y
  3 
15  4 18  3  z w  1 2w 3  w
x y   x 6  4 x  y
6 8  Sol: 3     
3 A  B   8 17   z w  1 2w 3  w 3 
11 15 3 x 3 y   x  4 6  x  y
3z 3w   1  3  w 2 w  3 
   
1 2 3  3 1 2 
 By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
Q5.Given A  5 0
 2  & B   4 2 5  ,

elements must be equal
1 1 1   2 3 0  3x  x  4 3y  6  x  y
find the matrix C such that A  2B  C 3x  x  4 3 y  y  6  2 putting x  2
1 2 3  3 1 2  2x  4 2y  8
A  5 0 2  B   4 2 5 
Solution: &
x2 y4
1 1 1   2 3 0 
We have to find C  A  2B 3z  1  3  w
3w  2 w  3
1 2 3  3 1 2  3z  2  3 putting w  3
3w  2 w  3
 
C  5 0 2   2  4 2 5  3z  5
w3
1 1 1   2 3 0  z  53
1 2 3 6 2 4  Q8. Find X & Y if X  Y  5 2  & X  Y   
3 6

C  5 0 2   8 4 10  0 9  0 1
5 2
1 1 1   4 6 0  Solution: X  Y    ……………(1)
0 9 
1  6 2  2 3  4   3 6  ……………(2)
C  5  8 0  4 2  10 
and X Y   
0 1
1  4 1  6 1  0  adding eq (1) and (2)

7 0 1 5 2   3 6 
2X    
C  13 4 12 0 9  0 1
 5 5 1  1  5  3 2  6
2X  
2 0  0 9  1 
 2 2  8 0 
Q6. If A  4
 2  and B   4 2  , then find 1  8 8  4 4 
 X 
 5 1   3 6  2 0 8 0 4
Putting the value of x in eq (1)
the matrix X such that 2 A  3 X  5B
4 4 5 2 
 2 2  8 0   0 4   Y  0 9 
    
Solution; Given A  4
 2  & B   4 2 

5 2  4 4 
 5 1   3 6  Y   
0 9  0 4 
Given that 2 A  3 X  5B 5  4 2  4 
3 X  5B  2 A Y  
0  0 9  4 
1
X 5B  2 A putting the values of A and B  1 2 
Y  
3
0 5 
 8 0   2 2 
1    2 3 
X  5  4 2  2  4 2  
 Q9:i).Let A    , if c  2 and d  4 then
3 4 5 
  3 6   5 1  
verify that  c  d  A  cA  dA
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.3
7
Chapter 1
 2 3   2 3 
Solution: Given A    and c  2 , d  4 Solution: Given A    & c  2, d  4
4 5  4 5 
 2 3  2 3
Taking LHS  c  d  A   2  4    Taking LHS cd  A    2  4   
4 5  4 5 
 2 3  2 3
 c  d  A   2    cd  A   8  
4 5  4 5 
 2  2   2  3   16 24 
c  d  A    cd  A     ........... 1
 2  4   2  5   32 40 
 4 6    2 3 
c  d  A    .................. 1 Now taking RHS c  dA    2    4   
 8 10  4 5  
 2 3  2 3  8 12 
Now RHS cA  dA  2     4    c  dA    2   
4 5  4 5   16 20 
 4 6   8 12   16 24 
cA  dA     c  dA     ....................... 2
8 10   16 20  32  40 
 4  8 6  12  From eq (1) and eq (2) we get cd  A   c  dA 
cA  dA   
8  16 10  20   1 2 3  3 1 2 
 4 6    
Q10:i).Let A  4 2 0 , B  5 3 4

cA  dA    ................  2     
 8 10   3 2 5  3 4 0 
From eq (1) and eq (2) we get  c  d  A  cA  dA compute if Possible A  2B
 2 3   2 5  1 2 3  3 1 2 
Q9:ii). Let A    , B  and if Solution: since A   4 
2 0 , B   5 3 4
4 5   1 3 
 3 2 5  3 4 0 
c  2 then verify that c  A  B   cA  cB
 1 2 3 3 1 2 
 2 3   2 5 
Now A  2 B  4 2 0  2 5
  3 4 
Solution: Since A    , B   1 3 , c  2   
4 5     3 2 5  3 4 0 
  2 3  2 5 
Taking LHS c  A  B   2      1 2 3  6 2 4
  4 5   1 3  A  2 B   4 2 0    10 6 8 
 2  2 3  5  3 2 5   6 8 0 
c  A  B  2  
 4 1 5  3 
 1  6 2  2 3  4 
c  A  B  2 
4 2 A  2 B   4  10 2  6 0  8

3 8  3  6 2  8 5  0 
8 4 
c  A  B    ..................1  5 0 7
6 16  A  2 B   6 8 8 
 2 3  2 5  9 6 5 
Now RHS cA  cB  2    2 
4 5   1 3
 1 2 3  3 1 2 
 4 6   4 10    
cA  cB     Q10:ii). Let A  4 2 0 , B  5 3 4
8 10   2 6     
 3 2 5  3 4 0 
 4  4 6  10 
cA  cB    compute if Possible 3 A  4B
 8  2 10  6   1 2 3  3 1 2 
8 4    
Sol:since A  4 2 0 , B  5 3 4

cA  cB    .................  2     
6 16   3 2 5  3 4 0 
From eq (1) and eq (2) we get c  A  B   cA  cB
 1 2 3  3 1 2 
 2 3    
Now 3 A  4 B  3 4 2 0  4 5 3 4

Q9:iii). Let A    ,if c  2 and d  4 then    
4 5   3 2 5  3 4 0 
verify that cd  A   c  dA 

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise # 1.3
8
Chapter 1
 3 6 9   12 4 8   1  3 2  1 3  2   2 3 6 
3 A  4 B  12 6 0    20 12 16   A  B   C   4  5 2  3 0  4   0 4 1
 3  3 2  4 5  0   5 1 3 
 9 6 15  12 16 0 
 2 1 5   2 3 6 
 3  12 6  4 9 8   A  B   C   1 5 4    0 4 1
   
3 A  4 B  12  20 6  12 0  16   6 2 5   5 1 3 
 9  12 6  16 15  0   2  2 1  3 5  6

 15 10 1   A  B   C   1  0 5  4 4  1
 6  5 2  1 5  3

3 A  4 B   32 6 16 
 4 2 11
 3 22 15 
 A  B   C   1 9 3 
 1 2 3 3 1 2   11 1 8 
Q10:iii). Let A  4
 
2 0 , B   5 3 4 Q11. Prove that in the following matrices

 3 commutative law of addition holds.
2 5  3 4 0 
7 1  1 1
 2 3 6 i). A     2 2 
, B
 2 4  
and C  0
 4 1 compute if Possible
7
1  1 1 
 5 1 3  Solution: LHS A  B   
4   2 2
2
 A  B  C
 7  1 1  1  8 2 
 1 2 3  3 1 2  2 3 6  A B     ............... 1
Sol: A   4    5 3 4    2  2 4  2  4 6
 2 0  , B   C   0 4 1
 3 2 5  3 4 0   5 1 3  1 1  7 1 
Now RHS B  A    
Now 2 2  2 4
  1 2 3  3 1 2   2 3 6  1  7 1  1 
 A  B   C    4 2 0  5 3 4    0 4 1 B A 
2  2 2  4

 3 2 5  3 4 0  5 1 3 
      8 2 
 1  3 2  1 3  2   2 3 6 
B A   ................  2 
4 6
 A  B   C   4  5 2  3 0  4   0 4 1 From eq (1) and eq (2)
 3  3 2  4 5  0   5 1 3  LHS=RHS Hence proved
 2 1 5   2 3 6   3 4 5   3 4 5 
 A  B   C   1 5 4   0 4 1 ii). A    ,B   
2 3 1 1 2 3
 6 2 5   5 1 3 
 3 4 5  3 4 5
 2  2 1  3 5  6 Solution: LHS A  B    
 2 3 1   1 2 3
 A  B   C   1  0 5  4 4  1
 6  5 2  1 5  3
 3  (3) 4  (4) 5  5
A B  
 2 1 3 2 1  3 
 0 4 1
 A  B   C  1 1 5   6 0 0 
A B    ………………….(1)
 1 3 2   3 5 4
 1 2 3 3 1 2   3 4 5  3 4 5
Q10:iv). Let A   4 2 0 , B   5 RHS B  A    
   3 4 and  1 2 3  2 3 1 
 3 2 5  3 4 0   3  (3) 4  4 5  (5) 
B A 
 2 3 6 
 1 2 23 3  1 
C   0 4 1 compute if Possible A B  C
 6 0 0 
 5 1 3  B A   ………………….(2)
 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 6   3 5 4
Sol: A   4 2 0 , B  5 3 4 C   0 4 1 From eq (1) and eq(2)
     LHS=RHS Hence proved
 3 2 5  3 4 0   5 1 3 
Now Q12:i). Verify that A   B  C    A  B  C
  1 2 3  3 1 2   2 3 6   2 3 5 2  1 7
where A   ,B   ,C  
 A  B   C    4 2 0  5 3 4    0 4 1 4 1 

3 6 
 
 6 3
 3 2 5  3 4 0  5 1 3 
     
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.3
9
Chapter 1
Solution: LHS 3 4
Q13i). Find additive inverse of A   
2 3  5 2  1 7   6 2
A B  C     
4 1   3 6   6 3  Solution: Suppose that B is the additive inverse of A
then by definition of additive inverse
 2 3  5  1 2  7 
A B C      A B  0  B  A
 4 1  3  (6) 6  (3)   3 4   3 4 
Then  A     
 2 3  6 5 6 2   6 2 
A B  C    
 4 1   3 3  a a b 
 2  6 3  5 Q13ii). Find additive inverse of B   c a b 
A B  C     
 4  (3) 1  3   l m n 
8 2  Solution: Suppose that A is the additive inverse of B
A B C    …………………………(1) then by definition of additive inverse
1 4  A B  0  A  B
 2 3 5 2   1 7 
RHS  A  B   C       
a a b   a a b 
Then  B    c b    c b 
  4 1  3 6    6 3  a a
 2  5 3  (2)   1 7   l m n   l m n 
 A  B  C   
4  3 1  6   6 3 Q14:i). Show that
A  1 2 3 , B   1 2 3 are additive
7 5  1 7 
 A  B  C     inverse of each other.
7 7   6 3
Solution: A  B  1 2 3   1 2 3
 7 1 5  7 
 A  B  C    A  B  1  (1) 2  2 3  (3) 
7  (6) 7  (3) 
8 2 A  B   0 0 0  O
 A  B  C   ………………………..(2)
1 4  Similarly B  A   1 2 3  1 2 3
B  A   1  1 2  (2) 3  3
From eq (1) and eq(2)
LHS=RHS Hence proved
Q12:ii). Verify that A   B  C    A  B  C B  A   0 0 0  O
Hence By definition A and B are additive inverse of
a b c   1 2 3  2 1 1
where A    ,B    ,C    each other. i.e., A  B  B  A  O
 3 4 5  2 1 4 3 1 2   a b   a b 
Q14:ii). Show that C   ,D  
Sol: LHS A   B  C   a b c     1 2 3  2 1 1   c d 

 c d 

 3 4 5  2 1 4 3 1 2
     
are additive inverse of each other.
a b c   1  2 2  1 3  (1)   a b   a b 
A B C   
3 4 5  2  3 1  1 4  (2)  Solution: C  D    
 c d   c  d 
a b c  3 3 2   a  (a ) b  b 
A B  C   
3 4 5 1 2 2  CD 
 c  c d  (  d ) 
a  3 b  3 c  2 0 0 
A B C    CD
 3  1 4  2 5  2 O
0 0 
a  3 b  3 c  2  a b   a b 
A B  C  
7  Similarly D  C   
………..(1)
 4 6 
 c  d   c d 
 a b c   1 2 3  2 1 1
RHS  A  B   C       a  a b  (b) 
 3 4 5  2 1 4  3 1 2 DC   
 c  ( c )  d  d 
 a 1 b  2 c  3 2 1 1
 A  B  C    0 0 
3  (2) 4  1 5  4   3 1 2  DC   O
a  1 b  2 c  3  2 1 1 0 0 
 A  B  C   
9   3 1 2 
Hence By definition C and D are additive inverse of
 1 5
each other. i.e., C  D  D  C  O
a  1  2 b  2  1 c  3  (1) 
 A  B  C   Q14:iii). Show that
 1 3 5 1 9  (2) 
 1 2 4  1 2 4 
a  3 b  3 c  2
 A  B  C   ……….(2) E   2 1 3  , F   2 1 3 are additive
 
 4 6 7 
 3 4 2  3 4 2 
From eq (1) and eq (2)
inverse of each other.
LHS=RHS Hence proved
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.3
10
Chapter 1
 1 2 4   1 2 4   2 3   3  2  3  3  5 
AB      
Sol: E  F   2 1 3    2 1 3  
    1 4  5 1 3  4  5 
 3 4 2   3 4 2   6  15   21
AB    
 1  (1) 2  2 4  4  3  20   23

E  F   2  (2) 1  (1) 3  (3)  Note That Commutative law of multiplication does not hold
 3  3 4  (4) 2  2   6 3  3 2 
Example 10: Let A    B 
0 0 0   2 5  1 5
E  F  0 0 0  O Determine whether AB  BA
0 0 0  6 3  3 2 
Solution: Given A    B 
 1 2 4   1 2 4  2 5  1 5
Similarly F  E   2 1 3   2 1 3   6 3  3 2 
    AB    
 3 4 2   3 4 2  2 5  1 5 
 1  1 2  (2) 4  (4)   6  3   31  6  2    3 5  
AB   
F  E   2  2 1  1 3  3   2  3   5 1  2  2    5  5  
3  (3) 4  4 2  (2)   18  3 12  15
AB   
0 0 0  6  5 4  25 
F  E  0 0 0  O  15 27 
0 0 0
AB    .................... 1
 1 29 
Hence By definition E and F are additive inverse of  3 2   6 3
each other. i.e., E  F  F  E  O Now BA    
 1 5   2 5
Multiplication of Matrices:To multiply these two
matrices, we start with first row of the matrix A and  3 6    2  2   3 3   2 5
BA  
multiply its each element with the corresponding  1 6    5 2  1 3   55 
elements of the first column of the matrix B and add
 18  4 9  10 
the products. BA  
 6  10 3  25 
Note that
1. The product of the matrices A and B is possible only  14 1 
BA    ...........................  2 
when the numbers of columns of a matrix A is equal  16 28
to the numbers of the rows of the matrix B. Form eq (1) and eq (2) we get AB  BA
2. The number of rows in the product AB is equal to 1 2   2 2
the number of rows in the matrix A and the number Example 11: Let A    & B 
of the columns in matrix B. 3 4  3 5
3. Product of A and B is written as A B or simply Show that AB  BA
AB. 1 2   2 2
4. In general matrices do not posses commutative Solution: Given A    & B 
3 4  3 5
property of multiplication. i.e. AB  BA
1 2   2 2 
2 3  3 Taking LHS AB    
Example 9:i) If A    , B    ,then Is it 3 4   3 5 
1 4  5 
possible to find AB and BA  1 2    2  3 1 2    2  5 
AB  
Solution: The number of columns of A= The numbers  3 2    4  3  3 2    4  5
of rows of B, So the product AB is conformable for
 2  6 2  10 
multiplication. AB   
Similarly, The number of columns of B  The 6  12 6  20 
numbers of rows of A, So the product BA is not  8 12 
conformable for multiplication. AB    .................. 1
18 26 
2 3  3
Example 9:i) If A    , B    ,then find  2 2  1 2 
1 4  5  Now taking RHS BA    
possible product.  3 5  3 4 
2 3  3  2 1   2  3  2  2    2  4  
Sol: Given A   , B    Now BA   

1 4  5    31   5  3  3 2    5  4  
 26 48 
BA   
3  15 6  20 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.3
11
Chapter 1
 8 12  1 5  2  2 1 3  2  4  1 6  2  5 1 2  2 1 
BA    ....................  2    
3  5  4  2 3  3  4  4  3  6  4  5 3  2  4 1
18 26
Form eq (1) and eq (2) we get AB  BA  5  4 3  8   6  10 2  2 
  
Associative Law under multiplication If A ,B and C are 15  8 9  16 18  20 6  4 
any three Matrices are conformable for multiplication
 9 11  16 4   9  16 11  4 
then property  AB  C  A  BC  is called    
associative law of matrices under multiplication.  23 25 38 10  23  38 25  10 
1  1 2  25 15 
Example 12: A    , B  3 2 , C  
AB  AC     2
  61 35
 2 3 4 
A  B  C   AB  AC
then verify that A  BC    AB  C From eq (1) & eq (2) we get
1   1 2  Multiplicative identity of a matrix
Solution; LHS A  BC      3 2   Let Givena matrix I and a matrix A. so AI  IA  A
 2  3 4  
1 2 3 1 0 
1  Example 14: Let A    ,I   
A  BC      31   2  3  3 2    2  4  4 5 6 0 1 
2 1 0   1 2 3 
1  Then we see that IA    
A  BC     3  6 6  8 0 1   4 5 6 
2
11   0  4  1 2    0  5  1 3   0  6 
1  1 9 114  IA  
A  BC     9 14     0 1  1 4   0  2   1 5   0  3  1 6 
2  2  9 2 14 
1  0 2  0 3  0 
 9 14  IA   
A  BC     0  4 0  5 0  6 
18 28
1 2 3
 1  1 2 IA     A But AI is not defined because
Now RHS  AB  C     3 2    4 5 6
  2  3 4 
number of columns in A  number of rows in I
1 3 1 2  1 2 
 AB  C     1 1 0   9 3
 2  3 2  2  3 4  Example 15 ; if I    ,A 
3 2  1 2   3 1  2  3 3 2  2  4 0 1   4 5 
 AB  C   
6 4  3 4  6 1  4  3 6  2  4  4  1 0   9 3
Solution; IA    
0 1   4 5 
 3 6 68   9 14 
 AB  C    28
.............  2  1 9  0   4  1  3  0  5
6  12 12  16  18 IA   
From equation (1) and (2) we get 0  9  1  4  0   3  1 5
A  BC    AB  C  9 3
IA    1
Distributive Law of Multiplication over Addition
 4 5 
If A ,B and C are any three Matrices, then
 9 3 1 0 
A  B  C   AB  AC Now AI    
 4 5  0 1 
 A  B  C  AC  BC
9 1   3  0 9  0   3 1
AI  
Example 13: If A  
1 2 5 3 6 2 
 ,B    C   4 1  5  0 4  0  5 1 
3 4  2 4 5 1 
 9 3
 2
Verify the distributive law of multiplication over addition.
AI   
Sol: i). first we verify that A  B  C   AB  AC  4 5 
1 2   5 3  6 2   From equation (1) and (2) we get IA  AI  A
Take LHS A  B  C       Transpose of a matrix A matrix which is obtained by
3 4    2 4   5 1  
interchanging all the rows and columns of given
1 2  5  6 3  2 
A B  C      matrix is called its transpose and it is denoted by At
3 4   2  5 4  1  3 2
1 2 11 5 111  2  7 1 5  2  5  3 4 5  
A B  C       Example 15: if A    then A  4 4
t

3 4  7 5 3 11  4  7 3  5  4  5 2 4 6  
 5 6 
 11  14 5  10   25 15 
A B  C     1 Exp 16: if A  3 2  , B   2 5  Show tha  AB   B t At
35
t

33  28 15  20   61 
1

4 
6 7 


1 2 5 3  1 2  6 2 3 2   3 1
RHS AB  AC      Solution: A    At  
 3 4   2 4  3 4   5 1   
1 4   2 4 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 1.4
12
Chapter 1
 2 5  2 6  1 3   0  2    3  0   3
B   B t
  5 7  AB     
 6 7      2  3  1 2    6  2   4 
t
 3 2   2 5   Q3.i) Given that A   4 1 , B   1 1 Find AB
Take LHS  AB    
t
   3 1  3 4 
 1 4   6 7  
 4 1  1 1
 3 2    2  6  Solution; AB  
 3 5   2  7 
t
 
 AB   
t
 3 1  3 4 
 1 2    4  6  1 5   4  7    4 1  1 3  4  1  1 4  
AB   
 6  12 15  14    31  1 3  3 1  1 4  
t

 AB  
t

 2  24 5  28   4  3 4  4  1 0 
AB    
 6 1   6 26   3  3 3  4  0 1 
t

 AB       1
t

 26 33  1 33 3 4   1 2

Q3: ii). Given C    , D   1 2  Find CD
 2 6   3 1 1 2 2 3 
Now RHS B A  
t t
 
 5 7   2 4  3 4  1 2
Solution; CD     1 2 
  2  3   6  2   2 1   6  4   1 2  2 3 
Bt At   
 5 3   7  2   5 1   7  4    31   4   21   3 2    4   23  
CD   2 
 11   2   2  1 2    2   3  
1

 6  12 2  24   6 26 
Bt At      2 3  2 6  83  1 310 
 15  14 5  28  1 33 CD   4
 2 
 1  1 2  3  0 3 
From equation (1) and (2) we get  AB   B A
t t t
 2 1 1 0
Exercise 1.4 Q4:i). Let A   3 0  and B    Find AB
  2 1
Q1: Show that which of the following matrices are  1 4
conformable for multiplication.
2 1
a   1 1  1 0
A    , B   p q, C    , D   p r s Solution: Given A  3 0  and B  
b   2 1 
  2 1 
 1 4
Solultion: i): The number of columns of A is 1= The
numbers of rows of B is 1, So the product AB is  2 1

Now AB  3 0 
 1 0
conformable for multiplication.   2 1 
ii): The number of columns of A is 1= The numbers of  1 4  
rows of D is 1,
So the product AD is conformable for multiplication.   2 1  1 2   2  0   11 

iii): The number of columns of B is 2= The numbers of AB    31   0  2   3 0    0 1 
rows of C is 2, So the product BC is conformable for  11   4  2   1 0    4 1
multiplication.
iv): The number of columns of C is 2= The numbers of  2  2 0 1 
rows of A is 2, So the product CA is conformable for AB   3  0 0  0 
multiplication.  1  8 0  4 
 1 0  3 4 1
Q2.i) If A    , B    Is it possible to find AB
 2 1  2  AB   3 0 
Sol: i). The number of columns of A is 2= The 7 4 
numbers of rows of B is 2,
So the product AB is conformable for multiplication.  2 1
Q4: ii). Let A   3 0  & B  
1 0
 1 0  3    Does BA exists?
2 1
Q2.ii) If A    , B    Is it possible to find BA  1 4
 2 1  2 
Solution: The number of columns of B is 1  The 2 1 1 0
Solution: Given A   3 0  and B   
numbers of rows of A is 2,   2 1
So the product BA is not conformable for multiplication.  1 4

 1 0  3 Number of columns of B  number of rows of A

Q2.iii) If A    , B    Find possible product Therefore the product BA is not possible
 2 1  2 
1 1  0 1
 1 0   3  Q5.If A  ,B    , show that AB  BA
Solution: iii). AB     0 0  0 0 
 2 1   2 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 1.4
13
Chapter 1
1 1  0 1 From equation (1) and (2) we get AB  BA
Solution: Given A    , B  0 0   1  3 1
0 0    Q8.i). If A    , B   2 2 , C    , then
1 1  0 1 1  1 2
Now AB     find (AB)C & A(BC)
0 0 0 0   1  3 1
Sol: Given A    , B   2 2 , C  
 1 0   1 0  1 1  1 0   1  1 2

AB   
 0  0    0  0   0  1   0  0     1   3 1
Take  AB  C      2 2   
0  0 1  0  0 1  1    1 2
AB     ............ 1  1 2   1 2   3
0  0 0  0  0 0   AB  C  
1

0 1 1 1   1 2  1 2    1 2

Now BA      2 2   3 1 
0 0  0 0   AB  C    
 2 2   1 2 
 0 1   1 0   0 1   1 0    2  3   2  1  2 1   2  2  
BA     AB  C  
  0 1   0  0   0 1   0  0    2  3   2  1  2 1   2  2  
0  0 0  0  6  2 2  4 
BA    AB  C  
  62 2  4 
0  0 0  0 
 8 2
0 0   AB  C   1
2 
 ....................  2 
BA   8
0 0  Now Take A  BC    1   2 2  3 1 
 BA 
Form eq (1) and (2) we get AB  1   1 2  
1 1   1
Q6. If A    , then find AxA A  BC      2  3   2  1  2 1   2  2 
0 0  1
 1
1 1  A  BC      6  2 2  4
Solution; Given A    1
0 0   1
A  BC     8 2
1 1  1 1  1
Now A  A    
0 0 0 0  1 8   1 2  
A  BC   
 11  1 0  11  1 0    1 8  1 2  
A A  
 0 1   0  0   0 1   0  0   8
A  BC   
2
 2
8 2 
1  0 1  0 
A A     1  3 1
0  0 0  0  Q8:ii). If A    , B   2 2 , C   ,
1 1  1  1 2
A A    then Determine whether  AB  C  A  BC 
0 0 
Solution: From equation (1) and (2) we get
 2 3  1 1
Q7. If A    ,B    , is AB  BA  8 2 
 2 1 2 4   AB  C  A  BC    
 8 2 
 2 3  1 1
Solution: Given A    ,B   
Q8iii). Interpret which law of multiplication this result
 2 1 2 4  shows
 2 3  1 1 Answer: Associative Law of Multiplication
Now AB   
 2 1  2 4 
 Q9:i). Verify that A  B  C   AB  AC where
 2 1   3 2   2  1   3 4   1 2 1 0   3 1
AB    A  ,B    ,C   
 2 1   1 2   2  1   1 4   3 1 0 2  0 2 
 2  6 2  12   4 14  1 2  1 0  3 1 
AB     1 Sol: A    ,B    ,C   
 2  2 2  4   0 6  3 1 0 2  0 2 
1 1  2 3  we verify that A  B  C   AB  AC
Now BA    
 2 4   2 1 1 2  1 0  3 1 
1 2    1 2  1 3   1 1  Take LHS A  B  C      
BA    3 1  0 2 0 2  
  2  2    4  2   2  3   4  1 
1 2  1  3 0   1 
 2  2 3  1   4 4  A B  C     
BA      2 3 1 0  0 22 
 4  8 6  4   4 2 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 1.4
14
Chapter 1
1 2   4 1 A  B  C   AB  AC
A B  C   
From equation (1) and (2)
 
3 1  0 4  1 0  5 3
1 4    2  0  Q10: i). Let I   ,A
1 1   2  4     Find AI
A B  C    0 1  4 6 
 3 4    1 0   3 1   1 4  5 3 1 0 
Solution: Take AI  
 4  0 1  8 
A B  C    4 6  0 1 

12  0 3  4   5 1   3 0   5  0    31 
 4 9  AI   
A B  C     1   4 1   6  0   4  0    6 1 
12 7 
1 2 1 0  1 2 3 1
 5  0 0  3  5 3
Now RHS AB  AC   AI    
    4  0 0  6 4 6 
3 1 0 2 3 1 0 2 
 11   2  0  1 0    2  2   1 0   7 3 
  Q10: ii). Let I    , B  Find BI
 31   1 0   3 0    1 2   0 1   2 8
 1 3   2  0  1 1   2  2    7 3 1 0 
  Solution: BI    
 3 3   1 0   3 1   1 2    2 8  0 1 
1  0 0  4  3  0 1  4   7 1   3 0   7  0    31 
AB  AC     BI   
3  0 0  2  9  0 3  2    2 1   8 0   2  0   8 1 
1 4  3 5  7  0 0  3  7 3
AB  AC     BI  
3 2  9 5  
 2  0 0  8  2 8
1  3 4  5
AB  AC    Q11: i). Let A  3 2 1 , B   3 4 2 ,
3  9 2  5
prove that  A  B   At  B t &  A  B   At  B t
t t

 4 9 
AB  AC     2 Solution; First we prove that  A  B   A  B
t
12 7 
t t

From equation (1) and (2) A  B  C   AB  AC Take LHS  A  B   3 2 1   3 4 2

t t

Q9:ii). Verify that A  B  C   AB  AC where   3  ( 3) 24 1  2

t

 3 1  1  0 3
t
1  6
A  , B    ,C    0 
0 2  2 1
 A  B  
1
t
6 
 3 1 1   1 
Solution:since A    , B    ,C    3
0 2  2 1
Now RHS A  B  3 2 1   3 4 2
t t t t

we verify that A  B  C   AB  AC
 3  3 3  (3) 
1  1   1 
Take LHS A  B  C    A  B   2   4    2  4 
3 t t
  
0 2    2   1   1   2   1  2 
3 1 1  ( 1) 
A B  C    0 
0 2 
  2 1 

At  B t   
6   2
 3 1 0
A B  C      
3
0 2   3
Form equations (1) and (2)  A  B   A  B
t t t

 3 0    1 3   0  3 
   Now we will prove that  A  B   A  B
t
  0  0    2  3  0  6 
t t

 3 Take LHS  A  B   3 2 1   3 4 2

t t
A  B  C     1
6  3  (3) 2  4 1  2
t

 3 1 1   3 1  1

RHS AB  AC         6 2 1
t
0 2   2  0 2   1 
 31   1 2    3 1   11  6
    A  B   2 ………………….(3)
t
  0 1   2  2     0  1   2 1 
 1
 3  2   3  1 1   4
      Now RHS A  B  3 2 1   3 4 2
t t
0  4   0  2   4   2 
t t

1  (4)   3  3   3 3  (3) 

AB  AC      2 At  B t       
 2   4    2  4 
 42   6  
1  2    1 2 

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 1.4
15
Chapter 1
6   2 5   1 1 
t

A  B   2 ………………….(4)
t t Solution; LHS  AB  t
   
  3 4   2 3 
 1
   2  1   5  2   2 1   5 3  
t

Form equations (3) and (4)  A  B   A  B

t
 
t t

  3 1   4  2 
  31   4  3 
7 3 1 1 
Q11: ii). C    ,D    , prove that  2  10 2  15   8 17 
t t

 2 1 2 2  AB     
t

 3  8 3  12  11 9 
 C  D   C t  Dt and  C  D   C t  Dt
t t

 8 11
 AB   
t
Solution; First we prove that  C  D   C  D  ……………….(1)
t t t

17 9 
t
 7 3 1 1    1 1  2 5 
t t

Take LHS  C  D     

t
 Now Take RHS B A   t t
  
  2 1  2 2   2 3  3 4
 7  1 3  1
t
 1 2   2 3
C  D  
t
B t At    
  1 3 5 4 
2  2 1  2
8 2 8
t
4  1 2    2  5   1 3   2  4  
C  D   1 Bt At  
1 3   3 4  
t
 1 
4 1  2  1 2    3 5 
7 3 1 1 
t t

Now RHS C  D    2  10 3  8 
 
t t
 Bt At   
 2 1  2 2  2  15 3  12 
7 2  1 2 
C t  Dt     8 11
  2
 Bt At  
 3 1 1 2 
17 9 
 7 1 2  2 
C t  Dt   Form equations (1) and (2) we get  AB   B A
t t t

 3  1 1  2 
a b 
 8 4 Q12 ii). If C   , show that  C t   C
t
C t  Dt     2 
c d 
 2 1 
Form equations (1) and (2)  C  D   C  D
t t t a b 
Solution: Given C    then
c d 
Now we will prove that  C  D   C  D
t t t
t
a b  a c 
 7 3 1 1  
t
C 
t
  
Take LHS  C  D      c d  b d 
t

  2 1  2 2   again taking transpose
t
 7  1 3  1
t
a c  a b 
C  D   
t
 C  t t
   
 2  2 1  2  b d   c d 
6 4

t
C  t t
C

0 3  1 7
1 0 1
6 0 Q12 iii). If A    , B   8 4 
   3 2 0 6   
 4 3  0 1 
7 3 1 1  show that  AB   B A
t t t
t t
Now RHS C  D  
t t
  
 2 1  2 2  1 7
1 0 1
 7 2  1 2 
C t  Dt   Solution: Given A   , B   8 4 
  
2 0 6   
 3 1 1 2  0 1 
 7 1 2  2 
C t  Dt     1 7
 3  1 1  2  1 0 1 
First we find AB     8 4
6 0 2 0 6   0 1
C t  Dt     4  
 4 3 11   0  8   1 0  1 7    0 4    11
Form equations (3) and (4)  C  D   C  D AB  
 2  7    0  4    6 1 
t t t

  2 1   0  8   6  0 
 2 5  1 1 1  0  0 7  0  1 
, show  AB   B A
t
Q12. If A   ,B   AB  
t t
  
 3 4  2 3  2  0  0 14  0  6 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 1.4
16
Chapter 1
1 6  A   4 1   2  2 
AB   
 2 20  A  44  0
Taking transpose on both sides Hence A is a singular matrix
t
1 6   4 2 
 AB   
t
 Example 19 : if P    check whether P is a
 2 20 
 3 7 
1 2 
 AB     ................. 1
singular or non-singular matrix
t

6 20   4 2 
Solution: Given P    then
 3 7 
t
 1 7
1 0 1
t

Now B A  8 4  
4 2
t t
  2 0 6 P 
 0 1   
3 7
 1 2 P   4  7    2  3
1 8 0 
B A 
t t
 0 0 

7 4 1   1 6  P  28  6  22  0
 
Since P  0 therefore P is non-singular matrix.
11   8 0    0  1 1 2    8 0    0  6 
B A 
t t

  7 1   4  0   1 1  7  2    4  0   1 6   Adjoint of Matrix:Let a matrix of order 2  2 . Then

1  0  0 2  0  0  the matrix obtained by interchanging the elements of
B t At    diagonals of (i.e. a and d) and changing the sign of the
7  0  1 14  0  6  other elements of the other elements (i.e. b and c) is
1 2  called the adjoint of matrix A. the adjoint of the matrix
B t At    .............................. 2 is denoted by adj (A).For example, if
6 20 
a b   d b 
Form equations (1) and (2) we get  AB   B A A adjA  
t
 
t t

 c d  , then  c a 
Determinant of a matrix:
Example 20: find adjoint of the following matrices
If a square matrix A of order 2  2 , the determinant
3 2   4 2 
of A is denoted by det A or A and is defined as if i). A  ii) B   
1 4   3 1 
a b  a b
A  , then A   ad  bc 3 2 
c d  c d solution: i). Given A   
Example 17: Find the determinant of the matrix
1 4 
7 5   4 2
then adj A   
A  and evaluate it.  1 3 
7 12 
 4 2 
7 5  solution;ii) we have B   
Solution: if A    , then  3 1 
7 12 
1 2 
7 5 then adj B   
A 3 4 
7 12
A   7  12    5  7  3 2
Exmaple 21: show that   is a multiplicative
A  84  35  119 4 3
Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is called a singular
 3 2 
inverse of  
matrix if A  0  4 3 
Non-Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is called a 3 2  3 2 
Solution: To show that   and  
Non-singular matrix if A  0 4 3  4 3 
are multiplicative inverse of each other, so
 4 2   3 2   3 2 
Example 18: find whether A    is a
 2 1   4 3   4 3 
  
singular matrix
 3 3   2  4   3 2    2  3
 4 2  
Solution: Given A     4  3   3 4   4  2    3 3
 2 1 
4 2  9  8 6  6
 
Now A  12  12 8  9 
2 1
1 0 
 I
0 1 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.5
17
Chapter 1
 3 2   3 2  1 0
Now    Now AB 
 4 3   4 3  5 3
 3 3   2  4   3 2    2  3  AB   1 3   0  5 
 
 4  3   3 4   4  2    3 3  AB  3  0
 98 66  3 0
    AB  exists, now adj  AB   
1

 12  12 8  9  
 5 1
1 0  1
 I Since  AB  
1
adj  AB  putting values
0 1  AB
3 2  3 2  1 3 0
 AB  ............ 1
1
Therefore that   and   are 
4 3  4 3  3  5 1
multiplicative inverse of each other.
2 1 2 1
Multiplicative inverse of matrix:Multiplicative inverse Now B  A
3 2 1 1
A1 ,of any non-singular matrix A is given by relation
B  43 A  2  1
1 1  d b 
A  adjA 
1

A ad  bc  c a  B 1 0 A  3  0
B and A are non- singular so inverse exists
 2 1
Example22: Find the inverse A    ,  2 1  1 1
3 4 adj B    adj A    so,
using the adjoint method  3 2   1 2 
1 1
 2 1 B 1  adj B A1  adj A putting
Solution: Given A    then B A
3 4
2 1 1  2 1 1  1 1
B 1    A1  
A 1  3 2  3  1 2
3 4
 2 1  1  1 1 
A   2  4    1 3 1 1
Now B A     
 3 2   3  1 2 
A  8  3
1  2 1  1 1
B 1 A1   A  aB   a  AB 
A  5  0 3  3 2   1 2 
Therefore A is non-singular, so we find can A1 1  2 1   1 1  2  1   1 2  
B 1 A1  
4 1
Now adj A  
3  31   2  1  3 1   2  2 
 and using formula
 3 2  1  2  1 2  2 
B 1 A1 
1
A1  adjA putting the values 3  3  2 3  4 
A
1 3 0
B 1 A1  ..................  2 
A1 
1 4 1 3  5 1
5  3 2 
From eq (1) and (2) we get  AB   B A
1 1 1

 2 1 2 1
Example 22: Let A    &B   then Exercise # 1.5
 1 1 3 2
Q1. Find the determinant of the following matrices
show that  AB   B A
11 1
and evaluate them.
 2 1 2 1  5 6
Solution: Given A    & B  3 2 i). A   
 1 1    4 1 
 2 1  2 1   5 6
AB   Solution: if A    , then
    4 1 
 1 1  3 2 
 2  2   1 3  2 1  1 2  
5 6
A   5 1   6  4 
AB   4 1
 1 2   1 3 11  1 2  
A  5  24  29
 4  3 2  2 
AB     4 2 
 2  3 1 2  ii). B 
 1 0   5 13 
AB     4 2 
 5 3 Solution: Given B   
 5 13 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.5
18
Chapter 1
4 2 1 2 2
B   4 13   2  5
5 13 G  3 2 3 expanding by row 1
B  52  10  62 2 3 4
 11 7  2 3 3 3 3 2
C G 1 2 2
iii).  3 4 2 4 2 3
 6 5 
 11 7  G  1 8  9   2 12  6   2  9  4 
Solution: Given C   
 6 5  G  117   2 18   2  5 
11 7 G  17  36  10  29
C   11 5   7  6 
6 5  a 0 0
C  55  42  97 viii). H   0 b 0
 0 0 c 
5 6
iv). D  a 0 0
 8 9 
Sol: Now H  0 b 0 expanding by row 1
5 6
Solution: Given D    0 0 c
 8 9 
b 0 0 0 0 b
D
5 6
  5 9    6  8  H a 0 0
8 9 0 c 0 c 0 0

D  45  48  3 H  a  bc  0   0  0  0   0  0  0 
H  abc  0  0
 2 p 3q 
E
 s 
v). H  abc
r
 2 p 3q  Q2. Find which of the following matrices are singular
Solution: if E  
 s 
, then and which are non-singular
r  5 3
2 p 3q i). A   
E    2 p   s    3q  r   2 1
r s
 5 3
E  2 ps  3qr Solution: if A    , then
 2 1
1 0 0  5 3
vi). F  0 1 0  A   5 1   3 2 
2 1
0 0 1  A  5  6  1  0
1 0 0  Therefore A is non- singular

Solution: Given F  0 1 0

  ii). B   3 6 
0 0 1   2 4 
 3 6 
1 0 0 Solution: if B    , then
F  0 1 0 expanding by row 1  2 4 
3 6
0 0 1 B   3 4    6  2 
1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4
F 1 0 0 B  12  12  0
0 1 0 1 0 0
F  11  0   0  0  0   0  0  0 
Therefore B is singular
 3a 2b 
F  1 0  0 iii). C   
 2a b 
F 1
 3a 2b 
1 2 2 Solution: if C    , then
 2a b 
vii). G   3 2 3 
3a 2b
 2 3 4 C    3a  b    2b  2a 
2a b
1 2 2
 C  3ab  4ab  7 ab
Solution: Given G  3
 2 3 
C  7 ab  0  C is non-singular
 2 3 4
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.5
19
Chapter 1
 3 6  As B 1 
1
iv). D   
adjB
 2 4  B
 3 6  1  2 4 
B 1 
Solution: if D    , then 2  1 3 
 2 4 
3 6  4 3
D   3 4    6  2  Q4: iii). Find the inverse of C   
2 4  1 2 
D  12  12  0 Therefore D is singular  4 3
Solution: if C    , then
Q3. Find the adjoint of the following matrices.  1 2 
4 3
1 2  C    4  2    3 1
i). A    1 2
3 4  C  83  5  0
1 2   4 2 Therefore C is non- singular, So we can find C 1
Solution: if A    , then adjA   
3 4   3 1  2 3
Now adjC   
 3 1 1 4
ii). B   
2 3 1
As C 1  adjC
 3 1 3 1 C
Sol: if B    , then adjB   
2 3  2 3 1  2 3  52 3

C 1    5
4
 2 4  5 1 4  15 5
iii). C   
3 1   0 3
Q4: iv). Find the inverse of D   
 2 4   1 4 2 4 
Solution: if C    , then adjC   
3 1   3 2   0 3
Solution: if D    , then
 3 6  2 4 
iv). D   
 2 4  0 3
D    0  4    3 2 
 3 6   4 6 2 4
Sol: if D    , then adjD   
 2 4   2 3 D  06  6  0
 4 1 Therefore D is non- singular, So we can find D 1
Q4: i). Find inverse of A   
 3 1  4 3
Now adjD   
 4 1 4 1  2 0 
Sol: if A    , then A    4 1  1 3 1
 3 1 3 1 As D 1  adjD
D
A  43 1 0
1  4 3
Therefore A is non- singular, So we can find A1 D 1 
6  2 0 
 1 1 1
Now adjA    As A1  adjA 1 0 
 3 4  A Q4: v). Find the inverse of I   
0 1 
1  1 1  1 1
A1    1 0 
1  3 4   3 4  solution: Given I   
0 1 
3 4
Q4: ii). Find the inverse of B   1 0
 1 0    0  0 
1 2  I 
0 1
3 4  I  1 0  1  0
Solution: if B    , then
1 2  Therefore I is non- singular, So we can find I 1
3 4 1 0 
B   3 2    4 1 Now adj I   
1 2 0 1 
B  64  2  0 1
As I 1  adj I
1 I
Therefore B is non- singular, So we can find B
 2 4
Now adjB   
 1 3 

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise # 1.5
20
Chapter 1
1 1 0  3 1
I 1   Now adjB  
1  0 1  
1 1
1 0 1
I 1   As B 1  adjB
0 1  B
Q5: i). If A   2 0 1 1 Find AB
1 3 1
 3

1
,B  
 1 3  B 1     2
1 ,
2 1 1
Solution: we have A   2 0

1
,B  
 3 1  1 3  Q5. If A   2 0 , B   1 1 Show that
then  3 1   1 3 
 AB 
1
 2 0   1 1  B 1 A1
AB    
 3 1   1 3  Sol: Given A   2 0 1 1 , then
 ,B  
 3  1 3 
  2 1   0  1  2  1   0  3  1
AB    2 0   1 1
 31  1 1  3 1  1 3  AB    
 3 1   1 3 
 2  0 2  0   2 2 
AB       2 1   0  1  2  1   0  3 
 3  1 3  3   4 6  AB  
 31  1 1  3 1  1 3 
Q5: ii). If A   2 0 1 1 find BA
 ,B    2  0 2  0   2 2 
 3  1 3  AB   
1

Solution: Given A   2 0 1 1  3  1 3  3   4 6 
,B  
 3 1   1 3   2 2 
AB    Now
 1 1  2 0   4 6 
Now BA    
 1 3   3 1  2 2
AB    2  6    2  4 
 1 2    1 3 1 0    11  4 6
BA   
 1 2    3 3  1 0    31  AB  12  8  4  0
 2  3 0  1  AB is non- singular, So we can find  AB 
1
BA   
 2  9 0  3 6 2
Now adjAB  
 5 1 4 2 
BA   
 11 3  1
As  AB  
1
adjAB
Q5: iii). If A   2 0 1 1 find A1 B 1 AB
 3  ,B  
 1  1 3 
1 6 2
 AB   3
1
 2 0  
Solution; First we find A1 ,Where A    4  4 2
 3 1  Now RHS B 1 A1 Using equations (2) and (1)
2 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 
A   2 1   0  3 B 1 A1  . 
3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 
A  20  2  0
1  31  1 3  3 0   1 2 
B 1 A1  
1 0   1 2  
1
Therefore A is non- singular, So we can find A
4  11  1 3
1 0 
Now adjA    1 3  3 0  2  1  6 2 
3 2  B 1 A1    4
1 4 1  3 0  2  4  4 2 
As A1  adjA
From equations (3) and (4) we get  AB   B A
1 1 1
A
1 1 0  Q5. If A   2 0 1 1
A1   1 ,B  
2 3 2 
 3 
 3 1  1
Show that  BA   A B
1 1 1
 1 1
Now we will find B 1 , where B    1
 1 3  Solution: Given A   2 0

1
,B  
 3 1  1 3 
1 1
B  1 3   1 1 Now BA  
 1 1  2 0 
1 3  
 1 3   3 1 
B  3 1  2  0  1 2    1 3 1 0    11 
BA   
Therefore B is non- singular, So we can find B 1  1 2    3 3  1 0    31 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.5
21
Chapter 1
 2  3 0  1 then AB  1 0   1 6    0  5 
BA   
 2  9 0  3
5 6
AB  6  0  6  0
 5 1
BA     AB 
1
 11 3  Therefore AB is non- singular, So we can find

5 1  3 1 6 0
Now BA  and adj  BA    Now adj AB   
11 3 11 5  5 1
BA  15  11 As  AB  
1 1
adj AB
BA  4  0 AB
1 6 0
 AB  1
1
Since  BA
1 1
adj  BA  putting the values 

BA 6  5 1
1  3 1 RHS B 1 A1
 BA .................... 1
1
  First we find B 1 and A1 separately
4 11 5
0 1 2 3
Now for RHS A B
2 0 1 1 2 1 1 0
A B
3 1 1 3 A   0 1   1 2  B   2  0    31
A   2 1   0  3 B  1 3   1 1 A  02  2  0 B  0  3  3  0
A  20  2  0 B  3 1  2  0  A is non- singular,  B is non- singular,
1 1
so we can find A so we can find B
A and B are non-singular so, adjoint
1 1  0 3
1 0  3 1 Now adjA    Now adjB   
adjA    adjB     2 0  1 2 
3 2  1 1
1 1
1 1 As A1  adjA As B 1  adjB
As A1  adjA As B 1  adjB A B
A B
1  1 1 1  0 3
1 1 0  1 3 1 A1   ...  i  B 1  ...  ii 
2  2 0  3  1 2 
1
A    B 1  
2 3 2  2 1 1
1 1 1 1  0 3  1 1 
 1 1 0   1 3 1  So RHS B A 
1 1
Now A B        3 2  1 2   2 0 
 2 3 2  2 1 1  1  0 1   3 2   0 1   3 0 
B 1 A1  
1
A B  1 1 1 1 0  3 1 
 aA bB   ab  AB  6  11   2  2   11   2  0  
2 2 3 2  1 1
1  06 00 
1  1 3   0 1 11   0 1  B 1 A1 
A1 B 1    6  1  4 1  0 
4  3 3   2 1  31   2 1 
1 6 0
1 3  0 1  0  B 1 A1   2
A1 B 1   6  5 1
4 9  2 3  2 
 AB 
1
From equations (1) and (2) we get  B 1 A1
1  3 1
A1 B 1  
4 11 5
………………………(2)
Q6: If A  0 1 , B   2 3 show that  BA1  A1 B 1
2 1  1 0 
   
From eq (1) and eq (2) we get  BA   A B
1
1 1
0 1
Sol: Given A    2 3
 , B  1 0 
Q6: If A  0 1 , B   2 3 show that  AB 1  B 1 A1  2 1   
2 1  1 0 
LHS  BA  , First we find BA
    1

0 1
Sol: Given A    2 3
 , B  1 0   2 3  0 1
 2 1    BA    
1 0   2 1 
LHS  AB  , First we find AB
1

 2  0    3 2   2  1   31

 0 1  2 3 BA  
AB      1 0    0  2  1 1   0 1 
 2 1  1 0 
0  6 2  3 6 1 
 0  2    11  0  3   1 0  BA    
AB   0  0 1  0  0 1
  2  2   11  2  3  1 0  
6 1
 0  1 0  0   1 0 
then BA    6  1  1 0 
AB   0 1
 
 4  1 6  0  5 6 BA  6  0  6  0
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.5
22
Chapter 1
 BA 
1
Therefore BA is non- singular, So we can find 1  b2 b1   c1 
or X   a a1  c2 
or
 1 1 A  2
Now adj BA   
0 6 1  b2 b1   c1 
X
1 a1b2  a2b1  a2 a1  c2 
As  BA 
1
adj BA or
BA 1  b2 c1  b1c2 
X   a c  a c 
1  1 1 a1b2  a2b1  2 1 1 2
 BA   1
1

6  0 6  Note: If A is singular matrix i.e. A  0 , then it is not

1 1
RHS A B possible to find solution of the given equations.
First we find B 1 and A1 separately Example 24: solve the system of equation with the
0 1 2 3 help of matrices. x  3 y  0, 2x  y  7
A B
2 1 1 0 x  3y  0
Solution: Given
A   0 1   1 2  B   2  0    31 2x  y  7
These equations can be written in the fro of matrices
A  02  2  0 B  0  3  3  0
1 3  x   0 
 A is non- singular,  B is non- singular, as      
so we can find A1 so we can find B 1
 2 1   y  7 
 1 1  0 3 1 3  x 0
Now adjA   Now adjB   Let A    , X   ,B   
  2 1   y 7 
 2 0   1 2 
1 1 1 3
As A1  adjA As B 1  adjB And A 
A B 2 1
1  1 1 0 3 A  11   3 2 
A1    ...  i  B 1  1  ...  ii 
2  2 0  3  1 2  A  1 6
1 1 1 1  1 1   0 3 A 70
So RHS B A  
2 3  2 0   1 2 
 1 3
1  1 0   1 1 1 3  1 2    A1 exists, so adj A    using
B 1 A1    2 1
6  2  0    0  1  2  3   0  2  AX  B
1  0  1 3  2    A1 AX  A1 B
B 1 A1 
6 0  0 6  0   A1 A  I 
 IX  A1 B

B 1 A1 
1  1 1
 2 X  A1 B  IX  X 
6  0 6  1  1 3 0 
Putting the values X 
From equations (1) and (2)  BA   A B 7  2 1 7 
1 1 1

Simultaneous linear Equation: 1  1 0    3 7  

X  
a1 x  b1 y  c1 7  2  0   1 7  
Let
a x b y  c 1 0  21
And 2 2 2 X
are called two simultaneous linear equations. 7 0  7 
Solution of Simultaneous linear Equation by Matrices:  x  1  21 3
Simultaneous linear equations can be written in  y   7 7   1 
matrix form      
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
 a1 b1   x   c1 
a  elements are equal
b2   y  c2 
.
 2  x  3, y 1
or
AX  B where Solution set   3,1
a b1   x  c1  Example25: Is the following system of equations
A 1   y 
b2  c 
X B
 a2   and  2 solvable? 3x  6 y  9, 2 x  4 y  3
,
3x  6 y  9
And A is non-singular, To find values of variables x & y, Solution: Given
AX  B 2 x  4 y  3
  A1 AX  A1 B These equations can be written in the fro of matrices

 IX  A1 B  A A I
1  3 6   x   9 
as      
 IX  X   2 4   y   3
X  A1 B
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.5
23
Chapter 1
 3 6   x 9 Ay  10  3  7
Let A    , X   ,B   
 2 4   y  3 Ax Ay
3 6 x  y  putting values
And A  A A
2 4
21 7
A   3 4    6  2  x y
7 7
A  12  12 x3 y 1
A 0 Solution set   3,1
Hence the given equations are non-solvable Example 27: My friend asked me this question.
Cramer’s Rule: Simultaneous linear equations can also There are two numbers such that the sum of the
solved by Cramer’s Rule Let a1x  b1y  c1 first and three times the second is 53. While the
And a2 x  b2 y  c2 difference between 4 times the first and twice the
second is 2. Can you help me out in finding the
Simultaneous linear equations can be written in matrix form
numbers?
 a1 b1   x   c1  Solution: Let one number = x and second
a 
b2   y  c2 
.
 2 or AX  B
number = y
Then from the first set of facts
a b1   x c 
A 1  X   B   1 x  3 y  53
where  a2 b2 
,  y  and c2  From the second set of facts
And A is non-singular, To find the value of the 4x  2 y  2
variables x and y by Cramer’s rule These equations can be written as in the form of
AX  B matrices
or X  A1 B 1 3   x  53
 4 2   y    2 
 x  1  b2 b1   c1      
 y   A  a a1  c2  1 3  x  53
or    2 Let A   , X   ,B   

1  b2c1  b1c2   4 2   y 2
  a c  a c  1 3
A  2 1 1 2 Now A   1 2    3 4 
4 2
b2c1  b1c2 Ax
and  y  a1c2  a2c1  y
A
x 
A A A A
A  2  12  14  0  A1 exists
c b1 a c1
where Ax  1 and Ay  1  2  3 
c2 b2 a2 c2 Now adj A    using
Exmaple 26: Solve the following system of equations by  4 1 
using cramer’s rule x  2 y  1, 3x  y  10 AX  B
x  2y 1   A1 AX  A1 B
Solution: Given
3x  y  10  IX  A1 B  A1 A  I 
in terms of matrices we can write the above system as
X  A1 B  IX  X 
1 2   x  1  Putting the values
3 1   y   10 
     1  2 3 53
X
1 2  x  1  14  4 1   2 
Where A    , X   ,B   
3 1   y 10 1  2  53   3 2  
1 2 X  
Now A   11   2  3 14   4  53  1 2  
3 1
1  106  6 
A  1 6  7 X
14  212  2 
Replaceing coefficients of x in A of B &taking determinant
1 2 x  1  112 8 
Ax   11   2 10   y   14  210  15
10 1      
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
Ax  1  20  21 elements are equal
Replaceing coefficients of y in A of B &taking determinant  x  8, y  15
1 1 therefore the numbers are 8 and 15
Ay   110   1 3
3 10 Example 28: the cost of 1 rubber and 7
sharpeners are 15 rupees, while that of 3 rubbers
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.6
24
Chapter 1
and 1 sharpeners are 5 ruppes. What are the Let AX  B pre multiply by A1
prices of a rubber and a sharpener respectively. A1 AX  A1 B
Solution: Let cost of 1 rubber = x
Cost of 1 sharpener = y IX  A1 B
From the first set of facts X  A1 B
x  7y  8 2 3   x  1
From the second set of facts Where A    , X   , B 
3x  y  5 1 1  y 2
These equations can be written as matrices form 2 3
A   2  1   31
1 7   x  15 1 1
3 1   y   5 
     A  2  3   5  0
 1 7  x 15 Therefore A is non- singular, so we can find A1
Let A    , X   y , B  5 
3 1       1 3
Now adjA   
1 7  1 2 
A  11   7  3
3 1 1
As A1  adjA
A  1  21  20  0  A1 exists A
1  1 3
 1 7  A1  1
Now adj A    using 5  1 2 
 3 1 
Now AX  B
AX  B
  A1 AX  A1 B  X  A1B
1  1 3  1
 A1 A  I  X
 IX  A1 B
5  1 2   2 
X  A1 B  IX  X 
1  1 1   3 2  
Putting the values X  
1  1 7  15 5   1 1   2  2  
X
20  3 1  5  1 1  6   55   1 
X  
1 115    7  5   5 1  4  55   1
X  
20  315   1 5    x  1   x
 y    1 X  
1 15  35       y
X
20  45  5 By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
elements are equal
1  20  So, x  1, y  1
X
20  40  Hence the solution set  1, 1
 x  1  ii). x  2 y  13, 3x  6 y  11
 y    2 Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations
   
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding x  2 y  13
elements are equal 3 x  6 y  11
 x  1, y2 These equations can be written in form of matrices
Therefore cost of 1 rubber x  1 rupee as;
Cost of 1 sharpener y  2 rupees 1 2  x   13
3 6   y    11 
    
Exercise # 1.6 1 2   x  13
Q1. Solve the following system of linear equations Let A    , X   , B 
using inversion method. 3 6   y  11 
i). 2 x  3 y  1, x  y  2 1 2
A  1 6    2  3
Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations 3 6
2 x  3 y  1
A  66  0
x y  2
Therefore A is singular, so A1 does not exists
These equations can be written in form of matrices
Or the system of linear equation are parallel
as;
 2 3   x   1 iii). x  2 y  1, 2 x  3 y  52
1 1  y    2  Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations
    
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise # 1.6
25
Chapter 1
x  2y 1 1 2
A   11   2  2 
2x  3y  5
2
2 1
These equations can be written in form of matrices as; A  1 4  5  0
 1 2   x  1  Therefore A is non- singular, so we can find A1
 2 3  y    5   1 2
    2 Now adjA   
Let AX  B pre multiply by A1  2 1 
A1 AX  A1 B As A1 
1
adjA
IX  A1 B A
X  A1 B 1  1 2
A1  1
5  2 1 
1 2   x 1 
where A   , X   , B  5 Now AX  B
 2 3  y 2  X  A1B
1 2 1  1 2  1 
A  1 3   2  2  X  
2 3 5  2 1   3
A  3  4  1  0 1  11   2  3 
X   
Therefore A is non- singular, so we can find A1 5  2 1  1 3 
 3 2  1  1  6   55   1
Now adjA   X   
 2 1 
 5  2  3  55   1
1  x   1  x
As A1  adjA  y    1 X  
A      y
1 3 2  By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
A1  1
1  2 1  elements are equal
So, x  1, y  1
Now AX  B
 X  A1B Hence the solution set   1, 1
1  3 2  1  Q2. Solve the following system of linear equations
X   
1  2 1   52  using Cramer’s rule.
1  31   2   52   i). x  2 y  5, 2x  y  6
X   
1   2 1  1  52   Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations
1  35   2 
x  2y  5
X   2  5   1  1 
1  2  2  2x  y  6
 x  2   x These equations can be written in form of matrices as;
 y    1  X  
  2  y 1 2   x  5
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding  2 1  y   6
    
elements are equal
1 2   x 5
So, x  2, y  21 Let A    , X   y , B  6
 2 1    
Hence the solution set   2,  1

1 2
2

iv). x  2 y 1  0, 2 x  y  3  0 A  1 1   2  2 

2 1
Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations
x  2 y 1  0 x  2 y  1 A  1  4  3  0
  Therefore A is non- singular, so solution exists
2 x  y  3  0 2 x  y  3 Replacing coefficients of x in A by the matrix B
These equations can be written in form of matrices as;
5 2 
1 2  x   1  AX  
1
 2 1   y    3 6
     5 2
AX    5 1   2  6 
Let AX  B pre multiply by A
1
6 1
A AX  A1 B
1
AX  5  12  7
IX  A1 B Replacing coefficients of y in A by the matrix B
X  A1 B 1 5 
1 2   x 1 AY   
Where A    , X   , B  2 6
2 1   y  3

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise # 1.6
26
Chapter 1
1 5 5 7
AY   1 6    2  5  A   51   7  3
2 6 3 1
AY  6  10  4 A  5  21  16  0
AX 7 AY 4 Therefore A is non- singular, so solution exists
Now  x   and y   Replacing coefficients of x in A by the matrix B
A 3 A 3
3 7
x  73 y  34 AX  
5 1 
Hence the solution set   7
,  43  3 7
  31   7  5
3
AX 
ii). 4 x  3 y  2, x  2 y  5 5 1
Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations
AX  3  35  32
4 x  3 y  2
Replacing coefficients of y in A by the matrix B
x  2y  5 5 3
AY  
5
These equations can be written in form of matrices as;
 4 3   x   2 3
1 2   y    5  5 3
     AY    5 5   3 3
3 5
4 3   x  2
Let A    , X   , B  AY  25  9  16
1 2   y 5
Now
4 3
A   4  2   1 3 AX 32 AY 16
1 2 x   and y  
A 16 A 16
A  8  3  11  0
x2 y  1
Therefore A is non- singular, so solution exists
Replacing coefficients of x in A by the matrix B Hence the solution set   2, 1
 2 3  Q3. Amjad thought of two numbers whose sum
AX   
 5 2  is 12 and whose difference is 4. Find the numbers
Solution: Let the first number = x
2 3
AX    2  2    3 5 And the second number = y
5 2 From the first fact x  y  12
AX  4  15  11 From the second fact x y 4
Replacing coefficients of y in A by the matrix B These equations can be written as matrices from
 4 2  1 1   x  12
AY    1 1  y    4 
1 5      
4 2 1 1   x 12
AY    4  5   2 1 Let A    , X   y , B   4  Now
1 5 1 1    
1 1
AY  20  2  22 A  1 1  11
1 1
Now
AX 11 AY 22 A  1  1
x   and y  
A 11 A 11 A  2  0
x 1 y  2  1 1
 A1 exist and using adj A  
Hence the solution set  1, 2  
 1 1 
iii). 5x  7 y  3, 3x  y  5 AX  B
Solution: Giventhe system of linear equations   A1 AX  A1 B
5x  7 y  3  IX  A1 B  A1 A  I 
3x  y  5  IX  X 
X  A1 B
These equations can be written in form of matrices as; Putting the values
 5 7   x   3 1  1 1 12 
 3 1   y   5 X
     2  1 1   4 
5 7   x  3
Let A   , X   , B  1  112    1 4  
3 1   y 5  X  
2   112   1 4  

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise # 1.6
27
Chapter 1
1  12  4  1  16  And cost of Pen = y
X 
2  12  4  2  8 
From the first fact 3x  4 y  257
From the second fact 4 x  3 y  324
 x  8  These equations can be written as matrices from
 y   4
     3 4   x   257 
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding  4 3   y    324 
    
elements are equal
So, x  8, y  4 3 4  x  257 
Let A    , X   ,B   
the first number x  8 4 3  y  324 
And the second number y  4 3 4
A   3 3   4  4 
Q4. The length of rectangular playground is 4 3
twice its width. The perimeter is 30 find its
dimensions A  9  16
Solution: Let the width of rectangle = x A  7  0
And the Length of rectangle = y
From the first fact y  2 x  3 4 
 A1 exist and using adj A   
2 x  y  0 ………(1)  4 3 
From the second fact 2  x  y   30 AX  B
  A1 AX  A1 B
x  y  15 …………(2)
These equations can be written as matrices from  IX  A1 B  A1 A  I 
 2 1  x   0  X  A1 B  IX  X 
1 1   y   15 Putting the values
    
 2 1  x 0 1  3 4  257 
X
Let A    ,X   ,B    7  4 3  324 
1 1   y 15
2 1 1  3 257    4  324  
A   2 1   11 X  
1 1 7  4  257    3 324  
A  2 1  x  1  525 75
 y   7  56   8 
A 30      
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
 1 1 elements are equal So, x  75, y  8
 A exist and using adj A  
1

 1 2  cost of Bag x  75
AX  B And cost of Pen y  8
  A1 AX  A1 B Q6.If twice the son’s age in years is added to the
 IX  A1 B  A A I
1
father’s age, sum is 70 but if twice the father’s age is
added to the son’s age the sum is 55. Find the ages of
X  A1 B  IX  X 
the father and son.
Putting the values Solution: Let Son’s Age = x
1  1 1  0  And Father age = y
X 
3  1 2 15 From the first fact 2 x  y  70
From the second fact x  2 y  95
1  1 0   115  
X   These equations can be written as matrices from
3  1 0    2 15    2 1   x  70
1 2  y   95
1 0  15  1 15      
X  
3 0  30 3 30 2 1  x 70
Let A    , X   ,B   
 x  5  1 2  y 95
 y   10 2 1
    A   2  2   11
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding 1 2
elements are equal So, x  5, y  10
A  4 1
the width of rectangle x  5
And the Length of rectangle y  10 A 30
Q5. 3 bags and 4 pens together cost 257 rupees  2 1
 A1 exist and using adj A   
 1 2 
whereas 4 bags and 3 pens together cost 324 rupees.
Find the cost of a bag and 10 pens
AX  B
Solution: Let cost of Bag = x
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Review Exercise # 1
28
Chapter 1
  A1 AX  A1 B 1 2 1 2 
 IX  A1 B  A A I
1 a). 0
 1 
b). 0 1 
 
X  A1 B  IX  X   1 2  1 2 
c). 0  d).  
Putting the values  1 0 1
1  2 1 70  4 1
X 
3  1 2  95 
viii). Evaluate the determinant of  
 9 2 
1  2  70    1 95  1 140  95  a). 17 b). 1
X  
3  1 70    2  95  3  70  190
c). -1 c). -17
Q2. Find x and y when
 x  1  45  15   x 1 4   0 4 
 y   3 120   40  y  3 7    2 7 
         
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
elements are equal So, x  15, y  40  x 1 4   0 4 
Solution: Given   
Son’s Age x  15  y  3 7   2 7 
And Father age y  40 By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
elements are equal
Review Exercise # 1 x 1  0 y  3  2
Q1. Choose the correct answer in each of the
x  0 1 y  2  3
following problems.
0 0 x 1 y  5
i). 0 0  is Q3. Find the product if possible
 
1 
 5  6 5 8 
a). an identity matrix w.r.t. multiplication
b). an identity matrix w.r.t addition    0 4 1
c). a column matrix d). a row matrix 3   
4 0 
ii). The matrix   is 1 
 0 12     6 5 8 
Solution: Given 5 
  0 4 1
3   
a). Scalar b). 2 by 3
c). Diagonal d). None of these
 1 2  First matrix have 1 columns  second matrix have 2 rows
iii). If A    then adj A is equal to Therefore product is not possible
3 1 Q4. Find the inverse of the matrix
 1  2  1 2  6 3 
a). 3 1 b).  3 1 A 
     5 2 
 1 2  1 2   6 3 
c).  3 1 d). 3 1  Solution: Given A   
     5 2 
 2 3 6 3
iv). If A    then A1 equals A   6  2    3 5 
 3 4 5 2
 4 3  4 3  A  12  15
a).  3 2  b).  3 2 
    A 30
 2 3   4 3   A1 exists
c).  3 4  d).  3 2 
     2 3 1
Now adj A    using A1  adj A
 5 1.5   5 6  A
v). For what value of d is the 2  2 matrix  
2 d  1  2 3
A1  
not invertible?
3  5 6 
a). -0.6 b). 0
c). 0.6 c). 3 2x  5 y  9
Q5. Solve the system
vi). Suppose A and B are 2  5 matrices. What 5x  2 y  8
of the are the dimensions of the matrx A  B ? 2x  5 y  9
a). 25 b). 10 10 Solution: Given
5x  2 y  8
given system can be
c). 7 1 d). 77
 2 5   x  9 
viii). which of following is multiplicative inverse of 
1 2 written as matrices form      
0 1 
   5 2   y  8 

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Review Exercise # 1
29
Chapter 1
2 5  x  9  X  A1 B  IX  X 
Let A    , X   ,B   
 5 2   y 8  Putting the values
2 5 1  11 14   203
Now A    2  2    5  5  X
5 2 121  11 3   220
A  4  25 1 11 203   14  220  
X  
A  29  0 121   11 203   3 220  

 2  5  1  2233  3080 
 A1 exist and using adj A   X
 5 2 
 121  2233  660 
AX  B x  1  847  7 
  A1 AX  A1 B  y   121  1573  13
     
 IX  A1 B  A1 A  I  By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
elements are equal So, x  7, y  13
X  A1 B  IX  X 
Putting the values cost of one small box of oranges x  7 rupees
and one large box of oranges y  13 rupees
1  2 5 9
X
29  5 2  8 
1  2  9    5 8   1  18  40
X  
29   5 9    2  8  29  45  16 
x  1  58  2

 y  29  29  1 
     
By definition of equal matrices their corresponding
elements are equal So, x  2, y  1
Solution set   2,1
Q6. Qasim and farzana are selling fruit for a
school fundraiser. Customers can buy small boxes of
oranges and large boxes of oranges. Qasim sold 3
small boxes of oranges and 14 large boxes of oranges
for a total of Rs 203. Farzana sold 11 small boxes of
oranges and 11 large boxes of oranges for a total of
Rs 220. Find the cost of each one small box of
oranges and one large box of oranges..
Solution: Let the cost of one small box of oranges = x
and one large box of oranges = y
From the first fact 3x  14 y  203
From the second fact 11x  11y  220
These equations can be written as matrices from
 3 14   x   203
11 11  y    220
    
 3 14   x  203
Let A    ,X   ,B   
11 11  y  220 
3 14
A   311  14 11
11 11
A  33  154
A  121
 11 14 
 A1 exist and using adj A   
 11 3 
AX  B
  A1 AX  A1 B

 IX  A1 B  A1 A  I 

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics